ICP-MS测定中草药狼毒中稀土和微量元素

研究了电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定中草药狼毒中稀土和微量元素的方法,样品处理通过低温灰化方法与硝酸-过氧化氢消解方法比较,实验确认微量元素采用低温灰化法制备样品, 稀土元素采用酸消化法制备样品,可以满足该方法检测要求,具有测试方法准确、快速等优点。 方法的准确度在1.21%～15.15%, 精密度在0.38%～8.54%之间。 该方法完全可以满足中草药样品中稀土和微量元素检测要求。     

基体分离-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定赤泥中的稀土氧化物

从赤泥中提取稀土金属,开发高附加值产品,对保护环境特别是提高矿产资源的综合利用率以及实现可持续发展有着重要的意义。赤泥中的稀土元素含量较低(0.001 0%～0.050%),且存在大量的铝和铁等基体元素,如何掩蔽基体元素对稀土元素的干扰是准确定量的关键。传统酸溶法会造成部分元素消解不完全,难以准确定量,回收率低,碱熔法则会由于引入大量的碱熔剂造成严重的基体干扰,同时还会堵塞雾化器。采用氢氧化钠熔融赤泥,熔融物用热水浸取,三乙醇胺溶液掩蔽铝和铁,乙二胺四乙酸二钠溶液络合钙、镁等干扰元素,稀土氢氧化物留存于沉淀中,沉淀经盐酸溶解进入待测液,从而将稀土元素与熔剂和基体元素分离。实验结果表明：标准溶液无需基体匹配,各稀土氧化物校准曲线的线性相关系数均不小于0.999 9,检出限在0.000 2%～0.001 5%之间;按照实验方法分析实际样品中稀土氧化物的含量,测定结果的相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为2.5%～7.2%,回收率为85.0%～105.0%;本方法与电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)相比,两种方法的测定结果无显著性差异。ICP-OES实现了赤泥中稀土氧化物的同时测定,为今后分...     

Molybdenum,Platinum, and Tantalum Metal Atomizers or Vaporizers in Analytical Atomic Spectrometry

Abstract

The application of metal (tantalum, molybdenum, and platinum) devices in analytical atomic spectrometry is reviewed in this article. These metal devices have been employed in various analytical atomic spectrometric techniques for more than three decades, mainly as electrothermal atomizers or electrothermal vaporizers, in various physical shapes, such as tubes, platforms, loops, and wires (or coils/filaments). Their application spans from atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), atomic emission spectrometry (AES) atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS), inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES) to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). The analytical figures of merit and the practical applications reported for these metal devices are reviewed, and the atomization mechanism on these metal atomizers is briefly summarized, too. In addition, other applications of the metal devices are discussed, including analyte preconcentration by electrodeposition and sequential metal vapor elution analysis (SMVEA). Furthermore, the application of these metals in graphite furnaces encompasses the schemes with the metals in the form of furnace linings, platforms, or impregnated salts.     

Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications

Abstract

The application of laser ablation inductively plasma mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS) to the determination of major, minor, and trace elements as well as isotope‐ratio measurements offers superior technology for direct solid sampling in analytical chemistry. The advantages of LA‐ICP‐MS include direct analysis of solids; no chemical dissolution is necessary, reduced risk of contamination, analysis of small sample mass, and determination of spatial distributions of elemental compositions. This review aims to summarize recent research to apply LA‐ICP‐MS, primarily in the field of environmental chemistry. Experimental systems, fractionation, calibration procedures, figures of merit, and new applications are discussed. Selected applications highlighting LA‐ICP‐MS are presented.     

Determination of Trace Elements in Vegetable Oils and Biodiesel by Atomic Spectrometric Techniques—A Review

Abstract

The determination of trace elements in edible oils and biodiesel using atomic spectrometric methods is reviewed. Problems related to sample pretreatment for appropriate sample introduction and calibration are addressed as well as the strategies to overcome them. Recent trends aimed at simplifying sample manipulation are presented. The applications and scope of atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS), flame optical emission spectrometry (F-OES), inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) techniques for the determination of trace metals in edible oils and biodiesel are discussed, as well as some current instrumental new developments.     

