激波聚焦反射的实验和数值研究

 采用高速摄影技术和数值模拟方法,对入射激波在两种不同形状的抛物形反射器表面聚焦和反射的过程进行了研究,得到了激波聚焦反射过程的波系结构的实验阴影照片和数值计算结果,两者符合得很好。对激波聚焦形成的气体动力学焦点的特性进行了分析,结果表明,入射激波在两种反射器反射后聚焦所形成的气体动力学焦点均是由三波点在轴心处的会聚所导致的,气体动力学焦点位于相应的反射器壁面的几何焦点附近。不同的反射器中,激波聚焦前后的波系结构也不同,对较浅的反射器,入射激波反射前在反射器壁面形成了弓形激波,反射之后需要相对较长的时间完成聚焦,形成聚焦反射激波之后弓形激波仍未相交;对较深的反射器,入射激波反射后在更短的时间内聚焦,聚焦时弓形激波已经相交,聚焦反射激波之后的流场波系结构更加复杂。     

弯曲动叶对跨音轴流压气机性能的影响

对具有弯曲动叶的跨音轴流压气机性能的数值研究表明,反弯曲动叶中通道激波沿径向倾斜角度最大,在顶部移向下游,在中部移向前缘,提高了失速裕度,但也增加了中部损失,反弯曲动叶级效率最低。正弯曲动叶中通道激波在顶部前移,失速裕度下降,通道激波近似为径向,负荷沿叶高分布均匀,气动效率最高。通道激波位置合理分布是弯曲动叶改型设计成功的关键。     

波后滑移线引起的界面变形和R-M不稳定性

实验研究复杂波形结构引起平面界面变形和反射激波冲击下的R-M不稳定性的问题.在竖直激波管中生成稳定的N₂/SF₆平面界面,激波在圆柱绕射后,冲击平面界面,由此研究复杂激波引起的界面变形.平面激波在圆柱绕射后的流场,演化成具有初始入射波、三波点、弯曲反射波、Mach波和Mach反射产生的滑移线等复杂结构.研究复杂结构激波对界面的作用,对认识界面扰动的生成具有较大帮助.绕柱激波冲击后,平面界面仅在两对滑移线内部发生变形.绕柱激波冲击界面后,两对滑移线将界面分成"内界面"和"外界面",界面变形形态同滑移线和界面相交位置相关.反射激波二次冲击下,界面扰动的增长与Jacobs-Sheeley涡量模型较吻合.      

非定常欠膨胀射流的正格式数值模拟

 采用二阶正格式方法对非定常欠膨胀射流进行了数值模拟。将二维守恒方程的正格式方法推广到轴对称Euler方程组的求解,并对不同马赫数下的燃气射流进行了数值计算。计算结果表明,该方法能够较好地捕捉到包含膨胀波、入射激波、反射激波、马赫盘、射流边界以及三波点等复杂射流流场的波系结构,与实验照片反映的流动特征以及已有的数值结果相吻合。表明该方法对间断解具有较强的捕捉能力,在激波阵面上不会出现数值振荡。     

一类高压比新概念风扇转子激波结构探索

为适应未来超声速巡航飞机动力系统的要求,作为一种可能的解决方案,本文对于一类来流为轴向超声速、出口为相对亚声速的高压比新概念风扇开展了研究,主要采用三维定常粘性数值方法对转子通道内部激波结构进行了初步探讨,根据流场分布构造了转子三维激波结构,为此类风扇气动设计提供了一定的依据。     

