Measurement of adhesion energies and Young's modulus in thin polymer films using a novel axi-symmetric peel test geometry

We present a novel method of probing adhesion energies of solids, particularly polymers. This method uses the axi-symmetric deformation of a thin spincast polymer membrane brought into contact with a flat substrate to probe the work of adhesion. The use of a thin membrane minimizes uncertainty in the radius of contact, while the use of spincast films provides very smooth surfaces by means of a very simple method. The experimental profile of the deformed membrane shows good agreement with the expected logarithmic profile. The experimental setup enables the measurement of Young's modulus and the solid-solid work of adhesion for thin films. The value obtained for Young's modulus of polystyrene (PS) was found to be in agreement with other conventional measurement techniques. In addition, measurement of the work of adhesion at the PS/silicon oxide interface was possible. The apparatus is well suited to studying the dependence of Young's modulus, work of adhesion and fracture energy on membrane thickness, temperature, pulling rate, and ageing of the interface, and can readily be modified to study biologically relevant samples.     

Structure functions of quasi-two-dimensional turbulence in a laboratory experiment

The results of experiments for turbulent flows in a thin layer of conducting fluid above a solid surface generated by the Ampere force when passing a current and under the action of a spatially periodic magnetic field are considered. The statistical characteristics of the flows are shown to exhibit three-dimensional (3D) dynamics even on horizontal scales exceeding the layer thickness by an order of magnitude. In this case, the third-order longitudinal structure functions of the velocity field are approximately linear in spatial displacement and negative, as in 3D turbulence, due to the dominant contribution of energy dissipation when the boundary condition for adhesion on the lower surface is met. The dissipation and basic energy production terms are estimated for the energy balance equation.     

Contact mechanics analysis of oscillatory sliding of a rigid fractal surface against an elastic–plastic half-space

Oscillatory sliding contact between a rigid rough surface and an elastic–plastic half-space is examined in the context of numerical simulations. Stick-slip at asperity contacts is included in the analysis in the form of a modified Mindlin theory. Two friction force components are considered – adhesion (depending on the real area of contact, shear strength and interfacial adhesive strength) and plowing (accounting for the deformation resistance of the plastically deformed half-space). Multi-scale surface roughness is described by fractal geometry, whereas the interfacial adhesive strength is represented by a floating parameter that varies between zero (adhesionless surfaces) and one (perfectly adhered surfaces). The effects of surface roughness, apparent contact pressure, oscillation amplitude, elastic–plastic properties of the half-space and interfacial adhesion on contact deformation are interpreted in the light of numerical results of the energy dissipation, maximum tangential (friction) force and slip index. A non-monotonic trend of the energy dissipation and maximum tangential force is observed with increasing surface roughness, which is explained in terms of the evolution of the elastic and plastic fractions of truncated asperity contact areas. The decrease of energy dissipation with increasing apparent contact pressure is attributed to the increase of the elastic contact area fraction and the decrease of the slip index. For a half-space with fixed yield strength, a lower elastic modulus produces a higher tangential force, whereas a higher elastic modulus yields a higher slip index. These two competing effects lead to a non-monotonic dependence of the energy dissipation on the elastic modulus-to-yield strength ratio of the half-space. The effect of interfacial adhesion on the oscillatory contact behaviour is more pronounced for smoother surfaces because the majority of asperity contacts deform elastically and adhesion is the dominant friction mechanism. For rough surfaces, higher interfacial adhesion yields less energy dissipation because more asperity contacts exhibit partial slip.     

Elastic properties of dense nanotube layers

The Young modulus of a thin layer consisting of densely packed carbon nanotubes oriented normally to a substrate is measured using a scanning probe atomic force microscope. It is found that the adhesion of the film and the silicon substrate is not very strong, and, at certain conditions, this may lead to an intense energy dissipation in an oscillatory system loaded by the film.     

