光栅原理与相控阵雷达

相控阵雷达在舰载、机载上的军事用途意义巨大,它在雷达识别功能的定向性、清晰度、距离和覆盖面积方面都与抛物面雷达不可同日而语,前者有极大的优势。本文结合大学物理光栅分光原理的教学,介绍相控阵雷达的特性与原理。     

基于图像的飞行器红外辐射特性测量

通过将目标在一定波段内的红外辐射等效为红外成像系统前一定距离下黑体在对应波段内的红外辐射,建立了等效辐射方程。根据黑体辐射定标实验数据,利用非线性回归方法确定了在不同的积分时间条件下红外凝视成像系统输出红外图像的灰度值与在一定距离下的黑体温度之间的定量关系,建立了辐射定标方程。在Visual C++6.0平台下,在对红外目标图像进行SUSAN滤波等预处理后,分析了已知目标距离的红外图像的灰度均值。首先根据辐射定标方程计算出目标等效为黑体的温度,然后利用等效辐射方程反推目标的红外辐射强度,以达到根据跟踪的红外图像确定红外目标辐射特性的目的。此项研究不仅可以为目标识别提供目标分类、识别和辨认所必需的光谱数据库,而且还可以为红外预警提供重要的参考数据。     

燃烧喷焰的红外辐射特性分析

在探测燃烧形成的火焰目标时,由于不同红外波段辐射特性不同,不同波段下成像效果差异明显。以喷枪火焰为研究对象,用仿真与实验相结合分析了其在近红外(0.9～1.7 μm)、中红外(3.8～4.7 μm)、远红外(7.5～13 μm)三个波段下的红外辐射特性。从气体辐射理论出发,根据辐射传输方程对喷焰在0.9～1.7 μm、3.8～4.7 μm、7.5～13 μm三个波段下的红外辐射特性进行了计算和比较。通过辐射成像实验,对响应波段的辐射图像信息进行了采集,并与仿真计算结果进行了比对分析。结果表明:在640×512分辨率下火焰的中波红外成像目标像素约10 000个,包含了最多的信息量,其红外辐射强度最大,长波红外有效目标像素约7 000个,但其红外辐射分布最广且受环境影响最小,近红外成像像素约3 400个。为各类动力目标的探测和识别以及图像的融合、信息增强等提供了依据。     

空中目标红外辐射强度计算通用模型及其应用

提出了一种适用于空中扩展目标和小目标红外辐射强度计算的通用模型,该模型消除了对环境温度依赖较大的背景偏置的影响,可有效提升外场复杂多变环境条件下航空目标红外辐射特性测量结果的精度。结合某型航空目标动态红外特性测试数据,探讨了小目标红外辐射强度的计算问题,结果表明:对于中波红外小目标,大气表观辐射强度对总辐射强度的贡献可以忽略,可以采用简化模型计算总辐射强度,但对于长波小目标红外辐射,简化模型不再适用。对红外小目标和扩展目标的外场动态测试数据分别进行了处理,并与理论结果作比对验证,结果验证了模型的正确性。     

基于MODIS数据的卫星辐射特性研究

本文提出了一种结合MODIS数据产品和MODTRAN模型的典型地形条件空间目标红外辐射特性计算方法。考虑了地形条件和大气环境对空间目标的红外辐射特性影响,应用MODIS 3级陆地,海洋,冰雪圈数据产品得到全球温度分布,地形特征分布,将温度及地形条件代入MODTRAN计算得到地表-目标的辐亮度,进而计算目标的外热流以及表达目标的红外辐射特性。之后以全年第189天为例,计算卫星在某一时刻下的各表面的自身辐射、反射辐射、有效辐射。最后计算目标在不同天顶角下辐射强度随方向角的变化趋势。结果表明,空间目标的红外辐射特性与其运行姿态、所在位置的地形条件、表面材料、观测角度均有关系。     

海面空中目标的红外偏振辐射特性仿真分析

将偏振特性结合到强度信息中可有效提高天基系统对海面背景下空中目标的探测与识别性能,尤其是对于红外隐身目标。针对红外偏振特性、最优探测波段不明的问题,建立了基于天基平台的空中目标红外偏振辐射模型,分析了近红外到长波红外目标的偏振特性。采用偏振度作为评价指标,分析了目标辐射温度、飞行高度和天基探测俯仰角在红外波段中的偏振辐射规律。实验结果表明：对于不同飞行高度、辐射温度的目标而言,目标与海面背景的红外偏振特性在9μm处差异显著,该波长可作为偏振探测的最佳波段;在最佳探测波段,相较于水平偏振而言,目标和背景的差异主要体现在垂直偏振分量上;当天基平台俯仰角为大角度掠地状态时,目标与背景的偏振度差值更大,有利于提高探测性能。     

