Conductivity of Aqueous Solutions of Low-Molecular Chitosan

Solutions of chitosan with molecular weight (MW) of 20000, 9600, and 3700 Da are studied conductimetrically and viscosimetrically. The dependence of solution conductivity on the chitosan concentration begins to deviate from linearity simultaneously with an abrupt increase in the solution viscosity starting from concentrations of 20–30 g l^–1. The fraction of free counterions (Cl^–, CH₃COO^–) in the 0.1 g-equiv l^–1 chitosan solutions significantly depends on the sample's MW. The charge is transferred in solutions predominantly by chloride and acetate ions, with the high-MW cation barely contributing to conduction.     

Heat conduction anisotropy of drawn high density polyethylene samples

In the paper the influence of the morphology of cold drawn samples on heat conduction anisotropy is discussed. It was shown that the important role is played by the existence of air gaps between fibrils of oriented polymer and the perpendicular microcracks appearing with the increase of the draw rate of the specimens.Rolled drawn samples have a significantly reduced air gap contents thus the heat conduction anisotropy measurements on these rolled samples provide real data on polymeric material properties.To Professor F. H. Müller on the occasion of his 75. birthday.     

Surface and bulk conduction and thermodynamic properties of ionic salt CsH<Subscript>5</Subscript>(PO<Subscript>4</Subscript>)<Subscript>2</Subscript>

Transport properties of ionic salt CsH₅(PO₄)₂ are studied by the impedance method. The salt’s bulk conductivity ranges from 10^?8 to 10^?4 S cm^?1 in the temperature interval 90 to 145°C. The apparent activation energy is high (1.6–2.0 eV). The conductivity is slightly anisotropic: it is maximum in the [001] direction and minimum in the [100] direction (～5.6 and 1 times × 10^?6 S cm^?1, respectively, at 130°C). The conductivity of polycrystalline samples is higher by 1–2 orders of magnitude, and the activation energy drops to 1.05 eV due to the formation of a pseudoliquid layer with a high proton mobility at the intercrystallite boundary. The salt’s thermodynamic properties are examined by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry. No phase transitions are discovered in the salt up to the melting point (151.6°C), with the melting enthalpy equal to ～34 kJ mol^?1. The crystallization occurs at lower temperatures (107°C) and the crystallization enthalpy (?18 kJ mol^?1) is lower than the melting enthalpy. The melting is accompanied by slow decomposition of the salt. Factors affecting the proton transport in the salt are analyzed.     

AgBrI超细颗粒乳剂的电性能和感光性能

70年代,人们对纳米粒子的“量子尺寸效应”和它的介观相特性进行了初步的研究。近20年来,这一领域得到了迅速的发展。它们的发展在很大程度上推动了照相化学的发展,对揭示照相过程中潜影银簇、显影银丝等和超细粒子有关的特殊现象的本质及机理有着不可低估的作用。     

Conductivity,proton percolation,and gelation during the network growth in a flexible chain diepoxide and diamine mixture

The conductivity of a stoichiometric mixture of diglycidyl ether of 1,4‐butanediol and 1,6‐hexamethylene diamine has been studied during its polymerization at several temperatures where the ultimate product is a crosslinked gel. The decrease in the dc conductivity, σ₀, with the polymerization time, t, fits an equation for bond percolation, σ₀ ∼ [(t_gel‐t)/t_gel]^p, and yields a gelation time, t_gel which agrees with the t_gel determined from the viscosity and shear modulus measurements. It is proposed that as one covalent bond forms on chemical reaction, an indeterminable number of intermolecular H‐bonds in the structure vanish, and protonic conduction is disrupted. Thus, as the original H‐bond network gives way to a covalently bonded network, the mechanical rigidity increases, and protonic conductivity decreases. The gel point is reached when the increase in the number of covalent bonds brings the liquid's state up to its rigidity percolation threshold, and the decrease in the number of H‐bonds brings it down to its electrical percolation threshold. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 122–126, 2000     

