Stereocontrol during the radical polymerization of methyl methacrylates with combined Lewis acids:Aluminium trichloride(AlCl_3) and iron dichloride tetrahydrate

The radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate(MMA) was carried out in the presence of combined Lewis acids of the AlCl3-FeCl2 system.Compared with the polymerization produced in the presence of single Lewis acids,AlCl3 or FeCl2,the MMA polymerization in the presence of AlCl3-FeCl2 composite in CHCl3 or 1-butanol produced a polymer with a higher isotacticity and in toluene produced a polymer with a much higher isotacticity(mm=50%) .The molecular weight and polydispersity of PMMA in the presence of Lewis ...     

Chemoselective thioacetalisation and transthioacetalisation of carbonyl compounds catalysed by tetrabutylammonium tribromide (TBATB)

Thioacetals and thioketals of various aldehydes and ketones were obtained directly from carbonyl compounds or by a transthioacetalisation process from cyclic O,O-acetals in the presence of dithiols and a catalytic amount of tetrabutylammonium tribromide (TBATB). Chemoselective thioacetalisation of aromatic aldehydes containing an electron-donating group in the presence of an aldehyde containing an electron-withdrawing group, aldehydes in the presence of ketones, aliphatic cyclic ketones in the presence of aromatic ketones and less hindered ketones in the presence of more hindered ketones have been achieved. A cyclic acetal containing an electron-donating group has been chemoselectively transthioacetalised in the presence of an acetal having an electron-withdrawing substituent. These selectivities are due to the intrinsic reactivity of the substrate themselves and are independent of the catalyst and reaction conditions. Shorter reaction times, mild reaction conditions, stability of acid sensitive protecting groups, high efficiencies, facile isolation of the desired products and the catalytic nature of the reagent are the attractive features of the present method.     

Catalytic ethylation of alkylbenzenes at high pressure

Study of the catalytic ethylation of p-t-butyltoluene in the presence of organosodium compounds, and of toluene in the presence of organopotassium compounds, was carried out at an ethylene pressure of 40 bar. Various yields of different products were obtained after 23 h of reaction in the presence of different tertiary polyamines used to complex and solubilize the organoalkali compounds. A higher initial ethylation rate was observed in the presence of organosodium than in the presence of organopotassium species. However, the thermal stability of organopotassium species being higher, much higher yields were observed in their presence in catalytic ethylation reactions than those observed previously. The results obtained concerning metallation or ethylation of hindered alkylaromatics may be interpreted by an anionic mechanism and the activation by a steric effect.     

Controlled potential coulometric determination of uranium and neptunium in uranium-neptunium alloys

A controlled potential coulometric titration method has been developed for the determination of neptunium and uranium in the presence of each other. The recovery of a neptunium standard in the presence of uranium was 100.02% with a relative standard deviation of 0.13%, and the recovery of a uranium standard in the presence of neptunium was 100.03% with a relative standard deviation of 0.13%.     

Donor–acceptor complexes in copolymerization. XLIX. Cationic polymerization of donor monomers in presence of polar solvents and acrylic monomers. A revised mechanism for polymerization of comonomer complexes

α-Methylstyrene (MS) and isobutyl vinyl ether (VE) readily polymerize, styrene (S) polymerizes to a small extent, and isobutylene (IB), butadiene (BD), and isoprene (IP) fail to polymerize in the presence of catalytic amounts of AlCl₃ when propionitrile, ethyl propionate, and methyl isobutyrate are used as reaction media. MS polymerizes readily and S polymerizes with difficulty in the presence of AlCl₃ to yield homopolymers when acrylonitrile (AN) is present and copolymers with ethyl acrylate (EA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). VE readily homopolymerizes, while IB, BD, and IP fail to polymerize in the presence of AlCl₃ and the acrylic monomers. VE readily homopolymerizes, S and MS polymerize to a very small extent, and IB, BD, and IP do not polymerize in the presence of ethylaluminum sesquichloride (EASC) in polar solvents. VE readily homopolymerizes in the presence of EASC and the acrylic monomers. MS polymerizes to a small extent in the presence of EASC and the acrylic monomers to yield equimolar copolymers with EA and MMA and a mixture of cationic homopolymer and equimolar copolymer with AN. S yields equimolar copolymers in low yield in the presence of EASC and the acrylic monomers. IB, BD, and IP in the presence of EASC do not polymerize to any significant extent when EA is present, form AN-rich copolymers and yield poly(methyl methacrylate) in the presence of MMA. A revised mechanism is presented for the formation of cationic, radical, random, and alternating copolymers as well as alternating copolymer graft copolymers in the copolymerization of donor and acceptor monomers.     

