Microwave synthesis has been applied to prepare stable silver nanofluids in ethanol by reduction of AgNO3 with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), used as stabilizing agent, having Ag concentrations of 1% by volume. The nanofluids were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy and systematically investigated for refractive index, electrical and thermal conductivity, and viscosity for different polymer concentrations. The size of nanoparticles was found to be in the range of 30–60 nm for two different salt-to-PVP ratios. For higher concentration of polymer in nanofluid, nanoparticles were 30 nm in size showing increase in thermal conductivity but a decrease in viscosity and refractive index, which is due to the polymer structure around nanoparticles. Thermal conductivity measurements of nanofluids show substantial increment in the thermal conductivity of nanofluid relative to the base fluid and nonlinear enhancement over the 283–323 K temperature range. Rheology of nanofluids was studied at room temperature showing effect of polymer on viscosity and confirming the Newtonian behavior of nanofluid. 相似文献
Fibrillar conductive polyaniline/TiO2 (PANI/TiO2) nanocomposites with different TiO2 amount were synthesized with a template-free in situ polymerization method and characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and conductivity measurement. The morphology determination shows that the PANI/TiO2 composite nanofibers are relatively uniform with the diameter and length in the range of 20–40 nm and 390–420 nm respectively.
It also shows that the TiO2 of the composite is rutile crystalline and PANI has some degree of crystallinity. The IR measurement indicates that there
is a strong interaction between the PANI and TiO2 nanoparticles, and it has a beneficial effect on the thermal stability of the composite nanofiber. The conductivity of PANI/TiO2 composites changes with TiO2 amount and reaches an optimum value of 2.86 S/cm at 11.1 wt% TiO2.
Translated from Journal of Northwest Normal University (Natural Science), 2006, 42(4): 67–70 (in Chinese) 相似文献
Studies on direct-current electrical conductivity and optical properties of a new solution of processable conducting polymer
are reported. Electrical conductivity of thin films of the polymer on glass plate at room temperature was 6×10−6 S/cm. Study of conductivity with variation of temperature does not provide any definite thermal activation energy, which
is in accordance with the amorphous nature of polymer. Optical absorption data adopting the Bardeen equation showed that maximum
‘optical gap’ (Eg) is 3.30 eV. Doping with Br2-vapor was found to be only partially effective in decreasingEg by 0.43 eV. The polymer was found to be quite stable under normal atmospheric conditions. Environmental stability of both
undoped and doped polymer has been discussed.
Part 2: [5] 相似文献
Summary: This work evaluated the influence of the synthesis temperature on the polyaniline (PANI) properties obtained by in-situ polymerization onto a poly (terephthalate) (PET) substrate. The residual mass of these syntheses was dried under vacuum, obtaining PANI powders for each temperature investigated. PANI/PET thin films and PANI powders were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and four-point probe techniques. The UV-Vis results showed that the synthesized PANI presents the emeraldine oxidation state. By means of XRD technique, it was possible to verify that the PANI powders present crystalline form. The AFM and FEG-SEM techniques showed that the decrease in PANI/PET and PANI powders electrical conductivity with increasing of the synthesis temperature is related to the polymeric aggregates morphology. 相似文献
The poly(2-chloroaniline) was prepared by in situ chemical oxidative polymerization method using ammonium thiosulphate as an oxidant and methanesulfonic acid as a dopant. The optical absorption spectra showed bands for π-π* transition of the benzenoid ring at 265 nm and at 350 nm for n-π* transition of the quinonoid ring. The broad band appeared around 550 nm was due to transition of electrons from the valance band to the conduction band, this also confirmed the good electrical conductivity of the polymer. The X-ray diffraction pattern showed characteristic diffraction peak at 2θ = 26° confirming a emeraldine salt form of the poly(2-chloroaniline). The electrical conductivity of the polymer measured by the two probe method at room temperature was 2.21×10?3 S/cm, which was found to be thermally activated. The linear increase in conductivity with increase in the temperature suggested the electron hopping mechanism. The methanesulfonic acid doped poly(2-chloroaniline) presents a linear dependency of its electrical resistance with an increase in ammonia gas concentration (1 ppm to 300 ppm) and creates a promising sensing material for ammonia gas sensing applications. 相似文献