A Conduction Calorimeter for Measuring the Heat of Cement Hydration in the Initial Hydration Period

A new-design conduction microcalorimeter is described, which has been used to measure the heat of cement hydration evolved in the initial period of hydration. The calorimeter is 30 cm³ in volume; the heat loss coefficient is 27.270±0.015 W V^–1, the time constant is 300 s. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Mixed ionic-electronic conductivity in phases in the praseodymium oxide system

The praseodymium oxide system contains a series of related phases with very narrow compositional width and unique extended defect structures, rather than the more common isolated point defects. The electrical conductivity of three of these phases has been measured by the use of AC complex impedance and DC methods in the temperature range 75–400 °C. The beta phase, Pr₆O₁₁, exhibits a total conductivity of 6.77×10^–2 S/cm at 400 °C, with an activation energy of 0.52 eV/atom. The conductivity of the epsilon phase, Pr₅O₉, is slightly lower, with an activation energy of 0.51 eV/atom. The iota phase, Pr₇O₁₂, has a very low conductivity. The activation energies for electrical transport in the beta and epsilon phases are in the general range found in a number of mixed conductors based upon LSGM oxides. Electronic Publication     

Nonlinear electrophoresis of dielectric particles in Newtonian fluids

In classical electrokinetics, the electrophoretic velocity of a dielectric particle is a linear function of the applied electric field. Theoretical studies have predicted the onset of nonlinear electrophoresis at high electric fields because of the nonuniform surface conduction over the curved particle. However, experimental studies have been left behind and are insufficient for a fundamental understanding of the parametric effects on nonlinear electrophoresis. We present in this work a systematic experimental study of the effects of buffer concentration, particle size, and particle zeta potential on the electrophoretic velocity of polystyrene particles in a straight rectangular microchannel for electric fields of up to 3 kV/cm. The measured nonlinear electrophoretic particle velocity is found to exhibit a 2(±0.5)-order dependence on the applied electric field, which appears to be within the theoretically predicted 3- and 3/2-order dependences for low and high electric fields, respectively. Moreover, the obtained nonlinear electrophoretic particle mobility increases with decreasing buffer concentration (for the same particle) and particle size (for particles with similar zeta potentials) or increasing particle zeta potential (for particles with similar sizes). These observations are all consistent with the theoretical predictions for high electric fields.     

A comparison of the effect of rare earth vs Si site doping on the conductivities of apatite-type rare earth silicates

Apatite-type lanthanum silicate (La_9.33Si₆O₂₆) has been attracting significant recent interest due to its high oxide ion conductivity. In this paper, synthesis and conductivity data for a range of doped samples (Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, B, Ga and Zn) are reported, in particular, to compare the effect of rare earth vs Si site doping. The results show that Ga, B and Zn favour substitution on the Si site, while Ca, Sr and Ba favour La-site substitution. Mg is shown to be an ambi-site dopant, substituting on either site depending on the starting composition. The samples doped on the Si site show higher conductivities than comparable samples doped on the La site, providing further support for the importance of the silicate network in the conduction process, as initially predicted by atomistic modelling studies. For Ga doping on the Si site, the effect of varying the rare-earth size on the conductivities is also reported.     

Wide-range regulation of polyaniline conduction by interphase doping of a polyaniline film

The not-sufficient-enough conductance of semioxidized protonated polyaniline (PANI) is usually attributed to the presence of ordered quasi-metallic domains surrounded by a poorly conducting amorphous phase. The paper presents experimental results testifying to the existence, in semioxidized PANI, of multilevel redox heterogeneity that crucially effects the conductance magnitude in view of specific topology at which higher-oxidized (conducting) domains are surrounded by less oxidized (poorly conducting) domains and because the PANI conduction is extremely sensitive to the oxidation degree. It is shown experimentally that the interphase doping with metals and degenerate semiconductors of a semioxidized salt of PANI and poly(2-acrylamide-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid) (PAMPSA) with a 1: 2 ratio between PANI and PAMPSA raises the PANI-PAMPSA conductivity by 3–8 orders of magnitude due to the formation near the interface of thin layers whose conductance depends on the work function of the material in contact with PANI-PAMPSA and in extreme cases substantially exceeds the conductance of gold and copper at room temperature.     