Atom formation processes for cadmium in the presence of sulphur in electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry with a molybdenum tube atomizer

The atom formation process that occurs during elimination by sulphur of interferences on cadmium in electrothermal atomization was studied by using a thermodynamic-kinetic equation and measuring x-ray diffraction patterns. Activation energies for cadmium in the presence of Al, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Na or Pb were obtained in argon-hydrogen in the presence and absence of sulphur. The atom formation process for cadmium in the presence of sulphur was CdS(g) → Cd(g) in the presence of each interferent.     

乙烯对脂肪酶活力的直接作用及机理初探

研究了乙烯对脂肪酶活力的直接作用及其机理. 结果表明: 低浓度乙烯能使脂肪酶催化三油酸甘油酯的水解活力提高; 当乙烯浓度为0.9834 mmol•L^－1时, 酶活力提高13.0%. 高浓度乙烯降低脂肪酶活力; 当乙烯浓度为7.9669 mmol•L^－1时, 酶活力下降24.5%. 加入乙烯的酶最适温度向高温偏移10～15 ℃, 而酶的最适pH值不变. 在pH＝7.9时, 乙烯使酶活力升高较大, pH为4.5～7.5, 8.5, 9.5～11时酶的活力降低. 加入乙烯的酶与对照相比, 其紫外吸收和荧光发射强度均有较大幅度增加, 荧光偏振度、比旋光度和粘度显著下降. DSC分析表明: 在低温范围内酶的可逆吸热峰值温度明显高于对照, 而热焓变低于对照; 在高温范围内酶的不可逆吸热峰值温度和热焓变都低于对照. 这些结果证实了乙烯可以直接影响酶的微环境和构象. 乙烯对脂肪酶的直接作用机制可能是通过改变酶的微环境以及渗入到酶分子内部改变酶构象而引起酶活力的改变.     

Surface complexation of DNA with insoluble monolayers. Influence of divalent counterions

DNA interacts with insoluble monolayers made of cationic amphiphiles as well as with monolayers of zwitterionic lipids in the presence of divalent ions. Binding to dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) or distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) monolayers in the presence of calcium is accompanied by monolayer expansion. For the positively charged DODAB monolayer, this causes a decrease of surface potential, while an increase is observed for the DSPC monolayers. Binding to dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine preserves most of the liquid expanded-liquid condensed coexistence region. The liquid condensed domains adopt an elongated morphology in the presence of DNA, especially in the presence of calcium. The interaction of DNA with phospholipid monolayers is ion specific: the presence of calcium leads to a stronger interaction than magnesium and barium. These results were confirmed by bulk complexation studies.     

Low temperature recyclable catalyst for Heck reactions using ultrasound

The Heck reaction of iodobenzene with methyl acrylate in NMP as a solvent has been studied using Pd/C as a catalyst in the presence of ultrasound at room temperature. The ultrasound increased the rate of the reaction. The effect of base, solvent and recyclability of catalyst were studied in the presence of ultrasound and without ultrasound. The reaction only takes place in the presence of ultrasound. The catalyst could be recycled using HCOONa-ultrasound.     

