CH2ClO与NO反应机理的理论研究

采用B3LYP, MP2方法在6-31＋(d,p)和6-311＋＋G(d,p)水平研究了CH₂ClO自由基与NO反应的微观机理, 找到了三个可能的反应通道. 并得到了各反应通道的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的优化构型、谐振频率. 成功地解释了Wu等的实验结论. 从电子密度拓扑分析的角度, 讨论了化学反应过程中化学键的变化规律, 为实验研究大气化学反应提供理论依据. 找到了该反应的结构过渡态(结构过渡区)和能量过渡态, 发现了反应热与结构过渡区之间的关系.     

不饱和类烯H2PBLiF的构型及异构化反应

用HF/6-31G解析梯度方法研究了无机不饱和类烯H2PBLiF的结构,共得到3个平衡构型和2个异构化反应的过渡态构型.动力学分析表明,其中两种平衡构型是它们存在和参加化学反应的基本构型.分析了各平衡构型的结构特点及稳定性,给出了各构型的Mülliken集居数,并简单讨论了2种基本构型的化学活性.     

反应Si+HCl→SiCl+H的直接动力学研究

利用从头算直接动力学方法，研究反应Si HCl→SiCl H的动力学性能，在QCISD／6－311＋G（d,p)和CCSD（T）／aug-cc-pvtz(单点）水平上，得到体系的势能面信息，进而利用变分过渡态理论计算了反应的速率常数及其与温度的关系。计算结果与实验符合得很好。     

化学反应的内禀反应坐标法V. 顺-, 反-氟代乙烯基负离子异构化反应的反应路径解析

本文对顺-, 反-氟代乙烯基负离子异构化反应的反应途径进行了微观动力学解析。在RHF/4-31G水平上优化求得了反应物、过渡态及产物的平衡几何和总能量, 得到了活化能、反应热、A因子及活化熵等一些物理量, 从反应物到过渡态的振动相关表明: 正则振动模式是各自独立的; 键角H(1)-C-C的伸缩振动模式直接与内禀进动(IRC)相连结。这为模式选择化学反应的研究提供了信息。     

化学反应的内禀反应坐标法V. 顺-, 反-氟代乙烯基负离子异构化反应的反应路径解析

本文对顺-, 反-氟代乙烯基负离子异构化反应的反应途径进行了微观动力学解析。在RHF/4-31G水平上优化求得了反应物、过渡态及产物的平衡几何和总能量, 得到了活化能、反应热、A因子及活化熵等一些物理量, 从反应物到过渡态的振动相关表明: 正则振动模式是各自独立的; 键角H(1)-C-C的伸缩振动模式直接与内禀进动(IRC)相连结。这为模式选择化学反应的研究提供了信息。     

转动激发对H＋LiF→HF＋Li的立体动力学影响的理论研究

用准经典轨线方法在Aguado-Paniagua2（AP2）势能面上计算了反应物转动量子态对H＋LiF→HF＋Li反应立体动力学的影响. 给出了关于产物和反应物之间矢量相关的P（μr）和P（ár）的分布情况. 同时计算了四个极化微分反应截面. 结果表明转动量子态对H＋LiF→HF＋Li反应的矢量性质有很大影响. 还计算了H＋LiF→HF＋Li反应的反应几率.     

CH3SH与NO2的反应机理及动力学

在G3B3, CCSD(T)/6-311＋＋G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-311＋＋G(d,p)水平上详细研究了CH3SH与基态NO2的微观反应机理. 在B3LYP/6-311＋＋G(d,p)水平得到了反应势能面上所有反应物、过渡态和产物的优化构型, 通过振动频率分析和内禀反应坐标(IRC)跟踪验证了过渡态与反应物和产物的连接关系. 在CCSD(T)/6-311＋＋G(d,p)和G3B3水平计算了各物种的能量, 得到了反应势能面. 利用经典过渡态理论(TST)与变分过渡态理论(CVT)并结合小曲率隧道效应模型(SCT), 分别计算了在200～3000 K温度范围内的速率常数kTST, kCVT和kCVT/SCT. 研究结果表明, 该反应体系共存在5个反应通道, 其中N进攻巯基上H原子生成CH3S＋HNO2的通道活化势垒较低, 为主要反应通道. 动力学数据也表明, 该通道在200～3000 K计算温度范围内占绝对优势, 拟合得到的速率常数表达式为k1CVT/SCT＝1.93×10－16T0.21exp(－558.2/T) cm3&;#8226;molecule－1&;#8226;s－1.     

伯胺N1923和三苯基氧化膦萃取金(Ⅲ)的动力学 Ⅰ.一元萃取剂体系萃取AuCl_4~-

研究了伯胺N1923和三苯基氧化膦(TPPO)两个一元萃取剂体系从盐酸介质中萃取AuCl_4~-的动力学.认为两体系的萃取速率均受界面化学反应控制;得到298K时两体系萃取反应的速率常数;计算出萃取反应的活化能.     

