Rapid analysis of cyanuric acid in swimming pool waters by high performance liquid chromatography using porous graphitic carbon

Summary An approach is presented for reducing analysis times of cyanuric acid in swimming pool waters by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC method exploits the unique selectivity of porous graphitic carbon (PGC) to fully resolve cyanuric acid from other pool interferences within 10 min. By carefully timing the injections, multiple injections can be made before the end of the initial chromatographic run, more than doubling sample throughout. The method utilizes 95% of a 50 mM phosphate buffer solution (pH 9.1) and 5% methanol (v/v) with UV detection at 213 nm. This approach yielded run times rivaling those of the fastest methods using silica columns, and with the benefits of increased sensitivity.     

Porous graphitic carbon: A versatile stationary phase for liquid chromatography

Chromatographic stationary phases based on porous graphitic carbon were invented 30 years ago, while columns have been commercially available for 20 years. This special occasion deserved a complete review on this material. In this paper, we describe current knowledge on graphitic carbon stationary phases, based on over 400 fundamental studies and applications.     

Iron-based catalysts encapsulated by nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon for selective synthesis of liquid fuels through the Fischer-Tropsch process

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) has the potential to be a powerful strategy for producing liquid fuels from syngas if highly selective catalysts can be developed. Herein, a series of iron nanoparticle catalysts encapsulated by nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon were prepared by a one-step pyrolysis of a ferric L-glutamic acid complex. The FeC-800 catalyst pyrolyzed at 800 °C showed excellent catalytic activity (239.4 μmol_CO g_Fe^–1 s^–1), high C₅–C₁₁ selectivity (49%), and good stability in FTS. The high dispersion of ferric species combined with a well-encapsulated structure can effectively inhibit the migration of iron nanoparticles during the reaction process, which is beneficial for high activity and good stability. The nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon shell can act as an electron donor to the iron particles, thus promoting CO activation and expediting the formation of Fe₅C₂, which is the key factor for obtaining high C₅–C₁₁ selectivity.     

Stability indicating method for famotidine in pharmaceuticals using porous graphitic carbon column

A simple, sensitive and rapid HPLC method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of famotidine (FMT) and related impurities in pharmaceuticals. Chromatographic separation was accomplished within 10 min on a porous graphitic carbon (PGC) column using 50:50 v/v ACN-water containing 0.5% pentane sulphonic acid (PSA) as the mobile phase. Separation was achieved with a flow rate of 1 mL/min and a detection wavelength of 265 nm. The calibration curves were linear over a concentration range of 1.5-100 microg/mL. The intra- and interday RSDs (n = 5) for the retention times and peak area were all less than 2%. The method was sensitive with an LOD (S/N = 3) of 0.1 microg/mL for FMT, imp. C and 0.05 microg/mL for imp. 2, A and D. All recoveries were greater than 98%. The method was demonstrated to be precise, accurate and specific with no interference from the tablet ingredients and separation of the drug peak from the peaks of the degradation products (oxidative degradation and acid and base degradation). The results indicated that the proposed method could be used for the determination of FMT in commercial dosage forms and as a stability-indicating assay.     

High performance liquid chromatography of disaccharides on a porous graphitic carbon column applying post-column derivatization with benzamidine

Summary A sensitive post-column fluoresence method based on the reaction of reducing sugars with a fluorigenic reagent (benzamidine) under alkaline conditions and elevated temperature is described. Optimum reaction conditions suitable for the detection of fluorescent reaction products have been investigated. A porous graphitized carbon column (shandon Hypercarb) was employed as the chromatographic solid phase and elution was isocratic by an aqueous acetonitrile mixture.A special problem in sugar analysis is the tendendy of anomer formation giving doublet peaks. This tendency varies largely among the different sugars, and systematic studies on conditions that eliminate this problem were performed. Efficient and selective separations of a series of disaccharides were obtained using high temperatures and a low concentration of acetonitrile in the mobile phase. The detection limits (S/N=3) with an injection volume of 20 L ranged from 10–60 picomoles. Linear calibration graphs were obtained in the 2–20 M concentration range (r ²>0.99). A relative standard deviation between 1–3% (n=6) demonstrated good precision of the developed system.Deceased July 21, 1996     

Maleic acid-styrene encapsulated silica cation exchanger in high performance liquid chromatography

The use of poly(maleic acid–styrene)-encapsulated silica for the determination of monovalent and divalent cations is well accepted in ion chromatography. The separation of Mn²⁺, alkali and alkaline earth metal cations is obtained under the same chromatographic conditions. The influences of pH and the concentration of eluent on the retention of cations have been studied. The preparation conditions of packings were studied. The metal ions in the boiler water samples from a thermal power plant were quantitatively determined using this column. The results are in agreement with those determined by ICP and Volumetric analysis methods.     