微穿孔蜂窝-波纹复合声学超材料吸声行为

民用及国防工业领域对工程材料结构提出了更高的应用需求.单一材料结构越来越难以满足实际应用需求,通过人工复合结构实现超常单一及多物理性能的超材料设计已经成为材料结构应用的重要发展方向.本文基于传统的蜂窝夹层结构,在其内部引入波纹结构,并在面板和波纹上分别进行微穿孔形成微穿孔蜂窝-波纹复合声学超材料,在其优异力学承载基础上,实现了低频段的宽频有效吸声降噪.应用微穿孔板吸声理论和声阻抗串并联理论,建立了微穿孔蜂窝-波纹复合声学超材料的吸声理论模型;发展了考虑黏热效应的声传播有限元模型,通过数值模拟验证了理论模型的准确性,并数值计算了声波在超材料微结构内的黏热能量耗散分布,发现超材料能量耗散主要集中于微穿孔处的黏性边界层;进一步开展了超材料吸声参数和尺度设计参数的分析讨论,阐明了不同尺度设计参数对超材料吸声性能的影响规律.本文工作对兼具力学承载与吸声降噪的新型材料结构设计有重要的理论指导价值.     

样品厚度对薄膜法X射线荧光光谱测量的影响研究

分别以富集有Cr,Pb和Cd三种元素的尼龙薄膜样品及玻璃纤维滤膜为研究对象,采用滤膜叠加的方式,通过XRF光谱仪测量不同样品厚度下薄膜样品的XRF光谱,根据测得的尼龙薄膜样品中Cr,Pb,Cd元素及玻璃纤维滤膜中Ca,As和Sr元素特征XRF性质的变化,研究样品厚度对薄膜法XRF光谱测量的影响。结果表明：薄膜样品厚度对不同能量区间上元素特征谱线荧光性质的影响并不相同。元素特征谱线能量越大,元素特征X射线荧光穿透滤膜到达探测器的过程中损失越少;但由薄膜样品厚度增加引起的基体效应却越强,相应特征谱线位置处的背景荧光强度就越大,因此样品厚度增加所引起的基体效应对薄膜法XRF光谱测量的灵敏度影响就越大。对于特征谱线能量较低(能量小于7 keV)的元素,以增加薄膜样品厚度的方式来增加待测组分的质量厚度浓度,并不能有效地提高薄膜法XRF光谱测量的灵敏度;对于特征谱线能量较高的元素(能量＞7 keV),可以通过适当增加样品厚度以增加被测组分的质量厚度浓度的方式来提高XRF光谱测量的灵敏度,薄膜样品厚度在0.96～2.24 mm内,更有利于XRF光谱的测量与分析。该研究为大气及水体重金属薄膜法XRF光谱分析中薄样制备及富集技术提供了重要的理论依据。     

Symmetrical adhesion of two cylindrical colloids to a tubular membrane

With the full treatment of the Helfrich model we theoretically study the symmetrical adhesion of two cylindrical colloids to a tubular membrane. The adhesion of the rigid cylinders with different radius from the membrane tube surface can produce both shallow wrapping with relatively small wrapping angle and deep wrapping with big wrapping angle. These significant structural behaviors can be obtained by analyzing the system energy. A second order adhesion transition from the desorbed to weakly adhered states is found, and a first order phase transition where the cylindrical colloids undergo an abrupt transition from weakly adhered to strongly adhered states can be obtained as well.     

Tailored surface free energy of membrane diffusers to minimize microbial adhesion

Biofouling is considered to be the limiting factor of the majority of membrane processes. Since microbial adhesion is a prerequisite for membrane biofouling, prevention of microbial adhesion and colonization on the membrane surfaces will have a major impact in preventing biofouling. In this paper the effects of surface free energies on bacterial adhesion were investigated and the optimum surface free energy of membranes on which bacterial adhesion force is minimal was obtained. A graded nickel–polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) composite coating technique was used to tailor the surface free energy of membrane diffusers to the optimum value. Initial experimental results showed that these coatings reduced microbial adhesion by 68–94%.     

Normal contact problem between a cylindrical indenter and a half-space with long-range adhesion: Study with the method of dimensionality reduction

Adhesive contact with exponential adhesive interaction is simulated with the use of the method of dimensionality reduction. The developed procedure is illustrated with an example of adhesion of a cylindrical punch and an elastic half space. However, it is general and can be used for any form of interaction potential and any form of indenter.     

