电化学在ICF靶制备中的新应用

报道了近年来在电解加工技术制备理论密度金属薄膜和电沉积技术制备金属纳米丝阵列材料等领域取得的进展。采用硫酸+甲醇电解液体系获得了表面粗糙度小于30nm的钛膜。采用阳极氧化铝模板电沉积技术制备出长度约10μm、直径约300nm的金纳米丝阵列。主要讨论了电解液配方及电解加工参数的选择,金属纳米丝直径与长度的控制等问题。     

Durability of targets and foils irradiated by intense heavy ion beams in experiments on synthesis of superheavy nuclei

Durability of targets and window foils irradiated by intense heavy ion (HI) beams in the experiments on synthesis of superheavy nuclei, which are carried out in Dubna with Gas-Filled Recoil Separator (DGFRS), has been viewed in various ways. High fluxes of HI and heat generations, which are realized within relatively small areas and thicknesses of these elements of DGFRS, are inherent in such experiments. The lifetimes of the targets and window foils are estimated as the result of HI beam actions such as radiation damages, sputtering and evaporation of atoms. The most critical processes determining the durability of the targets and window foils are discussed. The processes of heat transfer due to thermal conductivity, convection and radiation are also considered from the point of view of possible ways of cooling of the elements irradiated by an intense HI beam. Temperatures of the targets and window foils as functions of time are calculated in the conditions of their pulse heating by the beam followed by radiative cooling of their surfaces. Such pulsing mode is realized in the DGFRS operation with the rotation of target and window foils irradiated by a continuous HI beam. Estimates show that radiative cooling in such conditions can be the most effective way of heat removal at the temperature of several hundred degrees. Such temperature can be reached on the surfaces of the target and window foils irradiated by HI beams at the intensity ~10¹³ s^–1.     

基于箍缩装置的高能量密度物理实验研究进展

基于脉冲功率技术的箍缩装置能够在cm空间尺度和百ns时间尺度产生极端的高温、高压、高密度以及强辐射环境。中物院流体物理研究所在已建成的10 MA级的大型箍缩装置上开展多种负载构型的高能量密度物理实验研究。利用Z箍缩动态黑腔创造出了惯性约束聚变研究所需的高温辐射场;研究了金属箔套筒和固体套筒的内爆动力学特性;利用中低Z材料内爆获得了可观的K壳层线辐射并用于X射线热-力学效应实验研究;磁驱动准等熵加载和冲击加载为材料动态特性研究提供了新的实验能力;采用环形二极管和反射三极管技术的轫致辐射源获得了高剂量（率）的X射线和γ射线;利用磁驱动的径向金属箔模拟了天体物理中恒星射流的形成及其辐射的产生。此外,还介绍了利用反场构型磁化靶聚变装置开展的预加热磁化等离子体靶形成等实验结果。     

Investigation of the effect of plasma waves excitation on target normal sheath ion acceleration using fs laser‐irradiating hydrogenated structures

Measurements of ion acceleration in polymethylmethacrylate foils covered by a thin copper film irradiated by fs laser in target normal sheath acceleration regime are presented. The ion acceleration depends on the laser parameters, such as the pulse energy; depends on the irradiation conditions, such as the focal point position of the laser with respect to the target surface; and depends on the target properties, such as the metallic film thickness. The proton acceleration increases in the presence of the metallic film enhancing the plasma electron density, reaching about 1.6 MeV energy for a focal position on the target surface. The plasma diagnostics uses SiC detectors, absorber foils, Faraday cups, and gafchromic films. Employing p‐polarized laser light and a suitable oblique incidence, it is possible to increase the proton acceleration up to about 2.0 MeV thanks to the effects of laser absorption resonance due to plasma waves excitation.     

