分级多孔N,P共掺杂rGO改性隔膜增强锂硫电池的循环稳定性

多硫化物(LiPSs)的穿梭效应和低硫利用率会导致电池容量的快速衰减, 这严重阻碍了锂硫电池的商业化进程. 为了抑制LiPSs的穿梭效应和提高硫的利用率, 本工作采用一步高温还原法合成了具有分级多孔结构的N, P共掺杂还原氧化石墨烯(NPG), 并将其用于锂硫电池的隔膜改性. 高导电性NPG具有丰富的分级多孔结构, 提供了大量的LiPSs锚定位点和丰富的离子/电子传输通道, 实现了可溶性中间体的快速转化, 高效抑制了LiPSs的穿梭效应. 归因于以上优点, NPG改性聚丙烯隔膜(NPG/PP)能够有效抑制LiPSs的穿梭并提高硫的利用率. 结果表明, NPG/PP改性隔膜的电池展现出优异的循环性能(在1 C的电流密度下, 循环500圈以后容量仍保持在612.5 mAh•g^-1, 每圈的衰减仅为0.052%)和出色的倍率性能(在2 C的电流密度下容量仍保持在617.9 mAh•g^-1). 这种构建分级多孔N, P共掺杂rGO改性隔膜的思路为锂硫电池的研究提供了新的方向.     

氮硫共掺杂多孔碳材料的制备及其在锂硫电池中的应用

锂硫电池因其较高的理论容量和对环境友好等优势被视为极具发展潜力的储能装置,但是多硫化物的穿梭效应极大地限制了锂硫电池的实际应用。本文以葡萄糖为碳源,离子液体为氮源和硫源,KCl和ZnCl₂为模板剂,KOH为活化剂,通过热解工艺合成了氮硫共掺杂多孔碳（NSPC）。XPS和极性吸附实验表明N、S杂原子成功引入并且提高了碳材料对多硫化物的吸附能力,有效缓解多硫化物的穿梭效应,而较高的比表面积（1290.67 m²·g^-1）有助于提高硫负载量。负载70.1wt.%的硫后（S@NSPC）作为锂硫电池的正极材料表现出了良好的电化学性能。在167.5 mA·g^-1的电流密度下S@NSPC的首次放电容量为1229.2 mAh·g^-1,远高于S@PC的861.6 mAh·g^-1,且S@NSPC循环500圈后容量为328.1 mAh·g^-1。当电流密度从3350 mA·g^-1恢复至167.5 mA·g^-1时,可逆容量达到首圈放电比容量的80%,几乎恢复至其初始值。     

石墨烯包覆的硫填充碳纳米笼自支撑整体材料的制备及其锂硫电池性能研究

锂硫电池具有理论能量密度高、活性物质价廉、毒性低等优点,是最具发展潜力的高能量二次电池之一,其应用仍存在硫面载量小、循环寿命短和库伦效率低等难题.制备了石墨烯包覆的硫填充碳纳米笼自支撑整体材料,可直接用作锂硫电池正极,避免使用粘结剂、导电剂和集流体,当硫的面载量为3.8 mg·cm^-2时,锂硫电池展现出高的可逆比容量（1104 mAh·g^-1）、优异的循环稳定性（每圈容量衰减率仅为0.049%@1.0 A·g^-1）和>99.9%的库伦效率,其面积比容量（3.7 mAh·cm^-2）处于锂硫电池的先进水平.该电极的优异性能可归因于以下因素的协同作用：碳纳米笼的物理限域作用及石墨烯中含氧官能团的化学吸附作用有效抑制了活性物质的流失,微孔-介孔-大孔共存的分级孔结构和高导电性利于离子和电子的传输,纳米笼空腔填充有利于缓解体积膨胀造成的影响,整体材料的自支撑稳定结构有利于增加硫载量且维持电化学性能.本研究还提供了一种工艺简单、能有效提高面积比容量的硫正极制备方法.     

