氮掺杂碳纳米管的合成及活化过一硫酸盐的性能与机理

以多壁碳纳米管(MWCNT)为原材料, 三聚氰胺为氮前体, 采用高温煅烧法制得了含氮量约3.33%(摩尔分数)的氮掺杂碳纳米管(N-CNT-700), 该纳米管为一维材料. N-CNT-700活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)体系60 min内对苯酚的降解效率可达100%, 总有机碳(TOC)去除率可达61.6%, 体系的活化能为35.4 kJ/mol. 通过电子顺磁共振(EPR)检测、 掩蔽实验及PMS浓度测定等方式确定了体系降解机制为自由基(·OH, SO₄^·-)与非自由基共同作用, 除去9%的吸附去除外, 91%的氧化降解中自由基作用占比约49%, 单线态氧(¹O₂)作用占比约18%, 活性中间体作用占比约24%. N-CNT-700的反应活性随着重复利用次数的增加而降低, 高温处理可以恢复其高反应活性. 煅烧温度影响材料中的氮含量及种类, N-CNT的反应活性与氮含量成正比, 且与石墨氮含量密切相关.     

基于硫酸根自由基的先进氧化活化方法及其在有机污染物降解上的应用

基于硫酸根自由基(SO₄^.-)的先进(高级)氧化法(AOPs)因其对新型有机污染物的高降解能力和高适应性而受到越来越多的关注。相比羟基自由基(·OH),SO₄^.-的选择性更好、还原电位更高、半衰期更长、pH范围更宽且成本更低,因而能更有效的降解污染物。SO₄^.-可由过一硫酸盐(PMS)或过二硫酸盐(PDS)等过硫酸盐(PS)通过热、机械化学、过渡金属、碳质材料、碱、紫外(UV)或电化学等方法活化产生。本文分析了不同活化方法的优缺点及其应用于有机污染物降解上的研究进展,总结了SO₄^.-降解含不同官能团污染物的三种机理(加成作用、夺氢作用和直接电子转移),并综述了SO₄^.-降解持久性有机污染物(POPs)、“伪持久性有机污染物”——药物和个人护理品(PPCPs)及有机染料三大类有机污染物的降解途径、降解产物及其研究进展,最后展望了该技术未来的研究方向。     

Ni-N-C单原子催化剂活化过硫酸盐降解苯酚

采用煅烧法制备了以木质素生物炭为载体的单原子催化剂(Ni-N-C-10), 用于高效活化过硫酸盐(PMS)降解苯酚. 利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 经球差校正的高角度环形暗场扫描透射电子显微镜(AC-HAADF-STEM)、 X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)以及X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等对材料进行了表征分析, 证明合成了原子分散的催化剂Ni-N-C-10. 探究了制备过程中双氰胺的投加量和降解实验中催化剂投加量、 PMS投加量、 pH值以及温度对苯酚降解的影响. 结果表明, 在催化剂制备过程中, 加入10倍质量比的双氰胺更有利于实现原子分散. Ni-N-C-10/PMS体系在较低的催化剂和PMS投加量、 以及较宽的pH值范围(3~9)内都能有效活化PMS降解苯酚. 此外, 该体系的稳定性好且应用范围广, 除了能高效降解苯酚外还能快速降解双酚A、 四环素和亚甲基蓝. 电子顺磁共振检测和自由基淬灭实验结果表明, Ni-N-C-10/PMS体系降解苯酚为SO₄^?-、 ·OH和¹O₂ 3种主要活性物种共同作用的结果, 其中¹O₂起主导作用. 反应前后Ni-N-C-10催化剂的XPS分析结果表明, 催化降解苯酚的效率与Ni位点呈正相关.     

ZnO·WO3悬浮水溶液中SO2的光催化氧化

本文考察了ZnO·WO₃悬浮水溶液中污染物SO₂的可见光催化氧化并建议通空气处理较高浓度的SO₃^2-扩水溶液。含0.15mol/LSO₃^2-水溶液可见光照2h可将SO₃^2-基本上光催化氧化成SO₄^2-。对这光助SO₃^2-自发氧化反应中可能平行存在的自发、多相催化、光化学和光催化等反应进行实验对比;筛选出克分子比0.5ZnO·WO为最佳掺杂配比;考察了光催化剂热处理、空气流量、pH对光催化活性的影响,得出pH7.5为最佳值;太阳光催化SO₃^2-氧化速率比室内实验更快,展现了利用太阳能于环保的应用前景,对所有实验结果都给以理论解释,并提出一个较详细的反应机理。     