H3+团簇离子的实验研究

报道了H+ 3 离子通过碳膜后 ,在其中产生的各种微量产物的测量结果 ,讨论了离子与碳膜作用中的电荷交换过程 ,分析了这些微量产物的形成机理 ,证明在产物的形成中电荷交换过程起关键作用 ,研究了离子与碳膜作用中的团簇效应和尾流效应. The yields of H -, H, H 2, H + 2 and H + 3 for H + 3 ions passing through carbon foils have been measured respectively.The results show that the charge exchange process in the interaction of Hydrogen ions with carbon foils plays a key role in the formation of these products. The cluster effects and wake effect of H + 2 and H + 3 ions in carbon foils are also discussed.     

Experimental study of the acceleration of protons emitted from thin foils irradiated by ultrahigh-contrast laser pulses

Experimental results are presented for proton acceleration from the back of a target irradiated by laser pulses with intensities up to 2 × 10¹⁹ W/cm² generated by the SOKOL-P facility. The proton acceleration efficiency increases with decreasing of the target thickness. However, thin targets are destroyed by the amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) prepulse before the main pulse arrival. An additional optical switch based on a Pockels cell has been used in the amplification section to carry out the experiments with ultrathin foils. As a result, the energy contrast with respect to the ASE prepulse has been increased up to 4 × 10⁶. Owing to high contrast, the experiments on studying proton acceleration from foils with thicknesses less than 100 nm have been carried out.     

氢离子与碳膜相互作用的实验研究

此文报道了H+、H+2和H+3离子通过碳膜后,在其中产生的各种微量产物的测量结果.讨论了离子与碳膜作用中的电荷交换过程.分析了这些微量产物的形成机理.实验证明在产物的形成中电荷交换过程起关键作用.研究了离子与碳膜作用中的团簇效应和尾流效应.     

Laser-foil acceleration of high-energy protons in small-scale plasma gradients

Proton beams laser accelerated from thin foils are studied for various plasma gradients on the foil rear surface. The beam maximum energy and spectral slope reduce with the gradient scale length, in good agreement with numerical simulations. The results also show that the jxB mechanism determines the temperature of the electrons driving the ion expansion. Future ion-driven fast ignition of fusion targets will use multikilojoule petawatt laser pulses, the leading part of which will induce target preheat. Estimates based on the data show that this modifies by less than 10% the ion beam parameters.     

Measurements of electron transport in foils irradiated with a picosecond time scale laser pulse

The heating of solid foils by a picosecond time scale laser pulse has been studied by using x-ray emission spectroscopy. The target material was plastic foil with a buried layer of a spectroscopic tracer material. The laser pulse length was either 0.5 or 2 ps, which resulted in a laser irradiance that varied over the range 10(16)-10(19) W/cm(2). Time-resolved measurements of the buried layer emission spectra using an ultrafast x-ray streak camera were used to infer the density and temperature conditions as a function of laser parameters and depth of the buried layer. Comparison of the data to different models of electron transport showed that they are consistent with a model of electron transport that predicts the bulk of the target heating is due to return currents.     

Laser-assisted growth of microstructures on spatially confined substrates

Laser-assisted growth of microstructures on spatially confined substrates is experimentally studied. The experiments are performed using a copper-vapor laser with pulse duration of 20 ns, and repetition rate of 7.5 kHz. Ropes made of Ni-Cr wires with diameter of 50-100 μm, as well as the edge of 50 μm thick Ni foils were exposed to multiple laser pulses. The morphology of structures that grow on these targets drastically differs from periodic array of micro-cones observed on semi-infinite targets made of the same materials. In case of wires the structures have radial symmetry and do not show any periodicity, while in case of a foil the periodic structures are aligned along its edges. The model of micro-structures formation in spatially confined conditions is elaborated based on the numerical solution of the heat conduction and hydrodynamics equations. It is shown that boundary conditions imposed by confined target onto melt flow strongly affect the structure morphology. The micro-structure formation is related to the confinement of melt flow under combined action of both capillary forces and gradients of surface tension.     