Effect of C60 molecular rotation on nanotribology

The effect of C60 molecular rotation on the nanotribological properties of C60 single crystal surfaces has been studied by atomic/frictional force microscopy. The orientational order-disorder phase transition, in which the high temperature C60 free rotation is reduced to a low temperature hindered rotation, is shown to give rise to an abrupt change in friction and adhesion. This change in frictional force is quantitatively consistent with the observed change in adhesion. The similar slopes of the friction versus load curves in both phases indicate that the friction coefficient in the two phases remains about the same. Hence the C60 rotation does not provide an additional energy dissipation channel in the friction process.     

双柱胶体粒子与管状生物膜的相互作用

本文采用Helfrich理论模型研究双柱胶体粒子与管状生物膜的相互作用.通过对柱状粒子与不同半径的管状膜吸附时的自由能分析发现,该体系存在具有较小包络角的弱吸附相以及具有较大包络角的深度吸附相.进一步研究发现体系从解吸附相到弱吸附相的相变是二级相变,而从弱吸附相到深度吸附相的相变是一级相变.双柱粒子与管状膜相对位置的不同会影响体系相变和结构.     

Monte Carlo方法研究低能电子束曝光沉积能分布规律

建立一个描述低能电子在多元多层介质中散射的物理模型,运用MonteCarlo方法模拟低能电子在靶体胶衬底中的复杂散射过程,在此基础上通过大量计算研究入射束能、胶层厚度、衬底材料等不同曝光条件对抗蚀剂沉积能密度分布的影响,获得沉积能分布规律:适量的低束能、薄胶层、低原子序数衬底可以使前散射电子对胶中沉积能密度分布的贡献增大、背散射电子的贡献减小,从而提高曝光分辨率. 关键词： 电子束曝光 MonteCarlo方法 低能电子散射 能量沉积     

A causal continuous-time stochastic model for the turbulent energy cascade in a helium jet flow

We discuss continuous cascade models and their potential for modelling the energy dissipation in a turbulent flow. Continuous cascade processes, expressed in terms of stochastic integrals with respect to Lévy bases, are examples of ambit processes. These models are known to reproduce experimentally observed properties of turbulence: the scaling and self-scaling of the correlators of the energy dissipation and of the moments of the coarse-grained energy dissipation. We compare three models: a normal model, a normal inverse Gaussian model, and a stable model. We show that the normal inverse Gaussian model is superior to both, the normal and the stable models, in terms of reproducing the distribution of the energy dissipation; and that the normal inverse Gaussian model is superior to the normal model and competitive with the stable model in terms of reproducing the self-scaling exponents. Furthermore, we show that the presented analysis is parsimonious in the sense that the self-scaling exponents are predicted from the one-point distribution of the energy dissipation, and that the shape of these distributions is independent of the Reynolds number.     

Wave turbulence buildup in a vibrating plate

We report experimental and numerical results on the buildup of the energy spectrum in wave turbulence of a vibrating thin elastic plate. Three steps are observed: first a short linear stage, then the turbulent spectrum is constructed by the propagation of a front in wave number space and finally a long time saturation due to the action of dissipation. The propagation of a front at the second step is compatible with scaling predictions from the Weak Turbulence Theory.     

Thermoelastic damping effect on in-extensional vibration of rotating thin ring

Sensitive devices such as resonant sensors and radio frequency micro-electro-mechanical system (RF-MEMS) filters etc., require high Quality factors (Q-factors) defined as the ratio of total system energy to dissipation that occurs due to various damping mechanisms. Also, thermoelastic damping is considered to be one of the most important factors to elicit energy dissipation due to the irreversible heat flow of oscillating structures in the micro scales. In this study, the Q-factor for thermoelastic damping is investigated in rotating thin rings with in-plane vibration. First, in order to obtain the temperature profile of the model, a heat conduction equation for the thermal flow across the radial direction is solved based on the bending approximation so-called in-extensional approximation of the ring. Using the temperature distribution coupled with a displacement, a governing equation of the ring model can then be derived. Eventually, an eigen-value analysis is performed to obtain the natural frequency of rotating thin rings, and the analytical and numerical values of Q-factors can then be determined by the definition. Furthermore, the effects of rotating speed, dimensions of the ring, mode numbers and ambient temperatures on the Q-factor are discussed in detail.     