粗糙目标表面红外偏振特性研究

红外偏振成像可突显目标、识别真伪,准确掌握目标红外辐射偏振特性可有效提高目标的探测识别概率。针对现有目标红外辐射偏振特性模型未考虑粗糙表面导致的遮蔽效应的问题,本文基于微面元双向反射分布函数模型,利用穆勒矩阵构建出含有遮蔽函数的粗糙表面红外辐射偏振度的斯托克斯解析模型。针对光线表面粗糙度和入射角对金属和非金属目标红外辐射偏振度的影响进行定量分析。分析结果表明:无论是金属还是非金属,其红外自发辐射偏振度都随粗糙度的增大而减小,非金属自发辐射偏振度下降的幅度大于金属偏振度;当粗糙度及温度相同时,金属的红外辐射偏振度始终大于非金属;红外辐射偏振度先随入射角的增加而增加,而后在特定入射角下达到峰值,超过一定入射角后,偏振度大幅下降,金属和非金属的红外辐射偏振度间的差异在一定入射角度范围内将达到最大,这有助于区分金属与非金属。最后,利用长波红外微偏振成像系统和近红外偏振成像系统进行不同场景目标的图像采集,获取目标的红外辐射偏振特性,实验结果与理论分析结果基本吻合。本文对研究目标偏振特性、优化设计红外偏振系统以及后续偏振图像处理均具有重要意义。     

大气传输特性对目标与背景红外辐射特性的影响

本文对影响大气红外辐射透过率和大气自身的红外辐射因素及计算方法进行了讨论，利用大气传输特性分析软件－LOWTRAN7分析计算了大气红外辐射的透过率和大气自身的红外辐射，并讨论了大气辐射与吸收对目标与背景红外辐射特性的影响，对利用理论模型得到的目标与背景红外辐射图像进行了修正，获得了比较接近实际的红外模拟热图像。     

复杂海洋环境下目标的红外辐射特征分析研究

分析研究了复杂海洋环境下点目标的红外辐射特征,从红外警戒探测系统应用的角度出发,给出了海洋环境下迎面攻击目标的红外辐射特征模型的建立、计算与分析方法。利用大气透过率计算软件计算并分析了特定条件下三个海域的目标红外辐射的大气透过率。给出了迎头攻击目标红外辐射特征的简化计算模型,并分析了特定区域下目标的红外辐射特征。     

尾喷焰红外辐射特性的小波压缩

本文针对发动机尾喷焰的目标红外特性开展谱分析研究.采用热流法求解辐射传输方程,获得尾喷焰表观红外辐射特性仿真数据,应用多尺度小波分解红外光谱获得小波压缩系数.考察了不同小波函数及小波尺度下红外特性光谱的压缩效果.研究结果表明,基于小波的尾喷焰红外辐射特性光谱数据压缩方法是可行的,尾喷焰红外光谱主要信息基本保留,变量维数压缩可达10倍以上.     

基于多视角融合的夜间无人车三维目标检测

为了提高无人车在夜间情况下对周围环境的物体识别能力,提出一种基于多视角通道融合网络的无人车夜间三维目标检测方法。引入多传感器融合的思想,在红外图像的基础上加入激光雷达点云进行目标检测。通过对激光雷达点云进行编码变换成鸟瞰图形式和前视图形式,与红外图像组成多视角通道,各通道信息之间融合互补,从而提高夜间无人车对周围物体的识别能力。该网络将红外图像与激光雷达点云作为网络的输入,网络通过特征提取层、候选区域层和通道融合层准确地回归检测出目标的位置以及所属的类别。实验结果表明,该方法能够提高无人车在夜间的物体识别能力,在实验室的测试数据中准确率达到90%,速度0.43 s/帧,达到了实际应用要求。     

Plasma reflectors for electronic beam steering in radar systems

The author describes investigations into methods of generating a planar plasma for use as a reflector for radar waves. The use of the plasma reflector could allow electronic beam steering at frequencies above what is generally viable for phased arrays. Three aspects of the planar plasma production are investigated: localization of the plasma, main plasma production, and long-term viability of the system. Possible applications include ship-based antennas at X-band, airborne antennas at 94 GHz, and space-based antennas at 60 GHz. The author discusses system considerations for the three potential radar configurations. Results and potential small-scale experiments to test various aspects of the concept are discussed     

长波红外高光谱偏振特性的伪装目标识别方法

光谱偏振探测可以综合获得目标的光谱、强度、偏振态等参数，有利于改善对目标的探测和识别能力。本文介绍了基于红外高光谱偏振特性的伪装目标识别方法，搭建了长波红外高光谱偏振测量系统，开展了对两类伪装目标在不同温度下的高光谱偏振成像实验，获取了有效的实验数据并进行处理分析。结果表明：两类伪装目标即使涂覆相同的表面涂料，但受基底材料的热传导率影响, 在相同温度差异下红外偏振特性的提升量明显大于辐射亮度，并有着温差越大偏振特性提升量差异越大的规律，同时显示出波段选择性。利用两类伪装目标偏振特性提升量的差异，有效解决相同温度下伪装目标无法识别的难题。     