Conducting polyaniline (PANI) was studied by thermal expansion measurement, thermogravimetric analysis and by electrical conductivity measurement. Relative elongation and coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) were determined from room temperature to 60 °C. Various temperature profiles were used. During heating, the treatment of samples at a constant temperature higher than the room temperature, or evacuation, water was released from the samples. Water release was detected by mass and thermogravimetric analysis. Water release was connected with shrinkage of the PANI samples and apparent negative CTE in the first thermal cycle. In the following thermal cycles, it increased and reached a positive value. CTE of PANI attained values in the range of ?30 × 10?6 K?1 up to 20 × 10?6 K?1 in dependence on water content in the sample before measurement and on experimental conditions of measurement. Irreversible shrinkage of the polymer was the largest in the first thermal cycle. Water release exhibited a strong time and temperature dependence, and it was only partially reversible. The electrical conductivity was measured by a four-point van der Pauw method. Relative electrical conductivity decreased with amounts of water release. Relative decrease of electrical conductivity reached as far as 20% after evacuation 7 h at the room temperature. 相似文献
PANI/MWCNT-CdS nanocomposites with different content of CdS wt.% has been synthesized by the chemical oxidative in-situ polymerization reaction of aniline in the presence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). TEM, XRD, FTIR, and TGA studies were done for the structural and thermal characterization of the samples respectively. The particle size of CdS nanoparticles distributes in between 2.7 and 4.8 nm. XRD spectrum reveals that the co-existence of MWCNT, CdS in PANI matrix, where CdS forms a hexagonal structure. TGA result shows that nanocomposite becomes more thermally stable with the increase in CdS content. The dc electrical transport property of PANI/MWCNT-CdS nanocomposites has been investigated within a temperature range 77 ≤ T ≤ 300 K. The dc conductivity follows a 3D variable range hopping (VRH) model. A large magnetoconductivity change (19%) is observed for 2 wt% CdS content in PANI/MWCNT-CdS, which is explained by the wave function shrinkage model. 相似文献
Summary: Volume conducting PA-12 based composites powders were chemically prepared by in situ polymerization and aniline doping at room temperature. These kinds of polyamide / PANI composites were investigated regarding their electrical properties. Their ac and dc electrical properties measured in the frequency range of 10−2–107 Hz are reported and the frequency dependence of electrical conductivity was investigated as a function of PANI concentration leading to the determination of the conductivity. The experimental conductivity was found to increase continuously with PANI content and explained by percolation theory with a relatively low percolation threshold of about 0.4 wt.%. The dielectric behavior of various PANI polymer composites has been characterized by the critical frequency ωc (denoting the crossover from the dc plateau of the conductivity to its frequency dependent ac behaviour). Modelling the conductivity behavior versus volume fraction using Slupkowski approach has revealed that the considered parameters are not sufficient to describe the electrical conductivity behavior. 相似文献
The polyaniline/zinc oxide (PANI/ZnO) nanocomposites were prepared by in situ polymerization of aniline monomer with ZnO nanomaterials
and applied as a photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye. The morphological observations elicited the
agglomerations of PANI sheets which occurred due to the interaction between PANI and ZnO nanomaterials in PANI/ZnO nanocomposites.
As compared to pristine PANI, the UV–vis spectra exhibited that the absorption peak of π–π* transitions considerably shifted to higher wavelength at 360 nm from 325 nm in the nanocomposites. The photocatalytic activity
results indicated the substantial degradation of MB dye by ~76% over the surface of PANI/ZnO nanocomposite catalyst under
light illumination. The PANI/ZnO nanocomposites showed three times higher photocatalytic activity to MB dye degradation compared
to pristine PANI might due to high photogenerated electron (ē)–hole (h+) pairs charge separation. 相似文献
Self‐assembled hollow nanosphere composites of polyaniline and Au nanoparticles (PANI‐p‐TSA/Au) were chemically synthesized from solutions containing p‐toluenesulfonic acid (p‐TSA) with the addition of gold chloride trihydrate as the oxidant. The composite materials were characterized by SEM, TEM, and a range of spectroscopic methods. Spectroscopic characterizations confirmed that the polymeric product is a form of doped PANI, while electron diffraction and X‐ray diffraction showed that elemental Au was present in the PANI‐p‐TSA/Au nanocomposites. The room temperature electrical conductivity of the PANI‐p‐TSA/Au nanocomposites was two orders of magnitude greater than a PANI‐p‐TSA obtained in the presence of ammonium persulfate as the oxidant under the same conditions.