气相质子转移反应中热化学和动力学的关系

质子键合的分子簇的离子－分子反应中的热化学和动力学关系的考察结果表明：对于非烷基锁闭的分子簇,如（C2H5OH）nH＋（5＝1-3）和（CH3OH）3H＋;与中性碱B的质子转移反应,属快速反应,其反应效率r是由总反应的自由能变化△γGm控制,而与反应过渡态的本质无关。那些反应可能存在两个中间体,因电子转移导致质子从分子簇内部转移到中性碱,进而导致二个或三个溶剂分子的直接蒸发;烷基锁闭的质子键合的二聚体,如（CH3CN）2H＋,（CH3OCH3）2H＋,（CH3COCH3）2H＋和（C3COOCH3）2H＋,与中性碱的质子转移反应,其效率远小于1;与总反应的△γGm无关     

无机不饱和类烯H~2NBLiF的构型及异构化反应的理论研究

用HF/D95^*^*解析梯度方法研究了无机不饱和类烯H~2NBLiF的结构,共得到4个平衡构型和3个异构化反应的过渡态构型。动力学分析表明,其中两种平衡构型是它们存在和参加化学反应的基本构型。分析了各平衡构型的结构特点及稳定性,给出了各构型的Mulliken集居数,并简单讨论了两种基本构型的化学活性。     

The state-to-state-to-state model for direct chemical reactions: application to D+H2-->HD+H

A simple theoretical model is developed to predict the state-to-state dynamics of direct chemical reactions. Motivated by traditional ideas from transition state theory, expressions are derived for the reactive S matrix that may be computed using the local transition state dynamics. The key approximation involves the use of quantum bottleneck states to represent the near separable dynamics taking place near the transition state. Explicit expressions for the S matrix are obtained using a Franck-Condon treatment for the inelastic coupling between internal states of the collision complex. It is demonstrated that the energetic thresholds for various initial reagent states of the D+H(2) reaction can be understood in terms of our theory. Specifically, the helicity of the reagent states are found to correlate directly to the symmetry of the quantum bottleneck states, which thus possess very different thresholds. Furthermore, the rotational product state distributions for D+H(2) are found to be associated with interfering pathways through the quantum bottleneck states.     

基元化学反应态态动力学研究

化学反应动力学是化学领域最基础的学科之一,量子态分辨的基元化学反应动力学在最为基本的原子与分子的层次上对化学反应的机制提供深刻的理解。该领域的科学家们通过精心设计的实验和高精度的理论计算,使得态态反应动力学在过去的半个多世纪中取得了长足的进步,实验和理论的相互结合极大地促进了我们对化学反应本质的认识。本文从实验研究的角度,通过对实验技术的发展和对H₂O光解离、H+H₂、F+H₂、Cl+H₂、OH+H₂、F+CH₄等具体实例的态态动力学研究的简介,概况介绍了过去二十年里态态化学反应动力学研究所取得的进展,希望借此为读者提供对化学反应动力学领域的一个概略认识。     

Rate Coefficients of Roaming Reaction H+MgH Using Ring Polymer Molecular Dynamics

The ring-polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) was used to calculate the thermal rate coefficients of the multi-channel roaming reaction H+MgH→Mg+H₂. Two reaction channels, tight and roaming, are explicitly considered. This is a pioneering attempt of exerting RPMD method to multi-channel reactions. With the help of a newly developed optimization-interpolation protocol for preparing the initial structures and adaptive protocol for choosing the force constants, we have successfully obtained the thermal rate coefficients. The results are consistent with those from other theoretical methods, such as variational transition state theory and quantum dynamics. Especially, RPMD results exhibit negative temperature dependence, which is similar to the results from variational transition state theory but different from the ones from ground state quantum dynamics calculations.     

Probing state-to-state reaction dynamics using H-atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight spectroscopy

In the last decade or so, the H-atom Rydberg tagging time-of-flight (HRTOF) technique has made a significant impact in the study of state-to-state reaction dynamics, and especially in the study of transition state dynamics of elementary chemical reactions and quantum state resolved dynamics of molecular photodissociation of important molecules. In this perspective, we will discuss mainly the state-to-state dynamics of three important elementary reactions: H + H(2), O((1)D) + H(2) and F + H(2) that have been studied in our laboratory in recent years using the HRTOF method. In addition, we will also mention briefly the experimental results of other reactive systems. In the end, we will also present a brief research outlook in the study of molecular reaction dynamics using this powerful experimental method.     

