State space theory of linear time-invariant systems with delays in state,control, and observation variables,II

We study a coupled mathematical system which provides a good model for important families of linear time-invariant hereditary systems: delay-differential equations, integrodifferential equations, Volterra-Stieltjes integral equations, functional differential equations of retarded and neutral types, etc. Appropriate states are constructed and associated semigroups and abstract differential equations are obtained. We emphasize the structural operator approach as in Delfour and Manitius. Control operators are added to the coupled mathematical system allowing delays in the control variables. Again structural operators are introduced to define the state and obtain abstract differential equations without delays in the control variable as in the work of Vinter and Kwong. Finally observation operators are added which allow for delays in the observation variable. Again a new state and a state equations are constructed in such a way that no delay appear in the new observation operator as in the recent work of D. Salamon.     

An examination of the homentropic Euler equations with averaged characteristics

This paper examines the properties of the homentropic Euler equations when the characteristics of the equations have been spatially averaged. The new equations are referred to as the characteristically averaged homentropic Euler (CAHE) equations. An existence and uniqueness proof for the modified equations is given. The speed of shocks for the CAHE equations are determined. The Riemann problem is examined and a general form of the solutions is presented. Finally, numerically simulations on the homentropic Euler and CAHE equations are conducted and the behaviors of the two sets of equations are compared.     

On RF-pairs, Bäcklund transformations and linearization of nonlinear equations

Some classes of nonlinear equations of mathematical physics are described that admit order reduction through the use of a hydrodynamic-type transformation, where the unknown function is taken as a new independent variable and an appropriate partial derivative is taken as the new dependent variable. RF-pairs and associated Bäcklund transformations are constructed for evolution equations of general form. The results obtained are used for order reduction of hydrodynamic equations (Navier-Stokes and boundary layer) and constructing exact solutions to these equations. A generalized Calogero equation and a number of other new linearizable nonlinear differential equations of the second, third and forth orders are considered. Some integro-differential equations are analyzed.     

The Cauchy Problem for Partial Difference Equations

We want to discuss partial difference equations, first of all with respect to the existence and uniqueness of their solution. These equations are considered with solutions on arbitrary subsets of the n-dimensional grid Zn. The basic theorem enables one to formulate the Cauchy problem for such equations. The solution is proven to be recursively computable for partial difference equations under very mild restrictions. (Variable coefficients for linear equations, systems of equations as well as nonlinear equations are not excluded.) The construction of solutions presented here also allows for some qualitative conclusions, such as boundedness of solutions.     

The general equations of analytical dynamics

It is shown that the generalized Poincaré and Chetayev equations, which represent the equations of motion of mechanical systems using a certain closed system of infinitesimal linear operators, are related to the fundamental equations of analytical dynamics. Equations are derived in quasi-coordinates for the case of redundant variables; it is shown that when an energy integral exists the operator X₀ = ∂/∂t satisfies the Chetayev cyclic-displacement conditions. Using the energy integral the order of the system of equations of motion is reduced, and generalized Jacobi-Whittaker equations are derived from the Chetayev equations. It is shown that the Poincaré-Chetayev equations are equivalent to a number of equations of motion of non-holonomic systems, in particular, the Maggi, Volterra, Kane, and so on, equations. On the basis of these, and also of other previously obtained results, the Poincaré and Chetayev equations in redundant variables, applicable both to holonomic and non-holonomic systems, can be regarded as general equations of classical dynamics, equivalent to the well-known fundamental forms of the equations of motion, a number of which follow as special cases from the Poincaré and Chetayev equations.     

Asymptotic Expansions and Influence Coefficients for Edge-Loaded Conical Shells

The equations of linear elasticity for rotationally symmetric deformations are expanded using a small parameter related to the thickness to radius of curvature ratio of the shell to obtain the classical thin shell equations of conical shells as a first approximation. These classical equations with variable coefficients permit further asymptotic expansions in the cases of steep as well as shallow cones, yielding systems of equations with constant coefficients. Solutions of these equations are used to compute the influence coefficients relating edge loads and edge displacements.     

The painlevé property and coordinate transformations

In this paper, the question of conserving the Painlevé property of partial differential equations via coordinate transformations between partial differential equations is studied. Also, the effects of some types of transformations, like ordinary Bäcklund as well as auto-Bäcklund transformations of partial differential equations, are shown as well. Some features and comments, concerning higher order prolongations of these transformations as well as of the partial differential equations themselves, are given.     

Stability and boundedness of solutions of Stieltjes Differential Equations

Dynamical equations on time scales are formulated by means of Stieltjes differential equations, which, depending on the time integrator, include ordinary differential equations and difference equations as well as mixtures of both. Explicit conditions for the boundedness and stability of solutions are presented here for linear and nonlinear Stieltjes differential equations. In addition, the continuous dependence of solutions on the time integrator is established by means of a Gronwall-like inequality for equations with different time integrators.     

A general method for writing the dynamical equations of nonholonomic systems with ideal constraints

The basic notions of the dynamics of nonholonomic systems are revisited in order to give a general and simple method for writing the dynamical equations for linear as well as non-linear kinematical constraints. The method is based on the representation of the constraints by parametric equations, which are interpreted as dynamical equations, and leads to first-order differential equations in normal form, involving the Lagrangian coordinates and auxiliary variables (the use of Lagrangian multipliers is avoided). Various examples are illustrated.      

