Correlation between the rates of a catalytic reaction and the charge distribution in an intermediate complex

Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry -     

Isolation, characterization of an intermediate in an oxygen atom-transfer reaction, and the determination of the bond dissociation energy

The synthesis and structure of a phosphine oxide-bound intermediate molecule originating from a dioxo-molybdenum(VI) complex is described. The loss of phosphine oxide has been followed by surface-induced dissociation mass spectrometry that gave the bond dissociation energy of 29.5 (+/- 3.5) kcal/mol. Considering the bond dissociation energy for a Mo=O bond to be 100 kcal/mol, this value suggests that the primary driving force for the reaction is the formation of the intermediate complex.     

荧光法研究萘酚与胍的包合性质

超分子化学是一门范围广泛,发展迅速的新学科,涉及自然科学的诸多领域。它主要研究主-客体分子之间通过非共价键组合为复杂化学体系的过程。葫芦脲又称胍环,是继冠醚、穴醚、环糊精和杯芳烃之后又一类新的主体化合物。葫芦脲是一类由n个甘脲单元和2n个亚甲基桥联起来的一种桶状的大环化合物[1],其顶部和底部为羰基氧,其结构高度对称,两端口完全相同。又因其形状酷似葫芦,故Freeman等提议用葫芦脲(Cucurbituril,简称CB)命名这种大环化合物。由于其系统命名太复杂,故俗名已被广泛应用。经X射线晶体衍射及光谱分析表明葫芦[6,7,8]脲的疏水空…     

Desulfurization of N,N-dimethylthioformamide by hydrosilane with the help of an iron complex. Isolation and characterization of an iron-carbene complex as an intermediate of C=double bond cleavage

Desulfurization of N,N-dimethylthioformamide (Me(2)NCHS) by hydrosilane has been achieved under photo irradiation in the presence of a methyl iron complex. The reaction sequences have been proposed, in which silyl migration from Fe to S of thioformamide triggers the cleavage of a C=S bond to give a carbene-iron complex. This intermediate was isolated and characterized by X-ray analysis.     

A deprotonated intermediate in the amide methanolysis reaction of an N4O-ligated mononuclear zinc complex

Treatment of [(ppbpa)Zn](ClO4)2 (1(ClO4)2, ppbpa = N-((6-(pivaloylamido)-2-pyridyl)methyl)-N,N-bis((2-pyridyl)methyl)amine) with 1 equiv of Me(4)NOH.5H(2)O in methanol-acetonitrile solution results within minutes in the stoichiometric formation of a complex having a deprotonated amide, [(ppbpa-)Zn]ClO4 (3). Complex 3 has been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR, FTIR, and elemental analysis. Notably, upfield shifts of specific 1H NMR resonances of the amide-appended pyridyl moiety in 3, versus those found for 1(ClO4)2, indicate delocalization of the anionic charge within the amide-appended pyridyl donor of this complex. Heating of analytically pure 3 in methanol-acetonitrile results in amide alcoholysis. Overall, this alcoholysis reaction is second-order, with a first-order dependence on both 3 and methanol. Analysis of the rate of decay of 3 as a function of temperature yielded activation parameters consistent with an intramolecular amide cleavage process (DeltaH++ = 15.0(3) kcal/mol, DeltaS++ = -33(1) eu). A possible reaction mechanism for amide alcoholysis is presented which involves reaction of the deprotonated amide intermediate 3 with methanol to produce a Lewis activated-type structure from which amide cleavage may be initiated. Additional support for this mechanistic pathway has been obtained through examination of the analogous ethanolysis reaction and via evaluation of the effect of varying steric hindrance near the amide carbonyl unit.     

Phenoxathin chemistry. Remarks concerning the benzoylation reaction of phenoxathin

Benzoylation of phenoxathiin leads to a mixture of 2- and 3-benzoylphenoxathiins. Starting from 3-phenoxathiincarbonyl chloride and benzene in the presence of anhydrous aluminum chloride, 2-benzoylphenoxathiin was obtained instead of the 3-substituted isomer. Treating 3-benzoylphenoxathiin with aluminum chloride and hydrogen chloride a rearrangement reaction took place, leading to 2-benzoylphenoxathiin.Faculty of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry Department, University of Bucharest, 90–92 Panduri Road, Romania 76233. Romanian Academy, C. D. Nenitzescu Institute of Organic Chemistry, Splaiul Independentei, 202, Bucharest, Romania. Faculty of Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, 6 Traian Vuia Street, Bucharest, Romania. Published in Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 7, pp. 999–1003, July, 1998.     