Bimolecular reaction rates from ring polymer molecular dynamics: application to H + CH4 → H2 + CH3

In a recent paper, we have developed an efficient implementation of the ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) method for calculating bimolecular chemical reaction rates in the gas phase, and illustrated it with applications to some benchmark atom-diatom reactions. In this paper, we show that the same methodology can readily be used to treat more complex polyatomic reactions in their full dimensionality, such as the hydrogen abstraction reaction from methane, H + CH(4) → H(2) + CH(3). The present calculations were carried out using a modified and recalibrated version of the Jordan-Gilbert potential energy surface. The thermal rate coefficients obtained between 200 and 2000 K are presented and compared with previous results for the same potential energy surface. Throughout the temperature range that is available for comparison, the RPMD approximation gives better agreement with accurate quantum mechanical (multiconfigurational time-dependent Hartree) calculations than do either the centroid density version of quantum transition state theory (QTST) or the quantum instanton (QI) model. The RPMD rate coefficients are within a factor of 2 of the exact quantum mechanical rate coefficients at temperatures in the deep tunneling regime. These results indicate that our previous assessment of the accuracy of the RPMD approximation for atom-diatom reactions remains valid for more complex polyatomic reactions. They also suggest that the sensitivity of the QTST and QI rate coefficients to the choice of the transition state dividing surface becomes more of an issue as the dimensionality of the reaction increases.     

CH2XH→CH3X (X＝O, S, Se)异构化的量子拓扑研究

利用从头算和量子拓扑方法讨论了CH₂XH→CH₃X (X＝O, S, Se)异构化过程的反应机理. 着重从电子密度拓扑分析计算了反应进程中的各点, 讨论了反应进程中键的断裂和生成, 上述反应都经历了三元环过渡结构, 找到了这类反应的"能量过渡态"和"结构过渡态", 且结构过渡态均在能量过渡态之后出现. 三元结构过渡态结构出现的范围与反应热成正比.     

Ab initio rate constants from hyperspherical quantum scattering: application to H+C2H6 and H+CH3OH

The dynamics and kinetics of the abstraction reactions of H atoms with ethane and methanol have been studied using a quantum mechanical procedure. Bonds being broken and formed are treated with explicit hyperspherical quantum dynamics. The ab initio potential energy surfaces for these reactions have been developed from a minimal number of grid points (average of 48 points) and are given by analytical functionals. All the degrees of freedom except the breaking and forming bonds are optimized using the second order perturbation theory method with a correlation consistent polarized valence triple zeta basis set. Single point energies are calculated on the optimized geometries with the coupled cluster theory and the same basis set. The reaction of H with C2H6 is endothermic by 1.5 kcal/mol and has a vibrationally adiabatic barrier of 12 kcal/mol. The reaction of H with CH3OH presents two reactive channels: the methoxy and the hydroxymethyl channels. The former is endothermic by 0.24 kcal/mol and has a vibrationally adiabatic barrier of 13.29 kcal/mol, the latter reaction is exothermic by 7.87 kcal/mol and has a vibrationally adiabatic barrier of 8.56 kcal/mol. We report state-to-state and state-selected cross sections together with state-to-state rate constants for the title reactions. Thermal rate constants for these reactions exhibit large quantum tunneling effects when compared to conventional transition state theory results. For H+CH3OH, it is found that the CH2OH product is the dominant channel, and that the CH3O channel contributes just 2% at 500 K. For both reactions, rate constants are in good agreement with some measurements.     

激发态Ti＋(3d14s2)与丙炔醇气相反应理论研究

用量子化学密度泛函(DFT)方法研究了激发态Ti^＋(3d¹4s²)与丙炔醇(PPA)气相反应的机理. 在B3LYP/DZVP水平上, 优化了反应的两个通道的反应物、中间体、过渡态和产物的几何构型, 并在MP4/[6-311＋G**(C,H,O)＋Lanl2dz (Ti)]水平上计算了各驻点的单点能量. 为了确证过渡态的真实性, 在B3LYP/DZVP水平上进行了内禀坐标(IRC)计算和频率分析, 获得了二重态反应势能面, 确定了反应机理. 研究结果表明生成产物为[C₃H₃O]^＋和Ti—H的通道是主要反应途径.     

A quantum theory of chemical processes and reaction rates based on diabatic electronic functions coupled in an external field

The method discussed in this work provides a theoretical framework where simple chemical reactions resemble any other standard quantum process, i.e., a transition in quantum state mediated by the electromagnetic field. In our approach, quantum states are represented as a superposition of electronic diabatic basis functions, whose amplitudes can be modulated by the field and by the external control of nuclear configurations. Using a one-dimensional three-state model system, we show how chemical structure and dynamics can be represented in terms of these control parameters, and propose an algorithm to compute the reaction probabilities. Our analysis of effective energy barriers generalizes previous ideas on structural similarity between reactant, and product, and transition states using the geometry of conventional reaction paths. In the present context, exceptions to empirical rules such as the Hammond postulate appear as effects induced by the environment that supplies the external field acting on the quantum system.