The quasi-stationary Maxwell equations as singular limit of the complete equations: The quasi-linear case

The quasi-stationary Maxwell equations are considered as the time-singular limit of the complete equations at the vanishing of the dielectric constant. Uniformly stable solutions of the complete equations are constructed, and their convergence to a solution of the quasi-stationary equations is proved and estimated.     

The solubility of certain p-adic equations

Estimates are given for the number of variables required to solve p-adic equations. In particular, systems of homogeneous and of inhomogeneous additive equations, as well as single homogeneous equations in general, are studied.     

First and second order linear dynamic equations on time scales

We consider first and second order linear dynamic equations on a time scale. Such equations contain as special cases differential equations, difference equationsq— difference equations, and others. Important properties of the exponential function for a time scale are presented, and we use them to derive solutions of first and second order linear dyamic equations with constant coefficients. Wronskians are used to study equations with non—constant coefficients. We consider the reduction of order method as well as the method of variation of constants for the nonhomogeneous case. Finally, we use the exponential function to present solutions of the Euler—Cauchy dynamic equation on a time scale.     

Chaplygin气体Euler方程组的轴对称解

构造了两维Chaplygin气体Euler方程组的三参数、自相似的弱解.在自相似和轴对称的假设下,两维Chaplygin气体Euler方程组可以化为无穷远边值的常微分方程组,由此得到了解的存在性和解的结构.与多方气体不同的是Chaplygin气体的Euler方程组是完全线性退化的.即使在轴向速度大于零的时候解也会出现间断现象.这些解展示了宇宙演化过程中的一些现象,例如黑洞的形成与演化以及宇宙的暴涨和膨胀.     

A Type of General Forward-Backward Stochastic Differential Equations and Applications

The authors discuss one type of general forward-backward stochastic differential equations (FBSDEs) with It?o’s stochastic delayed equations as the forward equations and anticipated backward stochastic differential equations as the backward equations. The existence and uniqueness results of the general FBSDEs are obtained. In the framework of the general FBSDEs in this paper, the explicit form of the optimal control for linearquadratic stochastic optimal control problem with delay and the Nash equilibrium point for nonzero sum differential games problem with delay are obtained.     

The study of dual integral equations with generalized Legendre functions

Closed form solutions for dual integral equations involving generalized Legendre functions as kernels are obtained. Connected to these dual integral equations an exact solution for dual integral equations involving sine functions as kernels is also obtained. Properties of generalized Legendre functions and the inversion theorem for the generalized Mehler-Fock transforms are used to obtain the solution of dual integral equations     

Galois groups of some vectorial polynomials

Previously nice vectorial equations were constructed having various finite classical groups as Galois groups. Here such equations are constructed for the remaining classical groups. The previous equations were genus zero equations. The present equations are strong genus zero.

     

State space theory of linear time invariant systems with delays in state,control, and observation variables,I

Part I of this paper studies a coupled mathematical system which provides a good model for important families of linear time-invariant hereditary systems: delay-differential equations, integro-differential equations, Volterra-Stieltjes integral equations, functional differential equations of retarded and neutral types, etc. Appropriate states are constructed and associated semigroups and abstract differential equations are obtained. In Part II we emphasize the structural operator approach as in Delfour and Manitius. Control operators are added to the coupled mathematical system allowing delays in the control variables. Again structural operators are introduced to define the state and obtain abstract differential equations without delays in the control variable as in the work of Vinter and Kwong. Finally observation operators are added which allow for delays in the observation variable and delayed control variables in the observation equation. Again a new state and a state equations are constructed in such a way that no delay appears in the new observation operator thus generalizing the construction of A. Pritchard and D. Salamon.     

SINGULAR INTEGRAL EQUATIONS ALONG AN OPEN ARC WITH SOLUTIONS HAVING SINGULARITIES OF HIGHER ORDER

In this paper, the difficulties on calculation in solving singular integral equations are overcome when the restriction of curve of integration to be a closed contour is cancelled. When the curve is an open arc and the solutions for singular integral equations possess singularities of higher order, the solution and the solvable condition for characteristic equations as well as the generalized Noether theorem for complete equations are given.     

The Theory of Linear G-Difference Equations

We introduce the notion of difference equations defined on a structured set. The symmetry group of the structure determines the set of difference operators. All main notions in the theory of difference equations are introduced as invariants of the action of the symmetry group. Linear equations are modules over the skew group algebra, solutions are morphisms relating a given equation to other equations, symmetries of an equation are module endomorphisms, and conserved structures are invariants in the tensor algebra of the given equation.We show that the equations and their solutions can be described through representations of the isotropy group of the symmetry group of the underlying set. We relate our notion of difference equation and solutions to systems of classical difference equations and their solutions and show that out notions include these as a special case.     

Multidimensional nonlinear wave equations with multivalued solutions

We present the theory of breaking waves in nonlinear systems whose dynamics and spatial structure are described by multidimensional nonlinear hyperbolic wave equations. We obtain a general relation between systems of first-order quasilinear equations and nonlinear hyperbolic equations of higher orders, which, in particular, describe electromagnetic waves in a medium with nonlinear polarization of an arbitrary form. We use this approach to construct exact multivalued solutions of such equations and to study their spatial structure and dynamics. The results are generalized to a wide class of multidimensional equations such as d’Alembert equations, nonlinear Klein-Gordon equations, and nonlinear telegraph equations.