锰铝层状双金属氢氧化物活化过一硫酸盐降解橙黄Ⅱ

通过水热法制备MnAl层状双金属氢氧化物(MA),采用扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱仪(FTIR)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和比表面积分析仪(BET)对其进行表征,并用其活化过一硫酸盐(PMS)降解偶氮染料橙黄Ⅱ。实验结果表明,当温度为25℃,溶液初始pH为7,0.1 g/LMA,1 mmol/LPMS,反应90分钟后20mg/L橙黄Ⅱ降解率为85.2%。橙黄Ⅱ的降解率随着PMS浓度、溶液初始pH值和温度升高而增大。MA投加量有最优值。水中常见离子Cl^-、NO₃^-、HCO₃^-、HPO₄^-、HA都对降解有一定的抑制。自由基猝灭实验结果表明体系中的主要氧化物种为¹O₂。经过5次循环使用后,橙黄Ⅱ的降解率还可达到38.2%。在实际水体应用中,橙黄Ⅱ的降解率可达53.8%。     

活化过硫酸盐原位化学氧化修复有机污染土壤和地下水

原位化学氧化 （ISCO）是近些年来国内外较为推崇的一种土壤和地下水修复技术。过硫酸盐（PS,S₂O₈^2-）具有易运输、较稳定、易溶于水和易传质等性质,能很好地适应ISCO的发展要求。它在光、热、过渡金属离子、强氧化剂和强碱性环境等活化条件下,能产生强氧化性的硫酸根自由基SO₄^·-,适用于氧化降解各种有机污染物。本文在分析活化过硫酸盐（activated persulfate,APS）氧化机理的基础上,综述了不同方式活化过硫酸盐原位修复有机污染土壤和地下水及APS协同、联用技术的应用,并就值得深入研究的问题和热点趋势进行了展望。     

SO42-/ZrO2和SO42-/Al2O3-ZrO2催化剂上的正戊烷反应

研究了添加Al对SO₄^2-/ZrO₂超强酸样品的晶化、比表面、硫含量、超强酸性和正戊烷反应性能的影响,考察了活化温度、反应温度、Al含量和载Pt对催化剂活性和选择性的影响.SO₄^2-/Al₂O₃ZrO₂催化剂的酸强度与SO₄^2-/ZrO₂基本相当,但超强酸位比后者多,未载Pt时正戊烷反应活性和稳定性明显高于后者.负载Pt后,正戊烷异构化选择性和稳定性大大提高,但Pt/SO₄^2-/Al₂O₃ZrO₂催化剂的反应活性与Pt/SO₄^2-/ZrO₂相近,Al的促进作用不明显.     

碳掺氧缺型TiO2纤维的无外碳源制备及光催化性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法, 结合离心纺丝技术及水蒸气活化工艺制备了一种碳掺氧缺型TiO₂(C-TiO_2-n)纤维光催化剂. 探究了C-TiO_2-n纤维的结构、 组分、 性质及碳掺杂对其光催化活性的影响. 结果表明, 在无外碳源引入的情况下, 利用TiO₂前驱体中的有机组分作为碳源, 可以实现对TiO₂的碳掺杂, 且碳掺杂明显改善了光催化剂的光捕获能力并有效抑制了光生载流子的复合. 在以水中偶氮染料活性艳红(X-3B)作为目标污染物的光催化降解实验中, C-TiO_2-n纤维展现了优良的光催化活性和循环稳定性. 在可见光照射60 min后, 其对X-3B的降解率达到96.99%, 动力学常数为0.0556 min^-1, 是氧缺型TiO₂纤维的19.86倍.     

反应堆一回路不锈钢管道沉积物制备及去污的模拟研究

反应堆一回路管道通常以不锈钢为基材,长期运行中面临沉积物的产生及大量积累的问题。本文通过溶液反应模拟沉积物的产生,采用的水溶液中含有Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺,以及裂片核素¹³⁷Cs和活化核素⁶⁰Co的稳定同位素阳离子¹³³Cs+和⁵⁹Co²⁺,CO₃^2-、SO₄^2-等阴离子,以及基材氧化物Fe₂O₃等;开展了沉积物化学溶解去污处理技术研究。实验结果表明,沉积物中含钙、镁、钴、铯及铁等元素;采用苹果酸+柠檬酸双组份的去污体系,沉积物的溶解率可达98.44%,且该弱酸复配体系去污液对不锈钢基体的腐蚀作用较小。     

一锅法制备磁性石墨相氮化碳复合材料及其去除亚甲基蓝研究

为促使石墨相氮化碳循环使用、提高去除有机污染物能力,以高温煅烧制备的石墨相氮化碳和六水合三氯化铁作为原材料,利用一锅水热法合成磁性石墨相氮化碳。进一步利用正交试验L₁₆(4⁵)确定最适宜去除亚甲基蓝工艺条件：光照时间为20.0 h、pH为7.00、Fe₃O₄和g-C₃N₄之比为5:2、Fe₃O₄/g-C₃N₄复合材料投加量为0.20 g时,亚甲基蓝的去除效果可达95.73%。与对照实验相比,单一g-C₃N₄对亚甲基蓝的去除率为58.07%,远低于Fe₃O₄/g-C₃N₄复合材料的去除效果。Fe₃O₄/g-C₃N₄复合材料循环处理亚甲基蓝五次后,其去除率仍...     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.     

