Thermal properties of compressed expanded graphite: photothermal measurements

The thermal diffusivity and the thermal conductivity of compressed expanded graphite (CEG) samples were investigated by photothermal measurements in two geometries differing by a place of temperature disturbance detection. This disturbance can be detected on a surface opposite to the one at which the disturbance was generated (rear detection) or on the same surface (front detection). A measurement based on the rear detection allowed us to determine the effective thermal diffusivity of the sample, while the method with front detection gives the possibility of analysis of homogeneity of the sample. It is shown that the thermal diffusivity of CEG strongly depends on its apparent density. Moreover, CEG samples reveal anisotropy of the thermal properties. The thermal diffusivity in the direction parallel to the compacting axis is lower than the one in the direction perpendicular to it. The parallel thermal diffusivity decreases with growing apparent density, while the perpendicular thermal diffusivity significantly grows when the apparent density grows. The perpendicular thermal conductivity exhibits the same behavior as the perpendicular thermal diffusivity. The parallel thermal conductivity slightly grows with growing density and then reaches a plateau. The anisotropy of CEG samples grows with growing apparent density and vanishes for low-density samples. The photothermal measurement with front signal detection revealed that the CEG samples are non-homogeneous in the direction of the compacting axis and can be modeled by a two-layer system.     

Magnetic structure of graphite ribbon

Anoble mechanism of spin polarization is proposed for finite graphite sheet with edge. For graphite ribbon with zigzag edge, there appear peculiar ‘edge states’. These localized states comprise nearly flat band at the Fermi level, which easily causes magnetic instability. Magnetic structure is suggested from Hartree-Fock analysis of the Hubbard model, where huge magnetic moments are induced at around both of edges by weak HubbardU and are coupled antiferromagnetically with each other.     

Electronic structure of lithium graphite

X-ray photoemission spectra of vacuum cleaved LiC₆, prepared from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, provide a direct measure of the filling of the graphite π bands by electrons from Li. The resulting Fermi energy shift is in agreement with recent band structure calculations and indicates near unity charge transfer from Li. Core level spectra exhibit shifts compatible with the expected charge transger and line shapes showing strong asymmetries resulting from the metallic character of this compound.     

Electronic structure of graphite nanopipes

A recursion method is used for calculating the electron-state density n(E) of carbon in diamond, graphite, C₆₀ fullerene, and graphite nanopipes of various structures and diameters. The calculated n(E) for diamond, graphite, and fullerene are compared with experimental data. The distinctive features of the electron-state density n(E) in graphite nanopipes are discussed. Fiz. Tverd. Tela (St. Petersburg) 39, 1118–1121 (June 1997)     

On the electronic structure of graphite

Comprehending investigations of the electronic structure of polycrystalline as well as monocrystalline graphite have been performed by means of X-ray emission, self absorption and X-ray induced photoemission techniques. On the basis of these combined investigations a model for the determination of the relative cross sections for the photoemission process has been established and applied to graphite, where it yields _s / _p =32. The anisotropy and polarization of the CK-radiation of monocrystalline graphite is discussed in terms of the binding properties of the graphite lattice. The predictions are verified by measurements of the CK-emission employing a crystal monochromator which acts simultaneously as a nearly perfect analyzer for the polarization of the monochromatized radiation. By means of the self absorption technique the unoccupied part of the conduction band has been investigated.     

Transformation of graphite structure under mechanical grinding

Using x-ray diffractometry and computer simulation, the process of graphite structure transformation under mechanical grinding is investigated. It is established that all of main structural parameters vary over grinding time and are interrelated. The major parameter, whose variation affects the changes of the other, is the average size of the regions of coherent scattering along the crystallographic axis a, L_a. Reduction in the grain size is the main change under mechanical grinding, the change in the lattice parameters being its consequence. __________ Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 8, pp. 29–34, August, 2006.     

Exploiting the wavelet structure in compressed sensing MRI

Sparsity has been widely utilized in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to reduce k-space sampling. According to structured sparsity theories, fewer measurements are required for tree sparse data than the data only with standard sparsity. Intuitively, more accurate image reconstruction can be achieved with the same number of measurements by exploiting the wavelet tree structure in MRI. A novel algorithm is proposed in this article to reconstruct MR images from undersampled k-space data. In contrast to conventional compressed sensing MRI (CS-MRI) that only relies on the sparsity of MR images in wavelet or gradient domain, we exploit the wavelet tree structure to improve CS-MRI. This tree-based CS-MRI problem is decomposed into three simpler subproblems then each of the subproblems can be efficiently solved by an iterative scheme. Simulations and in vivo experiments demonstrate the significant improvement of the proposed method compared to conventional CS-MRI algorithms, and the feasibleness on MR data compared to existing tree-based imaging algorithms.     