Pummerer reaction intermediate as an initiating function for cationic olefin cyclization

Treatment of N-(2-methyl-2-propenyl)-N-methyl-α-(methylsulfinyl)acetamide ($\text{6a}$) with trifluoroacetic anhydride caused the cationic olefin cyclization through a Pummerer reaction intermediate to give the six-membered lactams $\text{7}$ and $\text{8}$. Similar reaction converted N-2-butenyl-N-methyl-a-(methylsulfinyl)acetamide ($\text{6b}$) to the five-membered lactam $\text{9}$, and N-2-propenyl-N-methyl-α-(methylsulfinyl)- acetamide ($\text{6c}$) to the five-membered lactams $\text{11}$ and $\text{12}$.     

Isophosphindole p-oxide : A reactive intermediate and its reaction as a Diels-Alder diene

2-Phenylisophosphindole 2-oxide (3) was generated as a reactive intermediate by the dehydrobromination of r-1-bromo-t-2-phenylisophosphindoline 2-oxide. The existence of 3 was confirmed by trapping with various dienophiles as the Diels-Alder adducts. The stereochemistry of the [4 + 2]π cycloaddition was found to be stereospecific giving endo products with the phosphoryl group syn to the approaching dienophile. When the dienophile was an alkyne, the cycloadduct decomposed under the reaction conditions to give β-substituted naphthalene as the final product.     

Isolation of an oxomanganese(V) porphyrin intermediate in the reaction of a manganese(III) porphyrin complex and H2O2 in aqueous solution

The reaction of [Mn(TF(4)TMAP)](CF(3)SO(3))(5) (TF(4)TMAP=meso-tetrakis(2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-N,N,N-trimethyl-4-aniliniumyl)porphinato dianion) with H(2)O(2) (2 equiv) at pH 10.5 and 0 degrees C yielded an oxomanganese(V) porphyrin complex 1 in aqueous solution, whereas an oxomanganese(IV) porphyrin complex 2 was generated in the reactions of tert-alkyl hydroperoxides such as tert-butyl hydroperoxide and 2-methyl-1-phenyl-2-propyl hydroperoxide. Complex 1 was capable of epoxidizing olefins and exchanging its oxygen with H(2) (18)O, whereas 2 did not epoxidize olefins. From the reactions of [Mn(TF(4)TMAP)](5+) with various oxidants in the pH range 3-11, the O-O bond cleavage of hydroperoxides was found to be sensitive to the hydroperoxide substituent and the pH of the reaction solution. Whereas the O-O bond of hydroperoxides containing an electron-donating tert-alkyl group is cleaved homolytically, an electron-withdrawing substituent such as an acyl group in m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (m-CPBA) facilitates O-O bond heterolysis. The mechanism of the O-O bond cleavage of H(2)O(2) depends on the pH of the reaction solution: O-O bond homolysis prevails at low pH and O-O bond heterolysis becomes a predominant pathway at high pH. The effect of pH on (18)O incorporation from H(2) (18)O into oxygenated products was examined over a wide pH range, by carrying out the epoxidation of carbamazepine (CBZ) with [Mn(TF(4)TMAP)](5+) and KHSO(5) in buffered H(2) (18)O solutions. A high proportion of (18)O was incorporated into the CBZ-10,11-oxide product at all pH values but this proportion was not affected significantly by the pH of the reaction solution.     

Effect of inclusion complex on nitrous acid reaction with flavonoids

The kinetic of the nitrous acid reactions with quercetin and catechin has been studied using spectrophotometric method in aqueous solution. The results show that these antioxidants participate in oxidation reactions with nitrous acid which is derived from protonation of nitrite ion in mild acidic conditions. Corresponding o-quinones as relatively stable products were detected by spectrophotometric techniques. pH dependence of the reactions has been examined and the rate constants of reactions were obtained by non-linear fitting of kinetic profiles. The effect of β-cyclodextrin on the oxidation pathway was another object of this study. It is shown that β-cyclodextrin has an inhibitory effect on the oxidation reaction. The rate constants of oxidation reactions for complexed forms and their stability constants were obtained based on changes in the reaction rates as a function of β-cyclodextrin concentration.     