Effect of varying bases on preferential crystallization of C-methylresorcin[4]arene and calix[6]arene

Preferential crystallization from a mixture of C-methylresorcin[4]arene (RsC1) and calix[6]arene (Calix6) in the presence of different bases has been investigated. In the presence of pyridine, a boat conformer of RsC1 crystallizes, whereas in the presence of triethylamine, Calix6 crystallizes in a symmetrically distorted conformation. The packing arrangements of the macrocycles show discrete solvent pockets for calixarenes and channels for resorcinarenes.     

On origin and evolution of carbonic anhydrase isozymes: A phylogenetic analysis from whole-enzyme to active site

Genetic evolution of carbonic anhydrase enzyme provides an interesting instance of functional similarity in spite of structural diversity of the members of a given family of enzymes. Phylogenetic analysis of α-, β- and γ-carbonic anhydrase was carried out to determine the evolutionary relationships among various members of the family with the enzyme marking its presence in a wide range of cellular and chromosomal locations. The presence of more than one class of enzymes in a particular organism was revealed by phylogenetic time tree. The evolutionary relationships among the members of animal, plant and microbial kingdom were developed. The study revises a long-established notion of kingdom-specificity of the different classes of carbonic anhydrases and provides a new version of the presence of multiple classes of carbonic anhydrases in a single organism and the presence of a given class of carbonic anhydrase across different kingdoms.     

镍卟啉临氮和临氢反应行为的研究

通过高压连续微型反应装置,对镍-2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-八乙基卟啉(Ni-OEP)在氮气和氢气中的反应行为进行了研究,实验结果表明,镍卟啉在氮气中的稳定性非常高,只有在高温(500℃左右)下才发生分解;而在氢气中,镍卟啉的生经低,即使不存在催化剂,反应条件较为温和(温度不超过400℃,压力小于10MPa),也有相当一部分镍卟啉发生分发,脱除所配合物的金属;镍卟啉的临氢脱金属反应过程中分两步,第一步是卟啉分中一个吡咯环上的外环双键加氢生成镍卟酚,第二步镍卟酚分解,金属脱除.     

Frequency domain imaging of absorbers obscured by scattering.

Multiple pixel, frequency domain measurements of phase shift, theta, and modulation, m, in a phantom containing an absorber obscured by a relatively non-absorbing scattering solution are presented in combination with a theory of photon migration imaging. Results employing a single point source show that two dimensional theta measurements made in the presence (theta presence) and in the absence (theta absence) of an absorber can be used to create delta theta images. delta theta (theta absence-theta presence) images can be used to detect as well as locate the three dimensional position of the absorber. Images of mpresence measured in the presence of the absorber normalized by mabsence also provided detection and two dimensional location of its position. Images of % mpresence/mabsence at higher modulation frequencies provided greater resolution as predicted by photon migration theory. Neither theta nor m images alone could be used to detect or locate the presence of the absorber.     

核糖核苷酸和核糖核苷的N-羧酰咪唑选样性酰化

应用N-羧酰咪唑在合适的条件下可按制备性规模进行选择性地酰化核糖核苷酸和核糖核苷, 得率为50-80%. 对反应机制作了初步探讨.     

Palladium-indium iodide-mediated allylation and propargylation of glyoxylic oxime ether and hydrazone: the role of water in directing the diastereoselective allylation

Allylation and propargylation of glyoxylic oxime ether in the presence of a catalytic amount of palladium(0) complex and indium(I) iodide were studied. Excellent diastereoselectivities in allylation were achieved in the presence of water, although low diastereoselectivities were observed in the absence of water. Propargylation of glyoxylic oxime ether proceeded with good diastereoselectivities in the presence of LiBr or LiCl.     

In situ and ex situ characterization of a Fe-Cr-Ni alloy in mouthwashes and Hank’s solution

The aim of the present study was to classify the surface oxide layers formed on a Fe-Cr-Ni alloy according to their corrosion resistance in Hank’s solution and mouthwashes by SEM and electrochemical techniques. The SEM micrographs showed the presence of localized corrosion and the polarization curves showed that the passive layer is less stable in the presence of Hank’s solution than of mouthwashes, as a result of the presence of chloride ions.     

