Comparative study of the properties of post-consumption high density polyethylene used in the injection process

The high-density polyethylene, thermoplastic widely-used in the production of industrial domestic utilities, was collected in two situations: virgin high-density polyethylene (JV 060) and post-consumption high-density polyethylene (with features of low-density polyethylene). After collecting the samples, they were submitted to natural aging with the quantification of the incident solar radiation for 180 days. The samples were characterized by melt flow index, differential scanning calorimetry, tensile strength, rupture load, elongation at break and infrared. The results showed that after 180 days of exposure the virgin high-density polyethylene presented physical properties similar to the post-consumption polyethylene. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of solvent on radiation grafting and crosslinking of polyethylene

Crosslinking of polyethylene influences its swelling properties. It could be expected that pre-crosslinking of polyethylene influences the rate and yield of grafting as well. This is demonstrated by pre-crosslinking of polyethylene and by its subsequent grafting with styrene after the trapped radicals had been annealed out.In order to obtain more direct information about the influence of swelling agent on polyethylene crosslinking, the elastic modulus of the crosslinked polyethylene was investigated. Stress–strain curves of polyethylene samples irradiated in different environments were recorded in molten state at 165 °C. The results show that irradiation of swollen polyethylene produces fewer effective crosslinks than does irradiation of dry polymer.     

Effects of organoclays on the thermal processing of pe/clay nanocomposites

Nanocomposites containing both polyethylene and montmorillonite clay organically modified with four different types of quaternary ammonium salts were obtained via direct melt intercalation. Thus, the main purpose of this work was to evaluate the effect of the organoclay on the thermal stability of polyethylene. The organoclays were characterized by XRD, FTIR, DSC and TG. The polyethylene/organoclay nanocomposites were studied by XRD, TEM, TG, besides an evaluation of their mechanical properties. The results showed that the salts were incorporated by intercalation between the layers of the organoclay and, apparently that the nanocomposites were more thermally stable than pure polyethylene.     

Epitaxial growth of isotactic polypropylene on oriented polyethylene from solution

Oriented polyethylene (PE) films with surfaces bounded by the (100) plane were prepared. On the film surfaces, isotactic polypropylene (iPP) was crystallized epitaxially from solution as quadrits with their sides parallel and perpendicular to the polyethylene chain axis. In the through wide-angle x-ray diffraction pattern (taken with incident x-rays normal to the polyethylene film surface), the 111 iPP reflections was observed on the meridian (Parallel to the polyethylene chain axis). In the edge patterns (taken with x-rays incident on the edge of the polyethylene film), 040 and 060 reflections were observed on the equator. From the diffraction patterns, the following lattice coincidence was observed between polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene: (010)iPP//(100) PE, [101]iPP//[001] PE. The Small-angle x-ray scattering patterns showed that edge-on isotactic polypropylene lamellae 9 nm thick were arranged with their long axes inclined at an angle of 40° from the polyethylene axis. Molecular chains were oriented within the lamellae normal to the surfaces.     

Differential scanning calorimetry studies of irradiated polyethylene: II. The effect of oxygen

The effect of absorbed doses of ionizing radiation up to 2MGy in the presence of air on the melting behavior of high- and low-density polyethylene was analyzed from data obtained by differential scanning calorimetry. Thermal measurements were made during the first melting after irradiation. The first melting temperature of polyethylene irradiated in air decreased with increasing absorbed dose. Above approximately 0.6 MGy bimodal endotherms were observed for high-density polyethylene. The heat of fusion remained unchanged after irradiation in air for absorbed doses of less than 2 MGy. Bimodal endotherms were not obtained for low density polyethylene samples irradiated in air. The changes in melting temperature and the appearance of bimodal endotherms are related to the radiation chemistry of polyethylene in the presence of oxygen.     

双峰分子量分布聚乙烯的研发进展

聚乙烯是通用合成树脂中应用最广泛的品种,主要用来制造薄膜、电线电缆、注塑品、涂层、纤维、管材等。近年来,我国聚乙烯工业发展迅速,但高品质高附加值的聚乙烯如双峰分子量分布聚乙烯仍无法满足国内不断增长的需求,每年需要大量进口。双峰分子量分布聚乙烯能兼顾材料的加工性能和使用性能,是目前聚烯烃高性能化的一个重要方向。本文介绍了...     

Adsorption of polyethylene standards from decalin on liquid chromatography column packings

Linear polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene standards were injected into columns which contained MFI (SH-300 and silicalite) or faujasite (CBV-780) type zeolites. 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene, cyclohexanone, 2-ethyl-hexanol, decalin and tetralin were used as mobile phases at 140 degrees C. It was found that polyethylene is fully retained on zeolite SH-300 when decalin is used as a mobile phase. Moreover, polyethylene is partially retained on zeolite SH-300 from tetralin and from 1,2,4-tichlorobenzene, on silicalite from decalin and in a very small extent on zeolite CBV-780 from decalin. Using all other solvents, polyethylene and polypropylene were not retained in any of the columns tested. This is the first experimental observation of polyethylene adsorption from a solvent on a chromatographic stationary phase.     