Acidic task-specific ionic liquid as catalyst of microwave-assisted solvent-free Biginelli reaction

A simple and effective synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-one and 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-thione derivatives has been developed on the basis of three-component condensation of substituted aromatic and heterocyclic aldehydes, methyl acetoacetate, and urea or thiourea in the presence of 10% of an acidic task-specific ionic liquid ([C₄mim][HSO₄]) as catalyst under microwave irradiation in the absence of a solvent. The proposed procedure ensures short reaction times (4.4–8 min) and good yields after purification by recrystallization. Published in Russian in Zhurnal Organicheskoi Khimii, 2007, Vol. 43, No. 7, pp. 1063–1070. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Nafion-catalyzed microwave-assisted Ritter reaction: an atom-economic solvent-free synthesis of amides

An atom-economic solvent-free synthesis of amides by the Ritter reaction of alcohols and nitriles under microwave irradiation is reported. This green protocol is catalyzed by solid-supported Nafion^®NR50 with improved efficiency and reduced waste production.     

Asymmetric reduction of acetophenone and propiophenone by NaAl(IPTOLate)H2 combined with enantiomeric enrichment of the reaction product as an inclusion complex with IPTOL

An improved procedure was developed for asymmetric reduction of acetophenone and propiophenone by the chiral reagent NaAl(IPTOLate)H₂. This procedure is based on isolation of the chiral alcohol that formed as a crystalline host—guest complex with the IPTOL ligand. The enantiomeric enrichment of the product was as high as 97% ee. The ability of IPTOL and its analogs to form host—guest complexes with a number of ether-type solvents, 1-phenylethanol, and 1-phenylpropan-1-ol as well as thermal stabilities of IPTOL-containing complexes with these alcohols were studied.     

高效可循环离子型钯配合物催化羰化Sonogashira反应

炔酮类化合物作为一类具有生物活性的分子,是天然产物全合成中构建杂环类化合物的重要中间体.炔酮类化合物的传统合成方法是通过过渡金属催化金属有机炔烃和酰氯的交叉偶联,但存在酰氯本身稳定性和底物官能团耐受力较差的缺点.近年来,钯催化的羰化Sonogashira反应(末端炔烃和芳基卤化物与CO的偶联反应)成为合成炔酮类化合物更为直接和有效的方法,其中与钯中心原子配位的配体的电子效应和空间效应可显著调控钯配合物的催化性能.但均相钯催化的羰化Sonogashira反应体系存在催化剂流失、分离困难和难以循环使用的问题.我们以2-(1-咪唑基)噻唑为母体分子,合成了具有P,S,N杂合配体特征的配体L1,同时将配体L1通过与MeOTf的季铵化反应得到相应的离子型膦配体L2.在此基础上,利用L1和L2与过渡金属中心的配位作用合成相应的钯配合物1A和2A.由于L1和L2中含有多种不同配位能力的配体(P-配体,S-配体和/或N-配体),故通过N/S杂原子对Pd-中心原子的协同弱配位作用,可以调变相应钯配合物对羰化Sonogashira反应的催化性能.另外,2A中具有强吸电子效应的正电荷的存在,使其结构和催化性能也必然不同于中性配合物1A.实验结果表明,在温和的反应条件(90℃,lh,CO压强1.0 MPa)下,对于碘苯和苯乙炔的羰化Sonogashira偶联反应,1A体现出优于2A的催化性能,TOF值达到840 h-1;但反应温度提高到120℃时,1A的TOF高达3560 h-1,2A的TOF为2960 h-1.与L1的2JP-Se=744 Hz相比,L2的2JP-Se=768 Hz,说明L2中具有吸电子效应的正电荷的存在降低了相应P原子的σ给电子能力(2JP-Se数值越大,相应膦配体的6给电子能力越弱);同时,1A中具有弱配位能力的N配体的缺失削弱了配体对Pd活性中心的稳定作用.在底物普适性研究中发现,4-硝基溴苯在相同反应条件下几乎得不到羰化Sonogashira偶联产物.而将反应体系中的CO换为同样压强下的N2,却可以顺利实现Sonogashira偶联反应.我们推测,在CO氛围下形成的pd0-CO活性物种(与N2氛围下形成的Pd0活性物种相比)具有相对较低的对底物的氧化加成能力.离子型钯配合物2A的优势在于,当将其与室温离子液体[Bmim]PF6(溶剂)结合使用,在2A催化碘苯与苯乙炔的羰化Sonogashira偶联反应过程中,循环使用8次催化性能没有明显下降.