大黄素键合硅胶高效液相色谱柱的制备和应用

采用中间体法,先将大黄素配体与γ-[（2,3）-环氧丙氧]丙基三甲氧基硅烷（KH-560）偶联剂反应制备含配体的硅氧烷试剂,然后再与硅胶键合,最终制得大黄素键合硅胶液相色谱固定相（以下简称ESP）。通过红外光谱、元素分析和热重分析表征固定相的结构。以萘作为溶质探针,甲醇-水（60：40,v/v）为流动相,流速为0.8 mL/min,测得ESP柱的柱效。采用传统的反相C₁₈和苯基柱作参比,将ESP应用于系列中性、碱性和酸性芳香族化合物以及实际样品风油精的分离分析,并探讨相关的色谱分离机理。结果表明,配体大黄素被成功地键合到球形硅胶表面,测得配体键合量为0.23 mmol/g,ESP柱理论塔板数约为19874 N/m。ESP的偶联剂链和蒽醌环提供了疏水性的结构基础,大黄素配体还能为溶质提供π-π或p-π、电荷转移、氢键、偶极-偶极等作用点。多位点的协同作用使得ESP柱具有独特和优秀的色谱分离选择性,并且无需调节pH值,采用简单而廉价的甲醇-水流动相就能实现胺类、酚类等极性样品的基线分离,实验条件简单、方便。     

增大石墨相氮化碳层间距提升光催化制氢性能

石墨相氮化碳是一类非金属聚合物,其光催化特性,特别是在光催化水分解反应中的应用引起了广泛关注.目前,块体石墨相氮化碳的光催化性能主要受比表面积较大、光子利用率较低等因素的制约.前期大量研究主要采用异质元素掺杂、负载助催化剂、设计缺陷、构建异质结构等策略来进一步提升光催化性能.石墨相氮化碳具有二维层状的晶体结构,理论上其形貌和显微结构会对光催化性能有显著影响.因此,本文从调节材料本征结构这一角度,报道了一种调控石墨相氮化碳层间距的方法.将三聚氰胺和氯化铵混合后,通过微波快速加热,利用氯化铵分解过程中释放氨气这一特性,破坏石墨相氮化碳层间的范德华力,增大其层间距并成功获得了薄片状结构.同时,微波加热可以实现快速升温,有效避免了电炉加热煅烧时间较长导致前驱体挥发的问题.采用扫描电子显微镜、氮气等温吸脱附曲线、X射线衍射、红外光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱、光催化制氢和电化学测试等表征手段,研究了不同氯化铵含量对石墨相氮化碳层间距的作用以及调控层间距对光催化活性的影响.通过扫描电子显微镜观察,与三聚氰胺加热所得到的块状结构相比,适量的氯化铵(氯化铵质量比为11％)和三聚氰胺在微波快速加热处理后可以获得薄片状结构.氮气等温吸脱附曲线进一步证实了显微结构的变化,薄片状结构和块体结构相比BET比表面积提升了2.1倍.X射线衍射分析证实随着氯化铵含量的增加,(002)衍射峰位置左移,意味着层间距逐渐增大.红外光谱则没有明显的变化,说明氯化铵和三聚氰胺共烧并不会改变石墨相氮化碳的化学结构.光催化制氢测试发现,添加适量的氯化铵和三聚氰胺共烧可以明显提升光催化制氢性能.与块体材料(4.67μmol h?1)相比,层间距增大后光催化活性提升了约5倍(23.6μmol h?1).结合紫外-可见吸收光谱和电化学莫特肖特基测试,我们发现层间距增大后可以显著提升石墨相氮化碳的可见光吸收性质,减小带宽,并获得更为合适的能级结构.且样品的导电性能得到改善,有利于电荷传输,光生电子空穴对的分离效率进一步提升.以上结果说明调控石墨相氮化碳的层间距是一种简单有效提升催化剂光催化性能的手段.     

通过柱切换技术与高效液相色谱联用的限进性柱对盐酸贝那普利的在线富集性能

以自制的限进性填料柱为预处理富集柱,Luna C₁₈柱为分析柱,通过柱切换技术将限进性填料柱与高效液相色谱联用(RAM-HPLC),研究了盐酸贝那普利的在线富集效果。考察了进样体积与峰面积、系统总压力的关系,以及常规进样与大体积进样的差别。当进样体积在100 μL以内时,峰面积随进样体积的增加而增加;当进样体积大于80 μL时,系统总压力变化明显。考虑对整个系统的保护,选择80 μL作为最大进样体积。同一浓度的样品进样20 μL与进样80 μL所得峰面积之间的线性关系良好。RAM柱对盐酸贝那普利具有良好的富集作用,能够有效提高HPLC的灵敏度,而且具有简单、经济的特点。     