Polyaniline (PANI) nanofibres were synthesised by the chemical oxidative polymerisation method using ammonium peroxydisulphate (APS) as an oxidant/initiator. In this work, a surfactant-assisted method without shaking and stirring was used for the synthesis of PANI nanofibres. The effect was investigated of various parameters such as monomer/oxidant ratio, polymerisation temperature, and the presence of surfactant (Triton X-100 as a non-ionic surfactant) on the morphology and electrical conductivity of nanofibres. The morphology of PANI nanofibres was characterised by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results demonstrate that the morphology of PANI nanofibres was significantly influenced by the aniline/APS mole ratio, polymerisation temperature and presence of the surfactant during synthesis. The results showed that more regular and consistent nanofibres were obtained using a monomer/oxidant ratio of 4 at ambient temperature of polymerisation. PANI nanofibres with diameters in the range of 10?C100 nm and length up to several ??m were obtained. PANI nanofibres were also characterised using FTIR and UV-VIS absorption spectroscopy. The electrochemical behaviour of PANI nanofibres was studied by cyclic voltammetry. It was found that the electrical conductivity of PANI nanofibres increased with the increasing monomer/oxidant ratio and decreasing polymerisation temperature, respectively. 相似文献
We have synthesized liquid crystalline polymers containing an imidazolium salt moiety and a mesogenic group by the in situ photopolymerization of a liquid crystalline vinylimidazole monomer in order to investigate the relationship between their thermal properties and ionic conductivity. A smectic phase was shown by the vinylimidazole monomer. The in situ photopolymerization of the monomer was carried out in the temperature range of the smectic phase. The polymer thus prepared displayed a highly ordered smectic phase in the temperature range between room temperature and about 200°C. The ionic conductivity of the polymer increased with increasing temperature. Anisotropic ionic conductivity behavior was observed for the polymer. The ionic conductivity of the polymer aligned homogeneously is larger than when homeotropically aligned. 相似文献
A mesoporous TiO2?x material comprised of small, crystalline, vacancy‐rich anatase nanoparticles (NPs) shows unique optical, thermal, and electronic properties. It is synthesized using polymer‐derived mesoporous carbon (PDMC) as a template. The PDMC pores serve as physical barriers during the condensation and pyrolysis of a titania precursor, preventing the titania NPs from growing beyond 10 nm in size. Unlike most titania nanomaterials, during pyrolysis the NPs undergo no transition from the anatase to rutile phase and they become catalytically active reduced TiO2?x. When exposed to a slow electron beam, the NPs exhibit a charge/discharge behavior, lighting up and fading away for an average period of 15 s for an extended period of time. The NPs also show a 50 nm red‐shift in their UV/Vis absorption and long‐lived charge carriers (electrons and holes) at room temperature in the dark, even long after UV irradiation. The NPs as photocatalysts show a good activity for CO2 reduction. 相似文献
Radiation induced acid doping of PANI to generate electrical conductivity was achieved by radiation induced HCl release from chlorinated-polyisoprene (ClPIP). Blends of PANI with ClPIP were prepared by mechanical mixing/grinding in the composition range of 9–43% ClPIP by weight and pelletized under 10 t press. The pellets were irradiated in 60Co Gammacell in air at room temperature to doses up to 300 kGy. The maximum electrical conductivity increase was observed for the blend PANI43 which changed from 10?10 to 10?4 S cm?1 when it was irradiated to 300 kGy dose. Radiation induced changes on the blends were also studied by UV–vis spectroscopy using reflection technique and FTIR spectroscopy. The broad absorption band in the visible range (630 nm) increased by increasing irradiation dose. The band (1110 cm?1) in the IR spectra which is indicative of conductivity showed linear correlation with irradiation dose. 相似文献
Electrical resistance of films made of the source material and purified HiPCO and Arc single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)
with a thickness of 20−40 μm is 2.4 to 45 Ω (electrical conductivity of 0.42 × 103 to 5.03 × 103 S/m) at room temperature. The films have been formed by vacuum microfiltration of SWCNT suspensions in toluene and characterized
by Raman and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The conductivity of the films at room temperature
depends on the type and degree of purity of the material of nanotubes. The resistance of the films decreases with the increasing
temperature over the range of 4.2–290 K, and the rate of the step-down decreases with increasing purity of the material of
the nanotubes. The conductivity of the films is semiconducting in character, and the electron transport is consistent with
three-dimensional hopping conductivity. 相似文献