Anomalous burn-through of thin foils by high-intensity laser radiation

The paper presents results of experiments performed on the Pico facility in which foils were heated by laser radiation, and anomalously fast burn-through of foils by a structured laser beam was detected. Comparison with two-dimensional calculations has allowed us to suggest a tentative mechanism for the effect under investigation. The targets in the experiments were thin aluminum foils of thickness 3 to 40 μm. The flux density of laser radiation on the target surface varied between 10¹³ and 10¹⁴ W/cm². We detected a strong dependence of the transmitted energy on the foil thickness and the shortening of the transmitted laser pulse. Penetration of laser radiation through foils with thicknesses considerably larger than 3 μm has been observed, although it was stated in earlier publications [V. V. Ivanov, A. K. Knyazev, A. V. Kutsenko, et al., Kratk. Soobshch. Fiz. FIAN No. 7–8, 37 (1997)]; A. é. Bugrov, I. N. Burdonskii, V. V. Gol’tsov et al., Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 111, 903 (1997) [JETP 84, 903 (1997)] that, at the laser radiation parameters used in our experiment, the evaporated layer of the foil could not be thicker than 2 μm. Two-dimensional calculations have allowed us to interpret this effect in terms of local “piercing” of the target at spots on the target surface where the radiation intensity has its peaks. The possibility of reducing these peaks by using a symmetrizing prepulse is discussed in the paper. Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 116, 1287–1299 (October 1999)     

Dynamic imaging and hydrodynamics study of high velocity, laser-accelerated thin foil targets using multiframe optical shadowgraphy

The main aim of the study of thin target foil–laser interaction experiments is to understand the physics of hydrodynamics of the foil acceleration, which is highly relevant to inertial confinement fusion (ICF). This paper discusses a simple, inexpensive multiframe optical shadowgraphy diagnostics developed for dynamic imaging of high velocity laser-accelerated target foils of different thicknesses. The diagnostic has a spatial and temporal resolution of 12 μm and 500 ps respectively in the measurements. The target velocity is in the range of 10⁶–10⁷ cm/s. Hydrodynamic efficiency of such targets was measured by energy balance experiments together with the measurement of kinetic energy of the laser-driven targets. Effect of target foil thickness on the hydrodynamics of aluminum foils was studied for determining the optimum conditions for obtaining a directed kinetic energy transfer of the accelerated foil. The diagnostics has also been successfully used to study ablatively accelerated targets of other novel materials.     

Tilted foil polarization of radioactive beam nuclei

Tilted foil polarization has up to now been mostly applied to nuclear reaction products recoiling out of a target traversed by a primary particle beam. Being a universal phenomenon it can be applied equally well to beams of particles, primary or secondary, radioactive or other. There are however some technical considerations arising from the nature of the beam particles. Radioactive beams are associated with ground state nuclei. They usually have low nuclear spin and as a consequence-as will be shown later-low polarization. Secondary beams are usually low in intensity and do not impose any constraints on the foils they traverse; unlike intense primary heavy ion beams which, if they traverse the foils, essentially limit the foil material to carbon. We review here briefly the tilted foil polarization process and then discuss an experiment with an isomer beam. Finally we review experiments with radioactive beams, past, present and planned for the future.     

Effects of in‐target Compton‐scattering in lanthanum fluorescence spectra

A study was made of the continuum adjacent to the Kα₁ and Kα₂ peaks (the ‘shoulder’) in lanthanum fluorescence spectra. The fluorescence was induced by 59.537 keV γ‐rays from a ²⁴¹Am source. The spectra were observed with an La₂O₃‐loaded paraffin target (the ‘La target’). To limit the observations to the scattering in the target, a collimator was used in front of the germanium detector, which strongly reduced the near‐detector scattering. Changes in the shoulder spectra were observed on attaching additional mass to the La target and on changing its orientation with respect to the detector‐to‐target centre‐line. The measurements clearly show that the main cause of the shoulder spectra is the in‐target Compton scattering. A different distribution of mass in the vicinity of the fluorescing atoms with respect to the detector‐to‐target centre‐line results in different probabilities of the observed scattering at all angles. Since the energy of secondary Compton photons is directly related to the scattering angles, different distributions of mass cause changes in the shoulder spectra. Comparison of the calculated and measured shoulder spectra shows good agreement on an absolute scale. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

TDLAS-based open-path laser hygrometer using simple reflective foils as scattering targets

