应用基于GPU的SPH方法模拟二维楔形体入水砰击问题

光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)法是一种无网格的拉格朗日效值方法,广泛应用于计算流体领域模拟复杂自由表面流问题.SPH方法的主要缺点就是计算量过大,而基于GPU的并行计算方法可使SPH计算得到有效加速.本文应用基于GPU的SPH并行计算方法研究了二维楔形体的入水砰击问题.数值计算结果与文献中对应的解析解比较一致,验证了基于GPU的SPH方法的精度和可靠性.仿真结果同时显示基于GPU的并行计算方法可使SPH计算速度得到显著提高.     

弹丸入水特性的SPH计算模拟

应用SPH方法研究弹丸入水过程中的动力学特征。利用拉格朗日形式的N-S方程自编SPH程序,建立弹丸入水的计算模型,赋予相应的材料参数及状态方程,研究弹丸外形、入水速度和角度等因素对入水过程的影响。模拟结果表明:空化泡的形态及发展规律主要由弹丸的运动姿态决定;弹道越稳定,阻力因数就越小,弹丸的存速就越大。SPH方法具有较强的自适应性,适用于研究弹丸入水的流固耦合问题。     

弹性楔形体入水砰击载荷及结构响应的理论计算与数值模拟研究

针对弹性楔形体砰击载荷及结构响应问题,采用理论解析计算方法以及任意拉格朗日-欧拉(arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian, ALE)流固耦合数值计算方法开展研究。分别分析不同边界条件、入水速度、板厚以及斜升角对弹性结构所受砰击力及结构响应的影响及变化规律,并探讨砰击载荷时间历程和物面分布特性。结果表明,通过增大斜升角可有效降低弹性楔形体砰击载荷和结构响应,斜升角自10°增大至30°,无量纲砰击力峰值减小至6.9%,结构变形极值减小至6.5%。可通过水弹性因数${ {R_{\text{F}}} = {C_{\text{B}}}\tan \beta \sqrt {EI/(\rho {L^3})} /v }$评估板厚、入水速度、斜升角以及边界条件对砰击载荷作用下结构水弹性效应的影响,在水弹性因数R_F＞1.71时,可采用理论解析方法高效高精度预报砰击载荷作用下弹性楔形体结构变形响应。

     

基于表面力模型的液滴冲击弹性基底SPH模拟

采用光滑粒子动力学SPH方法建立液滴冲击弹性基底的流固耦合数值模型,给出描述粘性流体和弹性固体运动的SPH离散方程和数值处理格式,引入人工耗散项来抑制标准SPH方法的数值震荡。为模拟液滴的表面张力效应,通过精确检测边界粒子,采用拉格朗日插值方法计算表面法向量和曲率,结合界面理论中的连续表面力CSF方法,建立了适用于自由表面液滴的表面力模型,方形液滴变形的模拟结果与拉普拉斯理论解吻合较好。随后,采用SPH流固耦合模型模拟1.0 mm直径水滴以不同速度(0.2 m/s～3.0 m/s)冲击两种薄板型基底,分析了基底弹性变形对液滴铺展、收缩以及回弹行为的影响。     

基于SPH法的二维矩形液舱晃荡研究

液体晃荡是一种复杂的流体运动现象,自由液面的存在使得该现象具有很强的非线性和随机性。针对二维矩形液舱在不同振幅水平激励下的纵荡问题,应用SPH法对其进行了数值研究。首先计算了小振幅激励下的纵荡,计算结果分别与线性理论解、文献VOF法结果及文献SPH法结果作了比较分析,以验证所建数值模型的合理性;然后计算了液舱在大振幅水平激励下的纵荡,着重分析了不同振幅下液体晃荡的速度向量图、液面波动时程、压强波动时程、动量波动时程以及波动的频谱图,并将计算所得液面波动结果与小振幅激励下的液面波动结果作了比较。分析结果表明,在大振幅水平激励下,液面波动的波峰值较小振幅下的结果有较为明显的增大,而波谷值则无过大的变化,总体波动幅值比小振幅下的结果大;随着激励幅值的增大,液面波动幅值呈现明显增大的趋势,压强的整体波动幅值也呈增大趋势,动量波动的均值亦有明显增大;波动能量随着激励幅值的增大而增大并向第一阶频率区域集中。SPH法对处理液体大幅晃荡这种具有自由表面大变形的问题有十分优越的特性。     