全密度聚乙烯工业生产工艺技术的发展现状

全密度聚乙烯的生产工艺包括溶液法、淤浆法和气相法.通过改变进料组成和工艺参数,可以灵活地生产0.910～0.970g/cm3的全密度聚乙烯,成为目前聚乙烯生产工艺技术的一个发展趋势.其代表工艺主要有Sclairtech工艺、Dowlex工艺、Compact工艺、CX工艺、双环管反应器工艺、Unipol工艺、Innove...     

Study of the composition of tars produced from blends of coal and polyethylene wastes using high-performance liquid chromatography

Tars produced at semi-industrial scale in a coke oven of 6 x 10(3) kg capacity were used to investigate the effect of using polyethylene waste as an additive in the carbonization process with coal. The polyethylene wastes used were low-density polyethylene from the agriculture greenhouses and high-density polyethylene from domestic sources. The high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the soluble fractions in toluene and carbon disulfide, using two polystyrene-divinylbenzene columns and a mixture of dichloromethane-methanol as a mobile phase, provides useful information on the composition of tars and their derived pitches in terms of the substitution and molecular topology of polynuclear aromatic compounds (PACs). Differences in composition of tars produced with polyethylene waste at 1% (w/w) have been found to be negligible, while a higher amount of the waste (3%, w/w) promoted the formation of peri-condensed PACs at the expense of the substituted cata-condensed PACs. This behaviour is due to more extensive secondary reactions of tar precursors via dealkylation and aromatic condensation taking place during the carbonization process as a consequence of a more viscous co-carbonizing system. Changes in tar composition caused by this amount of polyethylene waste addition were comparable to those promoted by an increase in the carbonization temperature at semi-industrial and industrial ovens and by the coal preheating before the carbonization process. The characteristic features in tar composition were also found for the derived pitches from tars obtained with the polyethylene waste addition.     

Zinc phthalocyanine labelled polyethylene glycol: preparation, characterization, interaction with bovine serum albumin and near infrared fluorescence imaging in vivo

Zinc phthalocyanine labelled polyethylene glycol was prepared to track and monitor the in vivo fate of polyethylene glycol. The chemical structures were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopy. Their light stability and fluorescence quantum yield were evaluated by UV-Visible and fluorescence spectroscopy methods. The interaction of zinc phthalocyanine labelled polyethylene glycol with bovine serum albumin was evaluated by fluorescence titration and isothermal titration calorimetry methods. Optical imaging in vivo, organ aggregation as well as distribution of fluorescence experiments for tracking polyethylene glycol were performed with zinc phthalocyanine labelled polyethylene glycol as fluorescent agent. Results show that zinc phthalocyanine labelled polyethylene glycol has good optical stability and high emission ability in the near infrared region. Imaging results demonstrate that zinc phthalocyanine labelled polyethylene glycol can track and monitor the in vivo process by near infrared fluorescence imaging, which implies its potential in biomaterials evaluation in vivo by a real-time noninvasive method.     

Elution behavior of polyethylene in polar mobile phases on a non-polar sorbent

Linear polyethylene standards in the range of 1-500 kg/mol, dissolved in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, were injected into a column packed with oligo(dimethylsiloxane) modified silica gel. Fifteen polar solvents (cyclohexanone, cyclohexylacetate, cyclohexanol, nonylalcohol, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, ethylene- and diethylene glycol monobutyl ether, benzylalcohol, hexylacetate, bis(2-ethyl-hexyl)phthalate, N,N-dimethylacetamide, propylene carbonate, dipropylene glycol and N-methyl-pyrrolidone) were evaluated as mobile phases. Depending on the type of mobile phase evaluated, different elution behaviors are observed for polyethylene: (1) polyethylene was eluted in the size exclusion mode, (2) polyethylene was eluted together with the sample solvent peak at constant elution volume, (3) polyethylene was partially or fully retained on the column. The retained polymer was easily removed from the column by injecting a small volume of trichlorobenzene. The use of ethylene glycol monobutyl ether as the mobile phase enabled separation of the polyethylene from polypropylene. In this case polypropylene is eluted in the size exclusion mode, while polyethylene is eluted at a constant elution volume or remains in the column.     