We present a new, very simple to use and very easy to align, inexpensive, robust, mono-static optical hygrometer based on tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) that makes use of very inexpensive reflective foils as scattering targets at the distant side of the absorption path. Various alternative foils as scattering targets were examined concerning their reflective behaviour and their suitability for TDLAS applications. Using a micro prismatic reflection tape as the optimum scattering target we determined absolute water vapour concentrations employing open path TDLAS. With the reflection tape being in a distance of 75?cm to 1?m (i.e., absorption path lengths between 1.5 and 2?m) we detected ambient H₂O concentrations of up to 12,300?ppmv with detectivities of 1?ppm which corresponds to length and bandwidth normalized H₂O detection limits of up to 0.9?ppmv?m/ $ \sqrt {\text{Hz}} $ , which is only a factor of 2 worse than our previous bi-static TDLAS setups (Hunsmann, Appl. Phys. B 92:393?C401, 1). This small sensitivity disadvantage is well compensated for by the simplicity of the spectrometer setup and particularly by its extreme tolerance towards misalignment of the scattering target.     

Formation of tritium in nuclear reactions induced by deuterons and α-particles

Thick-target yields for the formation of tritium have been determined by irradiating stacks of Al, V, Nb and Au foils with deuterons and α-particles up to 50 MeV. The tritium was extracted and counted in a proportional counter. The thick-target yields for the different projectile energies were used to calculate average cross sections for the formation of tritium. The results are compared with the predictions of the precompound-compound model.     

Analytical model for ion acceleration by high-intensity laser pulses

We present a general expression for the maximum ion energy observed in experiments with thin foils irradiated by high-intensity laser pulses. The analytical model is based on a radially confined surface charge set up by laser accelerated electrons on the target rear side. The only input parameters are the properties of the laser pulse and the target thickness. The predicted maximum ion energy and the optimal laser pulse duration are supported by dedicated experiments for a broad range of different ions.     

Orientation dependence of texture evolution in cold-rolled Ni3Al single crystals

Texture evolutions of cold-rolled thin foils of binary stoichiometric Ni₃Al single crystals were examined as a function of the initial crystal orientation. In the cases of the initial rolling direction (RD) close to ?001?, a double {110} {112} texture associated with a banded structure tends to develop irrespective of the initial foil normal direction (ND). The macroscopic shape of these foils with the banded structure is straight and simply elongated along RD, keeping their rectangular shape. In contrast, when the initial RD is close to {112}, the texture and the microstructure are rather uniform without the texture splitting and the banded structure formation. The foils of group B are macroscopically curved, twisted and eventually cracked from the side edge of the samples. Tendencies of the lattice rotations vary with the initial ND in the latter case. According to the plastic strain analysis, the formation of the banded structure is found to be essential for fabricating the thin straight foils in the case of the cold rolling of Ni₃Al single crystals.     

Grain structure and texture of rapidly solidified foils of tin and its alloys

Results of calculations of the melt cooling rate and overcooling for tin foils manufactured under various conditions of ultrarapid cooling are given. A grain-structure investigation of tin foils has revealed significant dependence of the grain sizes, forms, and orientations upon the crystallizer rate. On the basis of analysis of the results and literature data, a way is proposed to affect the foil grain-structure formation through the crystallizer rate. Grain-structure dependences of double alloys on the basis of tin with bismuth, zinc, cadmium, and lead on the concentration of an alloying element are established.     

Angular distribution of photoelectrons emitted from solids

The angular distributions of photoelectrons emitted from Cu, Ag and Au foils irradiated by Al Kα X-rays along the surface normal have been measured over a wide range of polar emission angles for different photoelectron lines. The experimental results are compared with analytical predictions based on a solution of the kinetic equation in the transport approximation, and satisfactory agreement is observed. The angular dependence of the photoelectron line intensity has been found to be less anisotropic than that of the differential photoelectric cross section. This effect is due to the elastic collisions that photoelectrons suffer on their way out of the target, and is more pronounced for samples with a high atomic number.