Trace Metals Analysis of Legal and Counterfeit Cigarette Tobacco Samples Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry and Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

ABSTRACT

A closed-vessel microwave-digestion method was developed for the determination of trace amounts of Be, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba, Tl, and Pb by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and Hg by cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry in cigarette tobacco samples. In order to gauge the effectiveness of the digestion procedure, recovery studies were conducted using solutions prepared from National Institute of Standards and Technology Standard Reference Material 1573a Trace Elements in Tomato Leaves and Polish Certified Reference Material Virginia Tobacco Leaves. Limits of detection were below 1 µg g^?1 for all elements studied. Samples from two genuine-brand and three counterfeit packs were analyzed. The mean amounts of Be, As, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, Pb, and Hg were higher in counterfeit cigarettes, while the amounts of V, Cr, Mn, Co, Cu, Zn, Se, and Ba were comparable among legal and counterfeit cigarettes; the amount of Ni was higher in the legal cigarettes. Evaluation of Be, As, Mo, Cd, Sb, Tl, Pb, and Hg with their potential hazards for smokers is briefly discussed.     

庞西垌花岗质复式岩体X射线荧光光谱、等离子体质谱分析及其对岩浆分异的指示意义

云开地块西南缘的庞西垌复式岩体由外而内、由上而下依次为花岗片麻岩、片麻状花岗岩和花岗岩,即由高级变质岩渐变过渡至岩浆岩。X射线荧光光谱、等离子体质谱对三类岩石的分析结果表明,三类岩石皆属于过铝质岩石系列,造岩组分和微量元素具有渐变过渡的特征。在花岗片麻岩演化为花岗岩的熔融、分异过程中,Al₂O₃,CaO,MgO与TiO₂等造岩组分含量逐渐增高,SiO₂含量逐渐降低;稀土元素总量整体升高,稀土元素中轻稀土含量逐渐增高,而重稀土含量逐渐降低,显示出轻重稀土分异增强的特征,在多期演化过程中,形成了具有亲缘演化基因的庞西垌花岗质岩石系列。这表明云开地块表变质壳岩石的重熔可能是花岗质岩石的重要成因。其演化机制可能是,表壳岩石在发生熔融之后SiO₂最先脱离母岩不断熔出,重稀土可能随着SiO₂熔体逐渐向上富集;而Al₂O₃,CaO,MgO,TiO₂以及轻稀土相对SiO₂则向下富集。     

Low energy gamma rays from thermal neutron capture

The beam tubeP2 of the 4 MW FRM pool reactor was used as the neutron source for this nuclear spectroscopy study. An 8.5 and 13.5 cm lithium drifted germanium detector were used as gamma ray detector to measure the low energy prompt photon emissions from thermal neutron capture in 18 elements (12 rare earth elements) having aσ/A value greater than 0.1. The energy region was from 50–500 keV. Energy and intensity of the gamma ray lines are given.     

普里兹湾沉积物中稀土元素的测定及其配分模式分析

以HNO₃-H₂O₂-HF为消解体系,采用微波法对沉积物样品进行消解处理,利用电感耦合等离子质谱法测定了普里兹湾(Prydz Bay)沉积物中Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm等16种稀土元素(rare earth elements,REEs)的含量,并进行了配分模式分析。从普里兹湾沉积物样品的分析数据和球粒陨石标准化配分模式可以看出：稀土总量(∑REEs)变化范围为117.35～348.63 μg·g-1,其中Ce含量较高,在总量中占了很大比例;各站位平均值为196.75 μg·g-1,总量最大值是最小值的2.97倍;各个站位稀土元素分布模式基本一致,轻重稀土元素之间有明显的分馏。该方法表明：各元素的线性关系良好,相关系数≥0.999 7;相对标准偏差(RSD)＜5.0%,相对误差＜10.0%;除了Sc的检出限稍高,其他元素的检出限均能达到ng·L-1。因此,该方法适用于沉积物中稀土元素的定量分析。     

Sample Preparation for the Determination of Metals in Food Samples Using Spectroanalytical Methods—A Review

Abstract

The present article gives an overview of recent publications and modern techniques of sample preparation for food analysis employing atomic and inorganic mass spectrometric techniques, such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry, chemical vapor generation atomic absorption and atomic fluorescence spectrometry, graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Among the most frequently applied sample preparation techniques for food analysis are dry ashing, usually with the addition of an ashing aid, and acid digestion, preferably with the assistance of microwave energy. Slurry preparation, particularly with the assistance of ultrasound, is increasingly used to reduce acid consumption and sample preparation time. Direct analysis of solid samples is gaining importance in the field of food analysis as it offers the highest sensitivity, avoids the use of acids and other aggressive reagents, makes possible the analysis of micro‐samples, and can be applied for fast screening analysis, e.g., of fresh meat.     