Ballistic behavior of Heracron®-based composites: effect of fiber density and fabrication method

In this study, a Heracron^® aramid fiber-based helmet was made, and its ballistic properties were investigated. The effect of fiber density was studied in depth. For the same weight and number of plies, a helmet manufactured from the HT-2820-based composite showed improved ballistic properties compared with one made from the HT-15000-based composite. This result suggested that fiber density may strongly affect the ballistic properties of armor. HT-2820, containing more multifilament fibers, provides more efficient energy absorption and dissipation. The influence of fabrication method on the ballistic behavior of a helmet was studied. The V₅₀ of a helmet made by the film laminating method was 10% better than that for a helmet made by the resin dipping approach. Based on these findings, the film laminating method, which forms the composite by directly attaching aramid fabric to the matrix film, may be a good candidate for improving the ballistic behavior. The required composite interfacial strength will be application-dependent. Greater fiber-matrix adhesion may be advantageous in certain cases.     

Statistics of the turbulent/non-turbulent interface in a spatially developing mixing layer

The thin interface separating the inner turbulent region from the outer irrotational fluid is analysed in a direct numerical simulation of a spatially developing turbulent mixing layer. A vorticity threshold is defined to detect the interface separating the turbulent from the non-turbulent regions of the flow, and to calculate statistics conditioned on the distance from this interface. The conditional statistics for velocity are in remarkable agreement with the results for other free shear flows available in the literature, such as turbulent jets and wakes. In addition, an analysis of the passive scalar field in the vicinity of the interface is presented. It is shown that the scalar has a jump at the interface, even stronger than that observed for velocity. The strong jump for the scalar has been observed before in the case of high Schmidt number (Sc). In the present study, such a strong jump is observed for a scalar with Sc ≈ 1. Conditional statistics of kinetic energy and scalar dissipation are presented. While the kinetic energy dissipation has its maximum far from the interface, the scalar dissipation is characterised by a strong peak very close to the interface. Finally, it is shown that the geometric features of the interfaces correlate with relatively large scale structures as visualised by low-pressure isosurfaces.     

Friction and energy dissipation mechanisms in adsorbed molecules and molecularly thin films

This review provides an overview of recent advances that have been achieved in understanding the basic physics of friction and energy dissipation in molecularly thin adsorbed films and the associated impact on friction at microscopic and macroscopic length scales. Topics covered include a historical overview of the fundamental understanding of macroscopic friction, theoretical treatments of phononic and electronic energy dissipation mechanisms in thin films, and current experimental methods capable of probing such phenomena. Measurements performed on adsorbates sliding in unconfined geometries with the quartz crystal microbalance technique receive particular attention. The final sections review the experimental literature of how measurements of sliding friction in thin films reveal energy dissipation mechanisms and how the results can be linked to film-spreading behavior, lubrication, film phase transitions, superconductivity-dependent friction, and microelectromechanical systems applications. Materials systems reported on include adsorbed films comprised of helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, water, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, ethane, ethanol, trifluoroethanol, methanol, cyclohexane, ethylene, pentanol, toluene, tricresylphosphate, t-butylphenyl phosphate, benzene, and iodobenzene. Substrates reported on include silver, gold, aluminum, copper, nickel, lead, silicon, graphite, graphene, fullerenes, C60, diamond, carbon, diamond-like carbon, and YBa₂Cu₃O₇, and self-assembled monolayers consisting of tethered polymeric molecules.     

Adhesion and membrane tension of single vesicles and living cells using a micropipette-based technique

The fundamental study of the adhesion of cells to each other or to a substrate is a key research topic in cellular biophysics because cell adhesion is important to many biological processes. We report on the adhesion of a model cell, a liposome, and a living HeLa cell to a substrate measured with a novel experimental technique. The cells are held at the end of a micropipette mounted on a micromanipulator and brought into contact with a surface. The adhesion energy and membrane tension are measured directly using the deflection of the micropipette when binding or unbinding the cell from the substrate. Since the force applied on the cells is known throughout the experiment, the technique presented enables the measurement of dynamics such as changes in the adhesion, elasticity, and membrane tension with time.     

Electronic effects in MeV ion tracks affecting thin film adhesion

Abstract

An ion track model was applied to describe MeV ion induced adhesion improvement of Au thin films on amorphous SiO₂. Good agreement with experimental data was found when assuming that ion track energy densities above and below a certain interval do not contribute to the adhesion enhancement; damage effects detrimental to adhesion may be associated with the high energy densities in the vicinity of the ion path.