Quantitative measurement of radiation properties for opaque and semi-transparent greybodies

Because of the lack of theory and methods of measuring the ambient radiation in real situations, it is impossible to quantify the self-radiation properties of a target. Our earlier paper,⁽¹³⁾ proposed a theory, “Equivalent Blackbody Radiation Theory,” and a design method for infrared systems that can measure quantitatively the ambient radiation and self-radiating properties of opaque targets. We now extend our treatment to the more general case which includes opaque, semi-transparent and transparent objects. As examples, the ambient radiation in different situations, the self-radiation properties of an opaque metal plate and a semi-transparent crystal, and the true temperature difference of human breath during inspiration and exhalation are measured quantitatively and successfully.     

The T Tauri stars

The observational aspects of T Tau stars are described, treating data in the optical, infrared, radio, X-ray and ultraviolet regions of the spectrum. Erratic flare-like behaviour is very characteristic of these objects which are pre-main-sequence stars, mostly on their convective tracks, and represent early phases in the evolution of roughly solar-mass stars. Herbig-Haro objects are discussed-shocked nebulae found in association with either visible T Tau stars or infrared sources deeply embedded in the parental dust clouds. It is argued that highly anisotropic mass loss, probably in unpredictable short-lived episodes, is found in the stars that excite Herbig-Haro objects. These exciting stars could well be the precursor to T Tau stars and display a fascinating array of astonishingly well-collimated phenomena.     

基于衍射光学元件色散特征的三维建模系统

为了重建复杂形状的三维物体,在此提出了一种便捷的基于衍射光学元件（DOE）色散成像特性的三维建模算法,该算法在一种新型的三维建模系统中实现,它充分利用了DOE在红外波段的模式投影和探测.给出了重建复杂形状的三维物体的仿真试验结果,证明该算法及系统的有效性和可行性.     

Automatic detection of small objects from their infrared state-of-polarization vectors

A technique for automatic detection of targets from their infrared signature's state-of-polarization vector is described. The bounds on the Bayesian total probability of errors are estimated from the observed Stokes vector imagery and used as metrics for separating targets from background clutter. The performance of the proposed approach for objects under various geometries is studied in terms of receiver operating characteristic curves. The new results, which have been obtained from data from the U.S. Air Force's Infrared Modeling and Analysis polarimetric infrared simulation tool, indicate the usefulness of polarimetric infrared signatures for the automatic detection of small targets.     

Scaled radar cross section measurement method for lossy targets via dynamically matching reflection coefficients in THz band

In the terahertz band, the dispersive characteristic of dielectric material is one of the major problems in the scaled radar cross section (RCS) measurement, which is inconsistent with the electrodynamics similitude deducted according to the Maxwell's equations. Based on the high-frequency estimation method of physical optics (PO), a scaled RCS measurement method for lossy objects is proposed through dynamically matching the reflection coefficients according to the distribution of the object facets. Simulations of the model of SLICY are conducted, and the inversed RCS of the lossy prototype is obtained using the proposed method. Comparing the inversed RCS with the calculated results, the validity of the proposed method is demonstrated. The proposed method provides an effective solution to the scaled RCS measurement for lossy objects in the THz band.     

LIGHT SCATTERING AND INFRARED RADIATION OF SPATIAL OBJECTS

In this paper, the characteristic of light scattering and infrared radiation of spatial objects are discussed. The spectral distribution of solar, sky and earth background radiation is given. Based on theories of heat transfer, background radiation and the law of energy conservation, the thermal balance equation for spatial objects can be obtained. With the equation solved and thermal meshwork method, the variation of the thermal equilibrium temperature and radiation power with height is discussed under the conditions of different time zone and altitude.     

Terahertz interferometric synthetic aperture tomography for confocal imaging systems

Terahertz (THz) interferometric synthetic aperture tomography (TISAT) for confocal imaging within extended objects is demonstrated by combining attributes of synthetic aperture radar and optical coherence tomography. Algorithms recently devised for interferometric synthetic aperture microscopy are adapted to account for the diffraction-and defocusing-induced spatially varying THz beam width characteristic of narrow depth of focus, high-resolution confocal imaging. A frequency-swept two-dimensional TISAT confocal imaging instrument rapidly achieves in-focus, diffraction-limited resolution over a depth 12 times larger than the instrument's depth of focus in a manner that may be easily extended to three dimensions and greater depths.