基于SPH方法铁路车轴遭受道砟撞击的数值模拟

基于非线性有限元软件LS-DYNA及其提供的SPH（smoothed particle hydrodynamics）算法,建立了高速铁路车轴遭受道砟撞击的计算分析模型,考察了不同撞击速度、道砟形状和尺寸,以及撞击角度工况下车轴的动态响应。给出了撞击力和车轴受撞击处变形的响应特征,分析了车轴最大残余变形与撞击力峰值之间的关系,探讨了不同工况下车轴的撞击损伤规律。结果表明,撞击力峰值和车轴变形（包括瞬态变形和残余变形）均随着撞击速度、道砟直径和撞击角度的增大而增大,车轴最大残余变形与撞击力峰值呈近似线性增大关系,车轴的量纲一压痕深度（残余变形）与吸收冲击能平方根成线性关系。     

基于SPH 法的爆炸螺栓冲击特性研究

由于爆炸螺栓解锁过程具有瞬时性、变形大等特点,同时接触爆炸过程中交界面处介质阻抗相差 较大,因此基于计及材料强度的SPH 方法,在控制方程的粒子近似过程中将其转化为粒子密度及质量对物理 量近似过程影响较小的形式,建立了爆炸螺栓三维SPH 数值模型,分析了爆炸螺栓解锁过程中的冲击特性。 同时,通过与LS-DYNA软件的计算结果进行对比,验证了本文所建立数值模型的准确性和可靠性。     

多孔火药填充床中燃烧转爆轰(DDT)的模拟与分析

随着火炮装药装填密度的提高和火箭推进剂中硝胺组份的增加,它们的总体性能虽有改善,但同时使燃烧转爆轰的感度也加大。在一定条件下,粒状高能固体火药填充床中,将出现DDT现象。本文着重研究燃烧转爆轰前的过程。描述DDT过程的两相反应流体动力学模型用MacCormack有限差分格式求解,得到的转爆距离和爆轰速度与试验观察结果符合得很好。计算表明,粒状药床中的两种转变机制似乎是可以相互转化的。     

强旋湍流气－固两相流动的颗粒随机轨道法模拟

应用颗粒随机轨道模型，并与一种新的代数Ｒｅｙｎｏｌｄｓ应力模型相结合，对新型煤粉涡旋燃烧炉内强旋湍流气。固两相流动进行了数值模拟。得到了与实验相符合的颗粒相密度分布和质量流分布。计算结果表明，在涡旋燃烧炉内的强旋湍流流场中，外壁附近颗粒浓度最高，颗粒停留时间加长，气－固两相间滑移速度增大。     

悬浮RDX炸药和铝颗粒混合粉尘爆轰的数值模拟

采用两相流方法对炸药颗粒直径为20.0 m时与铝颗粒混合物的爆轰波的发展与传播过程及爆轰波参数进行了数值计算。结果表明,在炸药粉尘中加入铝颗粒,可以大大提高爆轰波参数。当铝颗粒直径为3.4 m时,尽管铝颗粒的直径较炸药颗粒直径小,但由于炸药颗粒的点火温度低,二者的点火时间相差不多。如果铝颗粒的直径为7.0 m,由于铝颗粒的点火滞后于炸药颗粒的点火,混合颗粒粉尘中可能形成双波阵面的爆轰波。     

Incompressible SPH simulation of water entry of a free‐falling object

In this paper an incompressible smoothed particle hydrodynamics (Incom‐SPH) model is used to simulate the interactions between the free surface flow and a moving object. Incom‐SPH method is a two‐step semi‐implicit hydrodynamic formulation of the SPH algorithm and is capable of accurately treating the free surface deformations and impact forces during the solid–fluid interactions. For a free‐falling object, its motion is tracked by an additional Lagrangian algorithm based on Newton's law to couple with the Incom‐SPH program. The developed model is employed to investigate the water entry of a free‐falling wedge. The accuracy of the computations is validated by the good agreement in predicting the relevant hydrokinematic and hydrodynamic parameters. Finally, a numerical test is performed to study the influence of spatial resolution on the water entry features. The Incom‐SPH modeling coupled with the solid–fluid interaction algorithm could provide a promising computational tool to predict the slamming problems in coastal and offshore engineering. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental investigation of hydrodynamic loads and pressure distribution during a pyramid water entry

In the maritime environment slamming is a phenomenon known as short duration impact of water on a floating or sailing structure. Slamming loads are local and could induce very high local stresses. This paper reports a series of impact test results and investigate the slamming loads and pressures acting on a square based pyramid. In this study the slamming tests have been conducted at constant velocity impact with a hydraulic high speed shock machine. This specific experimental equipment avoids the deceleration of the structure observed usually during water entry with drop tests. Three velocities of the rigid pyramid have been used (10, 13 and 15 m s⁻¹). Time-histories of local pressures, accelerations and slamming loads were successfully measured. The relationship between the pressure magnitude and the impact velocity is obtained and the spatial distribution of pressures on pyramid sides is characterized. The impact velocity was found to have a negligible influence in predicting the maximum pressure coefficient.     