Nachweis aromatischer Amine nebeneinander

Zusammenfassung In salzsaurem Medium geben aromatische Amine mit Kaliumbromat eine Farbreaktion. Aliphatische Amine und tertiäre sowie minder nucleophile aromatische Amine geben keine positive Reaktion. Die Reaktion kann in einigen Fällen zu selektiven Nachweisen angewandt werden. Zum Beispiel ist Anilin neben Phenylhydrazin, p-Anisidin neben p-Toluidin, o-Äthylanilin neben p-Äthylanilin, N-Methylanilin neben N,N-Dimethylanilin, Hydrazobenzol neben Azobenzol bzw. Benzidin und p-Aminophenol neben o-Aminophenol nachweisbar.

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Identification of aromatic amines in presence of each other

Summary In a medium that contains hydrochloric acid, aromatic amines give a color reaction with potassium bromate. Aliphatic amines and tertiary as well as less nucleophilic aromatic amines give no positive reaction. In several instances, the reaction may be employed for selective tests, for example, aniline in the presence of phenylhydrazine,p-anisidine in presence ofp toluidine,o-ethylaniline in presence of phenylhydrazine,p-anisidine in presence ofp-toluidine,o-ethylaniline in presence ofp-ethylaniline, N-methylaniline in presence of N,N-dimethylaniline, hydrazobenzene in presence of azobenzene or benzidine, andp-aminophenol in presence ofo-aminophenol.

     

The nature of the DNA template (single- versus double-stranded) affects the rate of aquation of a dinuclear Pt anticancer drug

The rate of aquation of a dinuclear platinum anticancer agent is altered in the presence of template DNA with enhancement of hydrolysis in the presence of single-stranded over double-stranded DNA, emphasising how the alteration of chemical properties of small molecules in the presence of large host interactions is also dependent on the conformation and nature of that host.     

Reactions de wittig,wittig-horner et knoevenagel par activation anionique avec l'alumine ou le fluorure de potassium depose sur l'alumine,sans solvant

Wittig, Wittig-Horner and Knoevenagel reactions are achieved in the presence of alumina or potassium fluoride supported on alumina, without organic solvent. The presence of a small amount of water increases the rate of the Wittig and Wittig-Horner reactions. The reaction of the diethyl cyanomethylphosphonate with an aldehyde in the presence of dry alumina is oriented towards the Knoevenagel reaction.     

Photolysis of organopolysilanes. The reaction of photochemically generated methylphenylsilylene with conjugated dienes

Photolysis of 2-phenylheptamethyltrisilane (I) in the presence of acyclic and cyclic conjugated dienes has been investigated using both a high-pressure mercury lamp with a quartz filter and a low-pressure mercury lamp with a Vycor filter. Irradiation of I in the presence of 1,3-butadiene, isoprene or 2,3-dimethylbutadiene with a high-pressure mercury lamp gave a product arising from photochemical isomerization of a silacyclopropane derivative and a compound apparently formed by 1,4-silylene addition, along with a 1/1 “ene” adduct of the diene to a photo-rearranged intermediate containing the silicon—carbon double bond. Irradiation of I in the presence of the conjugated diene with a low-pressure mercury lamp, followed by treatment of the product with methanol, afforded a methoxysilane arising from methanolysis of the corresponding silacyclopropane, together with the isomerization product, silacyclopentene and rearranged addition product. Irradiation of I in the presence of cyclopentadiene with a high-pressure mercury lamp produced methylphenylsilylcyclopentadiene, while irradiation of a similar mixture with a low-pressure mercury lamp followed by treatment with methanol gave 4-(methoxymethylphenylsilyl)-1-cyclopentene. With 1,3-cyclooctadiene, the photochemically generated methylphenylsilylene afforded many types of addition product. Photolysis of I in the presence of 1,3-cyclohexadiene, however, afforded none of the silylene addition products.