Specific heat measurements under non-equilibrium conditions

The application of conduction calorimetry for specific heat measurements on samples under non-equilibrium conditions is reviewed.The influence of a constant rate of temperature decrease on the specific heatc of a TGS ferroelectric crystal doped with a small quantity ofL-alanine (LATGS) is discussed. The relaxation process ofc is likewise analysed.The simultaneous measurement ofc and the dissipative heat powerQ in a LATGS crystal in an alternative electric field which produces hysteresis loops is also discussed. It is shown that this specific heat is the sum of the corresponding equilibrium values plus a term proportional to the derivative ofQ with respect to temperature.     

Ionic Transport in Cation-Exchange Membranes MK-40 Modified with Zirconium Phosphate

The synthesis of a composite membrane material on the basis of cation-exchange membrane MK-40 with inserted particles of acid zirconium phosphate is realized. It is shown that zirconium phosphate in the membrane's matrix takes on the form of small amorphous particles and is uniformly distributed. The obtained membrane is characterized by large values of conductance and diffusion coefficients for cations and anions, as well as by a lower selectivity when compared with the initial analogue. It is shown that the basic reason for this is the increase in the size of pores and channels, which are filled in the course of experiment by a solution of an electrolyte.     

Studies on ionics conduction properties of modification CMC-PVA based polymer blend electrolytes via impedance approach

In this study, the modification of cellulose derivative namely carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and doped with different content of NH₄Br based solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) prepared via solution casting method is investigated. The FTIR analysis demonstrated the interaction between CMC-PVA and NH₄Br via COO⁻. The optimum ionic conductivity at ambient temperature is found to be 3.21 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm for the sample containing 20 wt% NH₄Br with the lowest percentage of crystallinity and total weight loss. The conductivity-temperature relationship for the entire SPEs system obeys Arrhenius behaviour. Besides that, based on the Nyquist fitting analysis, it is shown that the ionic conductivity of the SPEs is primarily influenced by the ionic mobility as well as the ions diffusion coefficient. The H⁺ transference number obtained using non-blocking reversible electrode is 0.31, which further indicates that the conduction species is predominantly due to the cationic conduction.     

转化乳剂的离子电导和光电导研究

本文研究了AgBrCl转化乳剂的离子电导和光电导。随着乳剂中溴含量的增高,其离子电导也随之升高,而光电子寿命则降低。AgBrCl乳剂的离子电导主要取决于其组成;AgBrCl转化乳剂的光电子寿命主要受隙间银子浓度的影响,隙间银离子浓度越大,光电子寿命越短。     

稀土气相扩渗法制备钕-氮化钼及其导电性

过渡金属氮化物因其具有共价固体、离子晶体和过渡金属的综合特性,从而表现出特殊的物理性质和化学性质[1],并具有导电性好,键合强度大、硬度和熔点高等特点,因此比传统的铜、铝及其合金更适合制备电子器件[2,3]。此外其电磁特征类似金属,导电率、霍尔系数、磁化率和热熔都属于金属范围,是一种应用前景良好的导电材料[4￣6]和电极材料[7]。传统的合成方法主要采用金属卤化物、氢化物与氮、氨反应或者金属和氮反应获得相应的金属氮化物[2,8]。在已有的合成方法中,均存在反应时间长,产物中常伴有M o2N、γ鄄M o2N等杂相,不利于应用。稀土气…     

Electrical conduction nature and phase transition in CaTi1−x FexO3−δ (x = 0.1–0.5)

Transport numbers for oxygen ions and protons are measured by an emf method in the system CaTi_1?x Fe_xO_3?δ (x = 0.1–0.5) in the oxidizing and reducing atmospheres in the temperature interval 973–1173 K. It is shown that the compounds under study are mixed ion-electron conductors at small iron concentrations and electron conductors, at large iron contents. The proton conductivity in the compounds is very poor and does not exceed 0.5% in air. On the basis of the temperature dependences of transport numbers for ions and linear expansion, it is established that the CaTi_0.9Fe_0.1O_3?δ system has a phase transition of a second order in a reducing environment at 1020–1050 K. The total and partial electron conductivities of CaTi_0.9Fe_0.1O_3?δ are studied as a function of the partial pressure of oxygen at 1173 K. The nature of electroconduction in CaTi_1?x Fe_xO_3?δ is discussed.     