水蒸气跨声速流动中非平衡相变与激波的耦合作用

引入水蒸气非平衡相变的动力学模型和水蒸气真实物性模型,建立了水蒸气跨声速非平衡流动的守恒型数值计算模型,采用Roe-FDS计算格式数值捕捉了水蒸气超声速流动中的非平衡相变与激波效应,在此基础上开展了气动激波与凝结激波的耦合计算,分析了气动激波波锋面与凝结激波波锋面相遇时,气动激波与非平衡相变之间的相互作用规律。研究显示,随着背压的不断升高,气动压缩激波不断向喷管喉口位置推移。当气动激波发生在凝结激波的下游位置时,气动激波的耗散效应使得喷管内的液相质量分数逐渐减小而不会对上游的非平衡相变和凝结激波产生影响。当气动激波随背压继续上行与气动激波交汇时,气动激波强烈的耗散效应使得凝结激波特征迅速减弱,非平衡相变逐渐退化到喷管边界区域,而气动激波由于受到凝结激波的强烈干扰,激波强度迅速减弱,显现出明显的斜弱激波特征.当气动激波上行至喷管喉口附近时,X型凝结激波逐渐消退,非平衡相变在喷管主流区消失。     

超声速层流/湍流压缩拐角流动结构的实验研究

在Ma=3.0的超声速风洞中, 分别对上游边界层为超声速层流和湍流, 压缩角度为25°和28°的压缩拐角流动进行了实验研究. 采用纳米粒子示踪平面激光散射(NPLS)技术获得了流场整体和局部区域的精细结构, 边界层、剪切层、分离激波、回流区和再附激波等典型结构清晰可见, 测量了超声速层流压缩拐角壁面的压力系数. 从时间平均的流场结构中测量出分离激波、再附激波的角度和再附后重新发展的边界层的增长情况, 通过分析时间相关的流场NPLS图像, 可以发现流场结构随时间的演化特性. 实验结果表明: 在25°的压缩角度下, 超声速层流压缩拐角流动发生了典型的分离, 边界层迅速增长失稳转捩, 并引起一道诱导激波, 流场中出现了K-H涡、剪切层和微弱压缩波结构, 而超声速湍流压缩拐角流动没有出现分离, 湍流边界层始终表现为附着状态; 在28° 的压缩角度下, 超声速层流压缩拐角流动进一步分离, 回流区范围明显扩大, 诱导激波、分离激波向上游移动, 再附激波向下游移动, 分离区流动结构复杂, 相比之下, 超声速湍流压缩拐角流动的回流区范围明显较小, 边界层增长缓慢, 流场中没有出现诱导激波、K-H涡和压缩波, 流动分离区域的结构也相对简单, 但分离激波的强度则明显更强. 关键词： 压缩拐角 层流 湍流 流动结构     

二维平面激波折射的理论计算方法

围绕二维平面激波与物质界面作用,建立了流场波系结构的理论计算方法.首先分析了界面两侧激波独自沿界面传播过程,识别了两类正规折射和三类非正规折射;然后,根据两侧扰动沿界面传播的相对快慢,得到了三种不同的作用情形.与已有的Catherasoo方法相比,此方法:1)考虑了激波波后紧邻波阵面流场中扰动对界面附近折射的影响,区分了扰动的强弱及其是否可以追赶上激波阵面; 2)除了少数情形外,大都基于Euler方程精确解描述流场中波系相互作用.利用该方法对马赫数1.17的激波与空气/SF6界面作用进行计算,得到的波系结构与数值结果、已有实验数据基本一致,透射波阵面与水平方向夹角吻合程度优于Catherasoo结果;给出了反射波参数、界面偏折角度等,而Catherasoo方法不能计算这些参数.对于马赫数2.00的激波,通过比较不同介质密度比和界面倾角下的理论与数值结果,发现此方法对波系类型的识别比Catherasoo方法更为准确,且识别了波后强扰动追赶上激波形成三波结构的折射类型,后者无法识别此类型.上述结果表明,新方法具有良好的适用性,对波系类型的识别较已有方法的准确度更高,可获取更为丰富的波系结构...     