Sulfur-directed metal-free and regiospecific methyl C(sp3)–H imidation of thioanisoles

Regiospecific and direct imidation of the methyl C(sp³)–H bond of thioanisoles is realized under mild and metal-free conditions with N-fluorobis(benzenesulfonyl)imide as an oxidant and nitrogen source. Proposed mechanism suggests that thionium ion intermediates and a Pummerer-type reaction are involved. The imidation has advantages such as high step-economy, excellent functionality tolerance, and regiospecificity, giving structurally diverse imidation products.     

Selective syntheses of 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones via temperature-dependent Rh(II)-carbenoid-mediated 2H-azirine-ring expansion

The Rh(II)-catalyzed reaction of 2-carbonyl-substituted 2H-azirines with ethyl 2-cyano-2-diazoacetate or 2-diazo-3,3,3-trifluoropropionate provides an easy access to 2H-1,3-oxazines and 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-ones. These compounds can be selectively prepared from the same starting material using temperature as the only varied parameter. The 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, a common precursor for both heterocyclic products, isomerizes into 2H-1,3-oxazine under kinetic control, while 1H-pyrrol-3(2H)-one is the sole product of the reaction at elevated temperatures. According to DFT-calculations a one-atom oxazine ring contraction involving ring-opening to a 2-azabuta-1,3-diene intermediate, followed by a 1,5- and 1,2-prototropic shift leads to the consecutive formation of imidoylketene and azomethine ylide, which then further undergo cyclization to the pyrrole derivative.     

Copper catalyzed/mediated synthetic methodology for ebselen and related isoselenazolones

Scope of the copper catalyzed/mediated selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been studied for the synthesis of isoselenazolones. It is noticed that the 2-chloro, 2-bromo-, and 2-iodo-aryl amides substrates can be exploited in the selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction by employing 25-100 mol % of CuI/1,10-phenanthroline (L) and potassium carbonate as a base in DMF. Furthermore, electron rich 2-chloro-arylamides also underwent selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction to give biologically important selenium-nitrogen heterocycles. Also, copper-catalyzed selenium-nitrogen coupling reaction has been meticulously applied for the synthesis of diaryl diselenides having methoxy, amine, and amide functionality from respective aryl iodides in the presence of stoichiometric amount of succinimide as an external Se-N coupling partner.     

Knoevenagel condensation catalyzed by novel Nmm-based ionic liquids in water

A series of novel N-methyl morpholine (Nmm) based ionic liquids with 1,2-propanediol group were synthesized and used as catalysts for Knoevenagel condensation at room temperature in water. Under the effect of the catalyst, various aldehydes or aliphatic ketones could react with a wide range of activated methylene compounds well, including malononitrile, alkyl cyanoacetate, cyanoacetamide, β-diketone, barbituric acid, 2-arylacetonitrile and thiazolidinedione. Furthermore, most of the products could be separated just by filtrating and washing with water. Additionally, the catalyst is recyclable and applicable for the large-scale synthesis.     

Construction of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives via sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction

A series of polyheterocyclic spirotetrahydrothiophene derivatives were obtained in moderate to excellent yields via a catalyst-free sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 under mild conditions. We also present the first asymmetric sulfa-Michael/aldol cascade reaction of chalcones 1 and commercially available 1,4-dithiane-2,5-diol 2 with moderate to good enantioselectivities catalyzed by readily available chiral phase-transfer catalysts (PTCs).     

Suzuki-Miyaura reactions of the soluble guanylate cyclase inhibitor NS2028: a non-product specific route to C-8 substituted analogues

Both soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) inhibitors ODQ 1 and NS2028 2 are synthesized via improved protocols. In the former case treating 3,4-dihydroquinoxalin-2(1H)-one oxime 8, which can be prepared in two steps from 1,2-benzenediamine, with 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) gives the dihydro-ODQ 10 that in the presence of KMnO₄ oxidises to give ODQ 1 in an overall yield of 46% starting from 1,2-benzenediamine. In the latter case, the synthesis affords NS2028 2 from 2-amino-4-bromophenol 3 in three steps with an overall yield of 85% and avoids the need for chromatography. Furthermore, Suzuki-Miyaura reaction conditions are described that enable the preparation of 8-aryl and 8-heteroaryl derivatives of NS2028 directly from NS2028 2. Finally, demethylation of the 8-(methoxyphenyl) substituted analogues afforded the 8-(hydroxyphenyl) derivatives 40-42. All new products are fully characterised.