微波诱导等离子体技术制备rGO@S复合正极及其在高倍率锂硫电池中的应用

锂硫电池具有高能量密度、低成本和环境友好等优势,有望满足市场日益增长的需求。然而,其正极材料中的活性物质硫存在溶解穿梭等问题,限制了锂硫电池的大规模应用。本文利用氧化石墨(GO)作为碳源、升华硫作为硫源,通过微波诱导等离子体技术(MIP)快速高效(30-40 s)地制备得到了还原氧化石墨烯负载硫纳米颗粒锂硫电池复合正极材料(rGO@S),其中,rGO褶皱卷曲、相互连接的层片状结构,有利于电解液中的锂离子向电极材料中扩散和迁移,同时有利于提高电极材料的导电性,且rGO上的含氧官能团也能够起到对硫纳米颗粒的固定作用,有利于电极材料循环稳定性的提升。得益于其独特的形貌结构,rGO@S在电池测试中表现出优异的倍率性能和良好的循环稳定性。在0.1 A·g^-1的电流密度下,rGO@S的可逆比容量为1036 mAh·g^-1,当电流密度增大到8 A·g^-1其可逆比容量仍高达832 mAh·g^-1,且经过8 A·g^-1的超大电流密度充放循环,当电流密度回到0.1 A·g^-1...     

α-MnO2纳米棒/多孔碳正极材料的制备及水系锌离子电池性能研究

针对水系锌离子电池锰基正极材料存在比容量低、循环稳定性差等问题, 本工作利用水热法制备出棒状结构的α-MnO₂, 通过柠檬酸钠高温碳化制备多孔碳, 进而通过超声分散等处理制备出α-MnO₂/PCSs复合材料. 三维的多孔网络有助于提高电子导电性, 提供一个稳定的支撑;α-MnO₂纳米棒均匀地附着在多孔碳纳米片层表面, 有效地避免α-MnO₂的团聚, 从而提高锌离子传输效率. 得益于α-MnO₂/PCSs独特的结构优势, 将其作为锌离子电池正极材料, 在电流密度为0.1 A•g^–1的条件下循环100次后, 其可逆容量为350 mAh•g^–1, 在1 A•g^–1的大的电流密度下, 经过1000圈循环后, 容量可达160 mAh•g^–1, 展现了优异的循环稳定性能, 有望成为高性能锌离子电池的潜在正极材料.     

CoNi基双金属-有机骨架衍生碳复合材料多功能改性锂硫电池隔膜（英文）

严重的多硫化物穿梭效应和转化缓慢等问题导致锂硫电池容量迅速衰减,其大规模应用受限。本文将金属有机框架材料(MOF)衍生碳(Ni,Co)/C用于锂硫电池隔膜改性,很好地解决了上述问题。钴镍双金属的协同作用分别实现了大量又快速的化学固硫和抑硫的可逆性,显著提高了锂硫电池的循环稳定性和倍率性能。在1C的电流密度下,(Ni,Co)/C改性隔膜电池的容量在第1次循环时可以达到1035.6 mAh·g^-1,在500次循环后容量仍保持662.2 mAh·g^-1,容量保持率为63.9%。此外,本工作克服了二元金属基MOF制备难的问题,使用简单快速的室温液相合成法制备了柱状镍钴二元MOF,该法有望实现MOF的宏观制备。     

三维多孔铜和锌镀层协同构筑无枝晶锂金属电极

金属锂具有高理论比容量和低氧化还原电位, 被认为是高能量密度二次电池最理想的负极材料之一, 但其在循环过程中的枝晶生长和体积变化易造成电池失效和安全隐患. 以孔径为5 μm左右的自制三维多孔铜为基底, 在其表面电沉积锌层(3D Cu@Zn), 作为金属锂沉积的集流体, 构筑无枝晶锂金属电极. 三维多孔铜的孔结构稳定, 孔径大小适宜, 可有效降低局部电流密度和缓解体积变化. 锌镀层可降低锂金属的形核过电位, 诱导锂的均匀沉积, 有效抑制锂枝晶生长. 以3D Cu@Zn为集流体, 锂沉积面积容量为4 mAh•cm^–2, 电极表面仍无枝晶出现, 经过锂剥离后表面仍然光滑; 而铜箔上沉积的锂显示明显的枝晶和不均匀性, 3D Cu上沉积的锂显示局部不均匀性和一定量枝晶. 在电流密度为0.5和 1 mA•cm^–2, 面积容量为1 mAh•cm^–2条件下, Li||3D Cu@Zn半电池获得了稳定的库伦效率; 在2 mA•cm^–2的高电流密度和1 mAh•cm^–2的面积容量条件下, Li||3D Cu@Zn@Li对称电池可稳定循环700 h以上; 以3D Cu@Zn@Li为负极, LiFePO₄为正极的全电池, 在1 C倍率下, 经过150次循环后仍保持88 mAh•g^–1的容量, 均明显优于Cu片和3D Cu作为集流体的锂金属电极.     