增大石墨相氮化碳层间距提升光催化制氢性能

石墨相氮化碳是一类非金属聚合物,其光催化特性,特别是在光催化水分解反应中的应用引起了广泛关注.目前,块体石墨相氮化碳的光催化性能主要受比表面积较大、光子利用率较低等因素的制约.前期大量研究主要采用异质元素掺杂、负载助催化剂、设计缺陷、构建异质结构等策略来进一步提升光催化性能.石墨相氮化碳具有二维层状的晶体结构,理论上其形貌和显微结构会对光催化性能有显著影响.因此,本文从调节材料本征结构这一角度,报道了一种调控石墨相氮化碳层间距的方法.将三聚氰胺和氯化铵混合后,通过微波快速加热,利用氯化铵分解过程中释放氨气这一特性,破坏石墨相氮化碳层间的范德华力,增大其层间距并成功获得了薄片状结构.同时,微波加热可以实现快速升温,有效避免了电炉加热煅烧时间较长导致前驱体挥发的问题.采用扫描电子显微镜、氮气等温吸脱附曲线、X射线衍射、红外光谱、紫外-可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱、光催化制氢和电化学测试等表征手段,研究了不同氯化铵含量对石墨相氮化碳层间距的作用以及调控层间距对光催化活性的影响.通过扫描电子显微镜观察,与三聚氰胺加热所得到的块状结构相比,适量的氯化铵(氯化铵质量比为11％)和三聚氰胺在微波快速加热处理后可以获得薄片状结构.氮气等温吸脱附曲线进一步证实了显微结构的变化,薄片状结构和块体结构相比BET比表面积提升了2.1倍.X射线衍射分析证实随着氯化铵含量的增加,(002)衍射峰位置左移,意味着层间距逐渐增大.红外光谱则没有明显的变化,说明氯化铵和三聚氰胺共烧并不会改变石墨相氮化碳的化学结构.光催化制氢测试发现,添加适量的氯化铵和三聚氰胺共烧可以明显提升光催化制氢性能.与块体材料(4.67μmol h?1)相比,层间距增大后光催化活性提升了约5倍(23.6μmol h?1).结合紫外-可见吸收光谱和电化学莫特肖特基测试,我们发现层间距增大后可以显著提升石墨相氮化碳的可见光吸收性质,减小带宽,并获得更为合适的能级结构.且样品的导电性能得到改善,有利于电荷传输,光生电子空穴对的分离效率进一步提升.以上结果说明调控石墨相氮化碳的层间距是一种简单有效提升催化剂光催化性能的手段.     

Multi micro high performance liquid chromatography

Summary The purpose of the study was to develop a micro HPLC system with physically changeable selectivity. This was done using two series-coupled beds of chemically differing stationary phases in a packed fused silica column. The selectivity change, in fine repeatable steps, was possible by the stepwise moving of a tube oven, covering only 50% of this tandem column. Each step of selectivity started with a position change of the oven, thus heating up a fresh position of the more polar and the non-polar column bed. As the chromatogram is thus repeated under these new selectivity conditions, multiple chromatograms result. For this reason we call the technique Multi Micro HPLC. This very simple mode of operation provides an analytical tool for developing separation conditions and which allows optimizing for a given special sample and checking for one of the most critical problems in HPLC: unidentified peak overlapping. The selectivity changes are nonlinearly correlated with the oven position with regards to temperature field distribution and are greater than is possible by simple change of column temperature. Micropacked columns are ideal for quick temperature changes. Elevated temperatures in HPLC help to shorten analysis time. The concepts discussed above provide an explanation of how a normal, formerly chemically homogeneous, column can become very temperature sensitive after detoriation at the inlet. In fact the column has become an unintentional tandem column and peak positions tend to move erratically as its selectivity changes drastically by inhomogeneous temperature changes along the separation path.     

高效液相色谱法测定饲料用灌木中色素的研究

研究了用固相萃取预分离,高效液相色谱法测定饲料用的灌木中植物的色素的方法;饲料用的灌木样品中的色素用Sep Pak C18固相萃取小柱预分离和富集,以WatersNova Pak C18液相色谱柱为固定相,V(甲醇)∶V(异丙醇)=1∶1和水梯度洗脱为流动相分离。方法可同时测定叶黄素、α 胡萝卜素、β 胡萝卜素、叶绿素 a、叶绿素 b、紫黄质、新叶黄素(新黄质)等色素,方法标准回收率为94%～104%,相对标准偏差为1 9%～2 5%。已用于几种饲料用的植物色素的测定。     

Palladium/graphitic carbon nitride catalyst for selective oxygen transfer in Wacker oxidation

Nanoscaled palladium particles supported on graphitic carbon nitride (Pd⁰/g-C₃N₄) is prepared to improve the oxygen transfer in Wacker oxidation via chemical reduction method. From the analysis of FT-IR, XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS and ICP, Pd⁰ particles are firmly combined with g-C₃N₄ layers, and sub-surface ones occupy most of the components. It is worth mentioning that graphene oxide (GO), which is completely recyclable without further pollution, can be used as a ‘solid weak acid’ taking the place of H₂SO₄ and CF₃COOH. Under the optimization conditions, as many as 46 kinds of olefins are transferred into corresponding products with satisfactory yields, and o-methyl styrene gets the highest yield of 94%. After five times of recycling experiment, the yield of acetophenone only decreases by about 7.0% in the uniform reaction process. In virtue of former research results and molecular electrostatic potential, a possible mechanism is put forward to explain the catalytic process.