Crystal structure of ice accretions

Summary The crystal size in accretions grown in an icing wind tunnel at ambient temperatures −18≥T _a ≥−27°C and different substrate temperatureT _s <0°C is studied. For constantT _s the mean area of crystal sections shows an approximately exponential dependence onT _a which may be written as , where ΔT≃−T _a represents the droplet supercooling. On the other hand, for fixedT _a , the crystal size is observed to decrease markedly withT _s . By considering previous results on the orientation of crystals forming the accretions, it is shown that the value of the mean angle formed by the crystalc-axis with the growth direction depends as well both onT _a andT _s . The exponential dependence of andT _a and the observed correspondence between the behaviour of and are correlated with a nucleation mechanism, accompanied by a process of orientation selection, which would be responsible of both the crystal size and the orientation. The application of the crystal structure analysis to the determination of the growth conditions of hailstones is discussed.

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Riassunto Si studia la dimensione di un cristallo in accrezioni cresciute in una galleria a vento congelante a temperature ambienti −18≥T _a ≥−27 °C e diversa temperatura di substratoT _s <0 °C. PerT _s costante, l’area media delle sezioni di cristallo mostra una dipendenza daT _a approssimativamente esponenziale che potrebbe essere scritta così: , dove ΔT≃−T _a rappresenta il superraffreddamento della gocciolina. D’altra parte, perT _a fisso, si osserva che la dimensione del cristallo decresce marcatamente conT _s . Considerando precedenti risultati sull’orientamento dei cristalli che formano le accrezioni, si mostra che anche il valore dell’angolo medio formato dall’assec del cristallo con la direzione di accrescimento dipende sia daT _a che daT _s . La dipendenza esponenziale di daT _a e la corrispondenza osservata tra il comportamento di e di sono collegate con il meccanismo di nucleazione, accompagnato da un processo di selezione dell’orientamento, che dovrebbe essere responsabile sia della dimensione che dell’orientamento del cristallo. Si discute l’applicazione dell’analisi della struttura del cristallo alla determinzione delle condizioni di accrescimento dei chicchi di grandine.

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To speed up publication, the authors of this paper has agreed to not receive the proofs for correction.

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Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas.     

Crystal structure of N-m-tolyl phthalimide

N-m-tolyl phthalimide, C₁₅NO₂H₁₁ crystallizes in the space group Cc with unit cell dimensions,a=8·54(1),b=19·89(2),c = 7·59(1)A, β=114·53(1)° andZ=4.V=1173(2)A³,D _m =1·35(1),D _c = 1·344 mg.m⁻³,M _r =237 λCoK_a=1·7903A. The structure was solved byMULTAN and refined to an R-factor of 0·116 for 632 counter reflections. The molecules are held together by van der Waal’s forces. The angle between the tolyl plane and the plane through the phthalimide group is 53·4(4)°. Contribution No. 607.     

Crystal structure of diserinesulfate monohydrate

The crystal structure of DL-Serine H₂SO₄ · H₂O is determined by single-crystal x-ray diffraction. The intensities of x-ray reflections are measured at three temperatures, namely, 295, 343, and 233 K. The crystal structure of the studied compound is refined using all three sets of intensities. It is demonstrated that, at a temperature of 233 K, the structure transforms into an incommensurately modulated state. This transformation is assumed to be responsible for the disappearance of the piezoresponse at this temperature.     

Electronic structure of polyacenacene. A one-dimensional graphite

The investigation of the electronic structure of polyacenacene (PAA) has been performed on the basis of the tight-binding SCF-MO (self-consistent field-molecular orbital) method. The predicted skeleton for PAA is of an aromatic structure without the band gap. Hence it can be considered that PAA will show the metallic property. In this connection one could regard PAA as a one-dimensional graphite.     

Electronic structure of diamond/graphite composite nanoparticles

The electronic structure of samples produced by nanodiamond annealing has been examined using ultra-soft X-ray emission and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Analysis of spectra of diamond/graphite composites showed that carbon atoms constituting the nanoparticles are at least in three states: diamond-like state, graphitic-like state and interface carbon, characterized by high electron localization. Comparison between theoretical spectra of the models and experimental spectra suggested the latter states correspond to three-coordinated carbon atoms from diamond surface.     

Self-consistent field electronic structure calculations for compressed magnesium oxide

Recently there have been reports that magnesium oxide and other ionic solids have been converted into metallic conductors when subjected to pressures of about 1 Mbar. Electronic structure calculations for compressed magnesium oxide indicate that the gap between valence and conduction bands does not close until much higher pressures are reached—perhaps around 50 Mbar.     

周期介质膜压缩光栅中的导模共振效应

使用耦合波法以及特征矩阵法计算了周期膜堆结构以及介质压缩光栅的本征值,研究了介质型压缩光栅产生导模共振现象的条件,并计算了导模共振点附近光栅的衍射效率曲线。针对导模共振效应对光栅应用的影响,提出了一种避开该效应的方法。计算结果表明：当介质折射率呈周期变化时,取光栅周期为0.667 μm,深度为0.6 μm时,可以避开导模共振效应。