百香果皮基原位氮掺杂多孔碳/硫复合正极的制备及储锂性能

以生物质百香果皮为碳源,KHCO3为活化剂,采用同步活化碳化方法制备原位氮掺杂的分级多孔碳材料,将其与单质硫复合制得多孔碳/硫正极材料。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征技术对制备材料的物相组成、微观形貌、比表面积及孔结构进行研究分析。同时,利用紫外可见吸收光谱研究了多孔碳对多硫化物的吸附作用,用恒电流充放电测试了不同硫含量(60%～80%)的多孔碳/硫复合正极材料的电化学性能。结果表明,制得的多孔碳材料为无定型,具有1 093 m²·g^-1的高比表面积和0.63 cm³·g^-1的孔容;丰富的多孔结构和原位氮掺杂对多硫化物的物理化学协同吸附作用,有效降低了锂硫电池的“穿梭效应”,提高了电池的放电比容量和循环性能。硫含量为60%的多孔碳/硫复合材料,在0.05C和0.2C倍率下可释放1 057.7和763.4 mAh·g^-1的高初始放电比容量,在1C的高倍率下循环300次后的保持率为75%。     

基于废旧锂电池回收制备LixMO (x=0.79, 0.30, 0.08; M=Ni/Co/Mn)材料作为锂-氧气电池正极催化剂的电化学性能研究

锂-氧气电池因其超高的理论比容量而受到科研界的广泛关注, 但其存在较为严重的充放电极化和较差的循环稳定性等问题, 从而极大地限制其商业化进程. 因此设计出有效的正极催化剂是解决锂-氧气电池面临的这些棘手问题的必要手段. 通过对不同充电状态的废旧锂电池正极进行回收制得三种不同锂含量的多元金属氧化物Li_xMO (x=0.79, 0.30, 0.08; M=Ni/Co/Mn), 并分别用作锂-氧气电池正极催化剂. 系统研究了Li_xMO材料中锂含量及晶体结构对其电化学性能的影响. 电化学测试结果表明, 与Li_0.79MO和Li_0.08MO催化剂相比, 基于Li_0.30MO为正极催化剂的锂-氧气电池在电流密度100 mA•g^–1和限定容量800 mAh•g^–1的条件下具有较高的放电比容量(14655.9 mAh•g^–1)、较低的充电电压(3.83 V)和较高的能量转换效率(72.2%). 而且该电池体系在充放电循环140圈后充电终止电压仍低于4.3 V. 最终认为制得的Li_0.30MO材料具有优异的催化性能归因于其稳定的层状-岩盐相复合结构以及结构中富含的氧化镍相和氧空位之间的协同作用. 这些优点能够促进放电产物的可逆形成与分解, 从而提高锂-氧气电池循环性能.     

用纳米羟基磷灰石@多孔碳构建锂硫电池高效反应界面

由于正极活性物质硫具有能量密度高、成本低廉和储量丰富等优点,锂硫（Li-S）电池受到了人们的极大关注。然而,锂硫电池充放电过程中产生的多硫化锂的“穿梭效应”严重阻碍了其实用化进程。为了解决这个问题,本研究借助动物软骨的组成和结构特点,制备了纳米羟基磷灰石@多孔碳（nano-HA@CCPC）复合材料,并以此设计了面向正极的锂硫电池隔膜涂层。研究表明,纳米羟基磷灰石不仅对多硫化物具有吸附固定作用,并且对多硫化锂的转化具有催化作用,加快了多硫化锂的氧化还原动力学,有效地提升了活性物质硫的利用率。另外,软骨基碳复合材料的多孔结构形成了很好的导电网络,为电化学反应提供了优良的电子传导路径;也有利于电解液的浸润,加快了离子传输;碳的氮原子掺杂进一步限制了多硫化物的穿梭效应。因此,采用nano-HA@CCPC隔膜涂层的锂硫电池表现出较长的循环寿命、低的容量损失以及高的倍率性能。在0.5 C下,循环325次后,电池仍然能保持815 mAh·g^-1的放电比容量,并且每次的容量衰减率仅为0.051%。nano-HA@CCPC的设计制备将为锂硫电池的发展提供新材料。     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Chemistry of heterocyclic compounds at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, over 50 years (Review)

The review contains a concise historical account and information on the most significant researches undertaken by the staff at the A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences on the Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds. Dedicated to Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences B. A. Trofimov on his 70th jubilee. Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 10, pp. 1443–1502, October, 2008.