再入体头部粘性流场高分辨率格式数值模拟

TVD格式是目前数值研究以激波为主要特征之一的超声速、高超声速流场的最先进的算法之一。本文用二阶迎风TVD格式,对三种烧蚀外形的轴对称粘性流场和10°钝锥有攻角三维粘性流场进行了数值模拟,得到了高质量的头部脱体激波和与实验结果及直线推进法计算一致的物面压力分布,表明了TVD格式在再入体粘性绕流计算中的独特优势。     

不同界面组分分布对Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性的影响

基于二维非定常Euler方程,对平面激波与不同界面组分分布下氦气气柱作用过程所引起的Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性现象进行了数值模拟,探讨了激波冲击轻质气柱后气柱界面形态的演变及流场波系结构,定量分析了气柱特征尺度(气柱长度、高度和中轴宽度)和气柱体积压缩率随时间变化.此外,结合流场压强、速度、环量和气体混合率,多角度分析了激波驱动界面气体混合的流动机制,获得了不同界面组分分布对界面不稳定性的影响.结果表明,随着气柱界面从完全扩散界面向间断界面的过渡,界面两侧的声反射系数随之增大,使入射激波与气柱界面的作用由常规透射转变为非常规透射,反射激波逐渐加强,透射激波逐渐减弱,使得Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性随之增强;同时,界面两侧阿特伍德数的增大,加强了Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性和Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性的发展.此外,界面不稳定性的加强使得流场环量增大,导致气体混合率的增长速率随之升高.     

Aerodynamic actuation characteristics of radio-frequency discharge plasma and control of supersonic flow

In this paper, aerodynamic actuation characteristics of radio-frequency(RF) discharge plasma are studied and a method is proposed for shock wave control based on RF discharge. Under the static condition, a RF diffuse glow discharge can be observed; under the supersonic inflow, the plasma is blown downstream but remains continuous and stable.Time-resolved schlieren is used for flow field visualization. It is found that RF discharge not only leads to continuous energy deposition on the electrode surface but also induces a compression wave. Under the supersonic inflow condition, a weak oblique shock wave is induced by discharge. Experimental results of the shock wave control indicate that the applied actuation can disperse the bottom structure of the ramp-induced oblique shock wave, which is also observed in the extracted shock wave structure after image processing. More importantly, this control effect can be maintained steadily due to the continuous high-frequency(MHz) discharge. Finally, correlations for schlieren images and numerical simulations are employed to further explore the flow control mechanism. It is observed that the vortex in the boundary layer increases after the application of actuation, meaning that the boundary layer in the downstream of the actuation position is thickened. This is equivalent to covering a layer of low-density smooth wall around the compression corner and on the ramp surface, thereby weakening the compressibility at the compression corner. Our results demonstrate the ability of RF plasma aerodynamic actuation to control the supersonic airflow.     

Design of supersonic three-dimensional inlets using two-dimensional isentropic compression flow

The design of supersonic three-dimensional inlets using the V-shaped body forming a two-dimensional flow including an initial oblique shock wave and a subsequent isentropic compression wave is considered. Such a flow appears attractive for inlets design due to a possibility of obtaining high compression levels of external flow over the inlet ramp with small losses of the total pressure. Numerical computations of the flows around the designed configurations were carried out in design and off-design regimes using Euler code. The flow structure was identified, the aerodynamic characteristics of the inlets were determined. The investigation covers the range of supersonic speeds corresponding to the freestream Mach numbers M_∞= 1.8−2.5.     

Aerodynamic design of a supersonic three-dimensional inlet

The results of designing and numerical gas-dynamic modeling a supersonic three-dimensional inlet of a new type are considered. A ramp of external compression of this inlet is the V-shaped body forming an initial plane oblique shock wave and a subsequent isentropic compression wave. The inlet incorporates an entrance section of internal compression, where also a plane oblique shock wave and a subsequent isentropic compression wave are formed by a cowl. The designed three-dimensional inlet has small inclination angles of compression surfaces, which ensures its low wave drag. According to the estimates of inlet efficiency in terms of the compression ratio and the total pressure recovery factor, it is close to the optimal two-dimensional shocked inlet of external compression considered by Oswatisch as well as Petrov and Ukhov. The flow in the inlet was computed with the use of the Euler and Navier — Stokes codes provided by the commercial package “FLUENT”. The flow in the inlet throat in the design regime computed under the inviscid flow approximation is uniform. The most substantial effect of the flow viscosity in this regime manifests itself in the interaction of the shock wave from the cowl with the boundary layer on the V-shaped compression body in the inlet internal duct. According to computed data, the boundary layer separation does not occur in this case; however, due to viscosity effects, reflected shock waves are formed here which results in significant deviations of flow structure as compared to the computed inviscid flow.     