Cesium-cation conduction in the systems Cs3−x P1−x E x O4 (E = S, Cr, Mo, W)

Solid solutions on the basis of cesium orthophosphate in the Cs_3?x P_1?x E _x O₄ (E = S, Cr, Mo, W) systems are synthesized. The temperature and concentration dependences of the systems’ electroconductivity are studied. The cesium-cation character of conduction in the systems is confirmed. Factors that bear upon the transport properties of the synthesized phases are analyzed.     

Conduction in BaO-and MgO-doped LaGaO_3

A series of La_0.90Ba_0.10Ga_1?xMg_xO_3?α (x=0.20, 0.25 and 0.30) ceramics with a perovskite‐type orthorhombic structure were prepared by the conventional solid‐state reaction. Their conduction was studied in wet hydrogen, wet air and dry air atmospheres by various electrochemical methods including AC impedance spectroscopy, isotope effect, electrochemical hydrogen pumping, steam concentration cells and oxygen concentration cells from 873 to1273 K. Proton conduction was confirmed directly by an electrochemical hydrogen‐pumping experiment. The hydrogen evolution rates coincided with theoretical ones calculated from Faraday's law, indicating that in hydrogen atmosphere the charge carriers were predominantly protons. Isotope effect confirmed the ceramic samples possessed proton conduction under water vapor‐containing atmosphere. In wet air atmosphere, the samples were found to be mixed (proton+oxide ion+hole) conductors, and in dry air atmosphere to be mixed (oxide ion+hole) conductors. These results were different from the reports that BaO‐ and MgO‐doped LaGaO₃ ceramics were mixed conductors of oxide ion and electron hole in O₂ and air; whereas they were oxide ion conductors in N₂ and H₂ atmospheres.     

Die Rottegradbestimmung von Kompost in Dewar-Gefäβen — Eine Kalorimetrische Interpretation

Composting technologies rely on standard methods for quality determination. The maturity of a compost is assayed by self-heating experiments in Dewar-vessels. The resulting maximum temperature is classified on a five-level scale. This study demonstrated systematic errors that might occur when assays are performed in Dewars of different size. The vessels were characterized as heat conduction calorimeters and the processes of biochemical decomposition and heat generation and autothermic effects (temperature) were evaluated quantitatively.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Electrical Properties of Sol-Gel Processed Amorphous BaTiO3 Thin Films

BaTiO₃ thin films were prepared on single crystal silicon (1 0 0) and platinum substrates by sol-gel technique. Amorphous films with thickness uniformity were obtained by spinning the solution at 3000 rpm for 30 s and by post-deposition annealing at 400°C. The films exhibited good dielectric and insulating properties. The dielectric constant and dissipation factor at a frequency of 100 kHz were 17 and 0.20, respectively, for 1400 Å thick film on platinum substrate (MIM). The corresponding values were 16 and 0.015 for films on Si (MIS). Dielectric properties were also studied as functions of frequency and voltage. The C-V curve for MIS structure exhibited a hysteresis. The density of interface states recharged during the bias cycle in hysteresis measurement was estimated to be of the order of 2.10 × 10¹¹ cm^–2 and total oxide charge density was about 4.28 × 10¹¹ cm^–2. I-V measurements were performed on films of different thicknesses. The leakage current densities at 5 V for the films having thicknesses 1400 and 2800 Å were 0.86 and 0.11 A/cm² respectively. The conduction mechanism is found to be Poole-Frenkel and Schottky mechanisms at low and high fields, respectively.