原子光谱/元素质谱在生命分析中的应用进展

原子光谱/元素质谱是元素分析的强有力手段,其在生命分析领域的应用也越来越广泛。在单细胞元素分析方面,相关研究工作主要关注元素在单细胞中的分布和形态变化;在元素标记策略分析领域,利用原子光谱（atomic spectrometry, AS）和电感耦合等离子体质谱（inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP-MS）实现对小分子、核酸、蛋白质等目标分析物的高灵敏检测是研究热点;在金属药物分析领域,ICP-MS为研究金属药物在生物体中的摄入、分布、代谢和排泄等过程提供了便利,也为进一步阐明药物作用机理以及金属药物的设计和改进提供了数据支持;在生物元素成像领域,ICP-MS与激光剥蚀技术（laser ablation, LA）联用,可以对生物样品进行原位分析和微区分析,结合有机质谱实现元素相关生物过程的分子机制研究;与相关分离方法联用,原子光谱和元素质谱还可以对生物组织中元素进行形态分析,研究其在相关过程中的生物转化过程。本文从单细胞元素分析、元素标签标记策略、金属药物转运与代谢以及生物组织中元素分布分析等方面,评述了原子光谱和ICP-MS在生命分析中的应用实例,并对该领域的发展前景进行了展望。     

激光熔蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定底泥沉积物中的总汞

采用激光熔蚀-电感耦合等离子体质谱法(LA-ICP-MS)测定了底泥沉积物中的总汞,沉积物样品经高压压坯后直接进行激光熔蚀测定,并对内标选定、样品粒度以及汞的形态等影响因素进行了研究,以2个底泥标准样和1个土壤标准样的测定结果来绘制标准曲线,并用于实际样品的测定,方法简便实用,测定结果与同位素稀释冷蒸气发生ICP-MS法十分吻合,方法检出限为0.02 mg·kg-1,测定速度可达每小时10样。     

X射线荧光光谱法与电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法联用测定土壤、水系沉积物、岩石中21种主、次和痕量元素

建立了X射线荧光光谱-电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱法(XRF-ICP-AES)联用技术测定土壤、水系沉积物和岩石中21种主、次和痕量元素的方法.采用复合熔剂熔融制样法,X射线荧光谱法测定其中的主量元素Al、Ca、Fe、Mg、K、Na、Si.熔融玻璃样片经(ψ)=10%(体积分数,下同)的HNO3超声波振荡提取,电感耦...     

发射光谱法同时测定10种稀土元素

研究了用碳粉、硫酸钾、硫酸钡、硫酸锶和三氧化二钪作缓冲剂同时测定样品中的La,Ce,Pr,Nd,Sm,Gd,Tb,Dy,Yb,Lu的发射光谱法。选择钪作内标线,不需分离、不需化学处理,直接压样于杯形的石墨电极中,具有简便、快速和准确。对测定条件、干扰因素进行了研究,从而建立测定10种稀土元素的新方法。10种稀土元素的检测限均在0.030%以下,其回收率在94%～105%范围内,当n=9时,它们的RSD均小于5%;用于样品的测定取得了满意的结果。     

Rapid methods for the determination of long-lived radionuclides in environmental samples by ICP-SFMS and radioanalytical techniques

Two improved sample preparation methods for the determination of americium and plutonium (Method 1) and plutonium (Method 2) from environmental samples by inductively coupled plasma sector field mass spectrometry (ICP-SFMS) and alpha spectrometry are presented. Both procedures involve a rapid CaF₂ co-precipitation step for pre-concentration and matrix removal followed by extraction chromatographic separations. The average recovery after sample preparation was better than 85 % for both americium and plutonium. The method developed also focused on the elimination of possible interferences in the mass spectrometric analysis caused by molecular ions (e.g. ²⁰⁸Pb¹⁶O ₂ ⁺ or ²³⁸U¹H⁺) by employing suitable matrix separation prior to ICP-SFMS analysis of the desolvated sample. Isotopes with alpha energies similar to the analytes that may cause interferences in alpha spectrometric analysis were also separated. For ²³⁹Pu, ²⁴⁰Pu, ²⁴¹Pu and ²⁴¹Am detection limits of 15, 9.2, 14 and 23 fg g⁻¹, respectively were achieved by ICP-SFMS, and 0.1 mBq obtained by alpha spectrometry. The methods developed are especially applicable for monitoring purposes of anthropogenic transuranium elements, as the analysis (sample preparation and ICP-SFMS measurement) can be carried out within 6 hours for one batch of samples.     