TiO2 nanotube supported metallocene catalysts for the preparation of nanofiber,nanosheet, and floccule of polyethylene

Ethylene polymerization was performed with the TiO₂ nanotube supported metallocene catalytic system. The effects of Al/Zr molar ratio and time in polymerization on the catalytic behavior of the catalysts and the morphologies of the polyethylene were investigated. The nanofibers, floccules and nanosheets of polyethylene were obtained by controlling the polymerization conditions. Because the nanotubes confined the direction of propagation of the polyethylene chains, nanofibers were attained by extrusion polymerization, while the amount of floccules increased with extended polymerization time and nanosheets were mainly produced at high Al/Zr molar ratios. The possible correlation between the polymerization conditions and polyethylene morphologies was elucidated. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2011.     

Gel permeation chromatography of branched polyethylene

The effect of long-chain branching must be considered in gel permeation chromatography to evaluate the molecular weight polydispersity of branched polyethylenes. Osmotic molecular weights of fractions of branched polyethylene were correlated with elution volumes; weight-average and number-average molecular weights of a branched polyethylene were determined. Molecular weight changes on crosslinking polyethylene by ionizing radiation are accompanied by branching and cannot be simply interpreted by gel permeation chromatography.     

Morphology and gas barrier properties of polyethylene‐based nanocomposites

Nanocomposites were processed by melt blending two reference matrices, a metallocene polyethylene and a low density maleic anhydride‐grafted polyethylene with an organo‐modified montmorillonite. It was shown that the introduction of a maleated polyethylene compatibilizer was required to improve the clay nanoplatelet dispersion in the metallocene polyethylene‐based nanocomposites. Increasing the montmorillonite content led to a significant increase of the barrier properties. Interfacial agents such as oxidized paraffins were shown to be more effective to reduce the gas permeability than maleated polyethylene and the dependence of the gas transport properties was discussed not only as a function of the clay dispersion but also as a function of the clay/compatibilizer and compatibilizer/matrix interactions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 431–440, 2006     

聚乙烯尼龙共混物的PGC-MS和FT-IR联用鉴别

采用裂解气相色谱-质谱法和红外光谱法研究聚乙烯和尼龙共混物的组成;据此建立鉴别聚乙烯共混物组分的方法;红外光谱法可以准确鉴别出尼龙组分,裂解气相色谱-质谱法可以准确鉴别出聚乙烯组分以及尼龙的具体结构;二种方法结合使用,可以准确鉴别聚乙烯和尼龙共混物的组分。     

Characterization of oxidation progress by chemiluminescence: A study of polyethylene with pro-oxidant additives

Non-isothermal chemiluminescence measurements in nitrogen and isothermal measurements in oxygen were used for the evaluation of degradation in pre-oxidized polyethylene either pure or containing Mn-based pro-oxidant additives. The results were compared with infrared spectroscopy data. Chemiluminescence measurements of pure polyethylene and polyethylene with additive made it possible to calculate the set of rate constants, based on the Bolland-Gee oxidation scheme. The oxidation rate constants of polyethylene with additive were significantly higher, while the activation energy of the process appeared lower (65 kJ mol⁻¹), than those of pure polyethylene. The method provides an access to study oxidation processes during the induction period of oxidation when infrared spectroscopy cannot provide sufficient information.     

Functionalization of Polyethylene with Peroxy-containing Formulations Derived from Resins Modified with Maleic Anhydride. Properties of Blends of Functionalized Polyethylene with Polyamide 6

Peroxy-containing rosin-maleic and rosin-terpene-maleic resins were prepared and grafted to low-density polyethylene macromolecules by reactive extrusion. The morphology and mechanical properties of blends of functionalized polyethylene with polyamide 6 were determined.     

The effect of environmental factors on biodegradable polylactide-based materials

This study focuses on the effect of environmental factors on composites of polylactide and lowdensity polyethylene with oxidized polyethylene added as an analogue of recyclable materials. Moisture and ultraviolet light were found to significantly affect the polylactide–polyethylene composites at the first stage. The presence of oxidized polyethylene in the composite containing 30 wt % polylactide has a minor effect on water uptake by the composites. The average weight loss in the samples incubated in soil for 360 days is 5–10%.     

添加群青的蓝光聚乙烯多功能薄膜的研究

通过对添加群青、远红外线阻隔剂的聚乙烯薄膜和普通聚乙烯薄膜的物理机械性能以及透光率、雾度、紫外线透过率、远红外线透过率等光学性能的对比，论述了群青蓝光多功能聚乙烯水稻育秧薄膜的优异性能，并对其在水稻育苗中的实际应用进行了评述。     

超声辐照下聚乙烯熔体挤出流变特性的研究

研究了超声辐照作用下HDPE和LLDPE的挤出流变特性。结果表明,超声辐照可以促进聚乙烯分子链段的运动,降低熔体的挤出口模压力和表观粘度,明显提高聚乙烯熔体的流动性,使挤出物外观质量明显提高,为改善聚乙烯的加工性能及制品质量提供了新途径。