基于SPH/FEM方法的浅水冲击喷溅及其抑制结构研究

物体浅水冲击会造成结构响应和自由液面的剧烈喷溅,以往的研究多集中在物体受水的冲击响应方面,而对浅水层受物体冲击引起的剧烈喷溅问题及其喷溅抑制结构的相关研究很少。本文基于SPH/FEM耦合方法对浅水冲击的液体喷溅特性开展研究。首先,计算了刚性长方体结构的冲击喷溅,与文献中准二维溅水试验结果进行了比较,将浅水喷溅分为初始喷溅、二次喷溅和底部射流三部分。分别研究了各部分喷溅的形成机理,指出二次喷溅由结构对水层的挤压和底部射流的能量传递共同引起,并分析了水深对二次喷溅的影响规律。其次,对喷溅抑制结构的机理做了数值研究,发现拱形翻边构型可以抑制初始喷溅,但不能有效降低二次喷溅。最后,提出了一种带凹槽和阻水边条的新型翻边构型,对二次喷溅具有更好的抑制效果。     

Numerical simulation of soil–water interaction using smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method

An application of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) to simulation of soil–water interaction is presented. In this calculation, water is modeled as a viscous fluid with week compressibility and soil is modeled as an elastic–perfectly plastic material. The Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion is applied to describe the stress states of soil in the plastic flow regime. Dry soil is modeled by one-phase flow while saturated soil is modeled by separate water and soil phases. Interaction between soil and water is taken into account by means of pore water pressure and seepage force. Simulation tests of soil excavation by a water jet are calculated as a challenging example to verify the broad applicability of the SPH method. The excavations are carried out in two different soil models, one is dry soil and the other is fully saturated soil. Numerical results obtained in this paper have shown that the gross discontinuities of soil failure can be simulated without any difficulties. This supports the feasibility and attractiveness of this a new approach in geomechanics applications. Advantages of the method are robustness, conceptual simplicity and relative ease of incorporating new physics.     

Investigation on charge parameters of underwater contact explosion based on axisymmetric SPH method

This paper investigates the effects of charge parameters of the underwater contact explosion based on the axisymmetric smoothed particle hydrodynamics （SPH） method. The dynamic boundary particle is proposed to improve the pressure fluctuation and numerical accuracy near the symmetric axis. An in-depth study is carried out over the influence of charge shapes and detonation modes on the near-field loads in terms of the peak pressure and impulse of shock waves. For different charge shapes, the cylindrical charge with different length-diameter ratios may cause strong directivity of peak pressure and impulse in the near field. Compared with spherical charge, the peak pressure of cylindrical charge may be either weakened or enhanced in different directions. Within a certain range, the greater the length-diameter ratio is, the more obvious the effect will be. The weakened ratio near the detonation end may reach 25% approximately, while the enhanced ratio may reach around 20% in the opposite direction. However, the impulse in different directions seems to be uniform. For different detonation modes, compared with point-source explosion, the peak pressure of plane-source explosion is enhanced by about 5%. Besides, the impulse of plane-source explosion is enhanced by around 5% near the detonation end, but close to those of the point-source explosion in other directions. Based on the material constitutive relation in the axisymmetric coordinates, a simple case of underwater contact explosion is simulated to verify the above conclusions, showing that the charge parameters of underwater contact explosion should not be ignored.     

楔形体入水时域解的复边界元数值分析

基于速度势理论,利用复数变量边界元法对二维楔形体常速入水冲击的时域解进行了数值研究。以相似解作为数值计算的初始条件,采用时域解射流线性近似处理方法,利用复数变量边界元法进行求解,以减少计算量和数值误差。深入讨论了扩展坐标系求时域解、射流处理、网格划分和网格更新等关键技术。最后数值计算了不同斜升角楔形体入水时的自由液面隆起、射流飞溅和压力分布,经与相似解结果作比较,自由液面隆起轮廓基本吻合,而压力分布更符合实际情况,从而证明了模型及分析方法的正确性。