The self-absorption correction factors for 210Pb concentration in mining waste and influence on environmental radiation risk assessment

The radioactive lead isotope ²¹⁰Pb occurs in waste originating from metal smelting and refining industry, gas and oil extraction and sometimes from underground coal mines, which are deposited in natural environment very often. Radiation risk assessment requires accurate knowledge about the concentration of ²¹⁰Pb in such materials. Laboratory measurements seem to be the only reliable method applicable in environmental ²¹⁰Pb monitoring. One of the methods is gamma-ray spectrometry, which is a very fast and cost-effective method to determine ²¹⁰Pb concentration. On the other hand, the self-attenuation of gamma ray from ²¹⁰Pb (46.5 keV) in a sample is significant as it does not depend only on sample density but also on sample chemical composition (sample matrix). This phenomenon is responsible for the under-estimation of the ²¹⁰Pb activity concentration level often when gamma spectrometry is applied with no regard to relevant corrections. Finally, the corresponding radiation risk can be also improperly evaluated. Sixty samples of coal mining solid tailings (sediments created from underground mining water) were analysed. Slightly modified and adapted to the existing laboratory condition, a transmission method has been applied for the accurate measurement of ²¹⁰Pb concentration . The observed concentrations of ²¹⁰Pb range between 42.2?÷?11,700 Bq·kg^–1 of dry mass. Experimentally obtained correction factors related to a sample density and elemental composition range between 1.11 and 6.97. Neglecting this factor can cause a significant error or underestimations in radiological risk assessment. The obtained results have been used for environmental radiation risk assessment performed by use of the ERICA tool assuming exposure conditions typical for the final destination of such kind of waste.     

X射线荧光微区分析结合电感耦合等离子体质谱法进行保健食品中元素含量的测定

X射线荧光光谱微区分析法既有X射线荧光光谱法快速、简便、无损检测等特点,又可对保健食品表面的元素分布进行检测,电感耦合等离子体质谱法具有检出限低、线性范围宽、多元素同时测定等优点,旨在建立一种X射线荧光光谱微区分析法和电感耦合等离子体质谱法联合测定保健食品中元素种类、分布及含量的方法.利用X射线荧光光谱微区分析技术对一...     

Evaluation of Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for the Quantitative Determination of Lead in Different Parts of Archeological Human Teeth

ABSTRACT

The lead content of teeth or tooth-parts has been used a biomarker of cumulative lead exposure in clinical, epidemiological, environmental, and archaeological studies. Through the application of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, a pilot study of the micrometer-scale distribution and quantification of lead was conducted for two human teeth obtained from an archaeological burial site in Manhattan, New York, USA. Lead was highly localized within each tooth, with accumulation in circumpulpal dentine and cementum. The maximum localized lead content in circumpulpal dentine was remarkably high, almost 2000 µg g^?1, compared to the mean enamel and dentine content of about 5 µg g^?1. The maximum lead content in cementum was approximately 700 µg g^?1. The large quantity of cementum found in the teeth suggested that the subjects had hypercementosis (excess cementum formation) of the root, a condition reported to have been prevalent among African-American slave populations. The distribution of lead in these human teeth was remarkably similar to the distribution that we previously reported in the teeth of present-day lead-dosed goats. The data shown demonstrate the feasibility of using laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to examine lead exposure in archaeological studies.     

Attenuation studies near K-absorption edges using Compton scattered <Superscript>241</Superscript>Am gamma rays

We have carried out photon attenuation measurements at several energies in the range from 49.38 keV to 57.96 keV around the K-absorption edges of the rare earth elements Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy and Er using 59.54 keV gamma rays from ²⁴¹Am source after Compton scattering from an aluminium target. Pellets of oxides of the rare earth elements were chosen as mixture absorbers in these investigations. A narrow beam good geometry set-up was used for the attenuation measurements. The scattered gamma rays were detected by an HPGe detector. The results are consistent with theoretical values derived from the XCOM package.      

掺Er3+光纤的γ射线辐射特性

本文研究掺Er³⁺光纤的γ射线辐射特性,发现在800到1600nm之间损耗都有显著的增加,有的增加800倍之多。光纤的γ射线辐照损耗特性具有β射线辐照类似的规律性。用γ射线的康普顿效应半定量地解释了这种类似性。对γ射线辐照损耗进行紫外线UV漂白,表明比热退火有更好的效果,能使损耗恢复50%。指出选用原子序数小的元素作光纤掺杂剂会有利于光纤抗辐照性能的提高。 关键词：