Analytic description of the domain of existence of triple configurations with a negative slope of reflected shock

We consider triple configurations of compression shocks in supersonic flows of an inviscid perfect gas. The boundaries of the domain of existence of shock-wave structures of a new type (triple configurations with a negative slope of the reflected shock or negative triple configurations) on a set of flow parameters have been theoretically investigated.     

基于BOS的超声速流场瞬态密度场的可视化

瞬态密度场的可视化对于超声速流场复杂流动机理研究有着重要的参考价值.设计了基于脉冲激光照明的瞬态密度场可视化系统,针对非对称尖锥模型在Ф=120 mm激波风洞开展了双方向密度场可视化应用研究,获得了Ma=6条件下激波流场清晰的瞬态和长曝光背景纹影图像.研究表明,瞬态背景纹影图像曝光时间为10 ns,能够有效"冻结"超声...     

A hybrid CFD/characteristics method for fast characterization of hypersonic blunt forebody/inlet flow

A hybrid CFD/characteristic method(CCM) was proposed for fast design and evaluation of hypersonic inlet flow with nose bluntness, which targets the combined advantages of CFD and method of characteristics. Both the accuracy and efficiency of the developed CCM were verified reliably, and it was well demonstrated for the external surfaces design of a hypersonic forebody/inlet with nose bluntness. With the help of CCM method, effects of nose bluntness on forebody shock shapes and the flowfield qualities which dominate inlet performance were examined and analyzed on the two-dimensional and axisymmetric configurations. The results showed that blunt effects of a wedge forebody are more substantial than that of related cone cases. For a conical forebody with a properly blunted nose, a recovery of the shock front back to that of corresponding sharp nose is exhibited, accompanied with a gradually fading out of entropy layer effects. Consequently a simplification is thought to be reasonable for an axisymmetric inlet with a proper compression angle, and a blunt nose of limited radius can be idealized as a sharp nose, as the spillage and flow variations at the entrance are negligible, even though the nose scale increases to 10% cowl lip radius. Whereas for two-dimensional inlets, the blunt effects are substantial since not only the inlet capturing/starting capabilities, but also the flow uniformities are obviously degraded.     

等离子体气动激励机理数值研究

基于介质阻挡与准直流电弧放电的物理过程, 分析了它们的气动激励机理, 建立了各自的气动激励模型, 并分别研究了它们对低速和超声速流动的激励效果. 结果显示: 介质挡板放电等离子体气动激励机理是改变了连续流体中的三种力, 即由牛顿内摩擦引起的剪切应力、由电动力学引起的体积力及由压力突变引起的冲击力, 其中基于电动力学的体积力效应占主导地位; 临近空间环境中体积力的作用效果更强, 诱导速度更大; 超声速来流下准直流电弧放电气动激励机理主要是等离子体的热阻塞效应, 本文所建立的爆炸丝传热模型可以用于仿真其控制激波的过程; 热电弧对于超声速来流而言就像一个具有一定斜坡角度的虚拟突起, 可用于高超声速飞行器前体激波的控制.     

斜激波与轴对称边界层干扰的数值模拟

使用两方程Menter-SST模型,对来流Mach数为3时的斜激波与轴对称边界层的相互干扰现象进行了数值模拟与定性、定量分析。研究了斜楔激波发生器楔角和来流单位Reynolds数变化对干扰区流动的影响,总结了参数变化引起的流动分离变化规律;此外,还计算了与三维计算中心对称面上的入射激波等效的二维情形,并将三维结果与二维情形进行对比,对比结果显示中心对称面上的壁面压力系数、分离涡尺寸、涡量分布等与相应的二维情形存在明显差异。     

Study on the Mach and regular reflections of shock wave

Journal of Visualization - While a moving incident shock wave moves through a sharp compression ramp with the fixed angle, θr, the incident shock wave is reflected by the ramp surface and the...