物理学和生物学(上)

20世纪物理学研究从微观领域到宏观宇宙都取得很大进展。对生物的研究已经成为新世纪物理学的重要主题。文章简要阐述了分子生物学中的一些基本概念，说明了一些有趣的问题，同时总结了作者最近在生物信息学方面的工作。     

Two-dimensional topological semimetals

The field of two-dimensional topological semimetals, which emerged at the intersection of two-dimensional materials and topological materials, has been rapidly developing in recent years. In this article, we briefly review the progress in this field. Our focus is on the basic concepts and notions, in order to convey a coherent overview of the field. Some material examples are discussed to illustrate the concepts. We discuss the outstanding problems in the field that need to be addressed in future research.     

纳米电子学研究的新进展及发展前景

微电子器件的下一代是纳米电子器件，它将在未来的信息社会中起重要作用．所以，引起一些发达国家和大公司对纳米电子学的研究的高度重视，它涉及多种微观物理现象和规律．文章介绍了纳米电子学研究内容和领域，评述了一些国家政府支持的情况和纳米电子学研究的新进展，也介绍了我国纳米电子学的研究水平和发展前景．     

Recent progress of computational investigation on anode materials in Li ion batteries

Computations have been widely used to explore new Li ion battery materials because of its remarkable advantages. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on computational investigation on anode materials in Li ion batteries. By introducing the computational studies on Li storage capability in carbon nanotubes, graphene, alloys and oxides, we reveal that computations have successfully addressed many fundamental problems and are powerful tools to understand and design new anode materials for Li ion batteries.     

固相分光光度法研究新进展

本文就固相分光光度法（SPS）在痕量分析中的应用和研究进展综述，介绍了相关的基本原理有应用特点，并就其近年来在操作技术，研究方法和和测定手段等方面的发展动向和趋势加以评述和展望。     

Status of the Fundamental Laws of Thermodynamics

We describe recent progress towards deriving the Fundamental Laws of thermodynamics (the 0th, 1st, and 2nd Law) from nonequilibrium quantum statistical mechanics in simple, yet physically relevant models. Along the way, we clarify some basic thermodynamic notions and discuss various reversible and irreversible thermodynamic processes from the point of view of quantum statistical mechanics.     

Recent progress on sum-frequency spectroscopy

Second harmonic generation (SHG) and sum frequency spectroscopy (SFS) have provided unique opportunities to probe surfaces and interfaces. They have found broad applications in many disciplines of science and technology. In recent years, there has been significant progress in the development of SHG/SFS technology that has significantly broadened the applications of SHG and SFS. In this article, we review the recent progress of the field with emphasis on SFS.     

Thermodynamics of solid surfaces

In contrast to the thermodynamics of fluid surfaces, the thermodynamics of solid surfaces was not elaborated in detail by Gibbs and other founders of surface thermodynamics. During recent decades, significant progress in this field has been achieved in both the understanding of old notions, like chemical potentials, and in formulating new areas. Applying to solid surfaces, basic relationships of classical theory of capillarity, such as the Laplace equation, the Young equation, the Gibbs adsorption equation, the Gibbs-Curie principle, the Wulff theorem and the Dupré rule, were reformulated and generalized. The thermodynamics of self-dispersion of solids and the thermodynamics of contact line phenomena were developed as well. This review provides a fresh insight into the modern state of the thermodynamics of solid surfaces. Not only a solid surface itself, both in a macroscopic body and in the system of fine particles, but also the interaction of solid surfaces with fluid phases, such as wetting phenomenon, will be analyzed. As the development of surface thermodynamics has given a powerful impetus to the creation of new experimental methods, some of these will be described as examples.     

Quantum many‐body phenomena in coupled cavity arrays

The increasing level of experimental control over atomic and optical systems gained in recent years has paved the way for the exploration of new physical regimes in quantum optics and atomic physics, characterised by the appearance of quantum many‐body phenomena, originally encountered only in condensed‐matter physics, and the possibility of experimentally accessing them in a more controlled manner. In this review article we survey recent theoretical studies concerning the use of cavity quantum electrodynamics to create quantum many‐body systems. Based on recent experimental progress in the fabrication of arrays of interacting micro‐cavities and on their coupling to atomic‐like structures in several different physical architectures, we review proposals on the realisation of paradigmatic many‐body models in such systems, such as the Bose‐Hubbard and the anisotropic Heisenberg models. Such arrays of coupled cavities offer interesting properties as simulators of quantum many‐body physics, including the full addressability of individual sites and the accessibility of inhomogeneous models.     

功能纳米材料的可控制备及性能研究

功能纳米材料以其独特的结构和优异的性能在催化、能源、传感等领域具有广泛的应用前景.通过控制其制备和组装过程,可以有效地调节其性能.文章介绍了作者所在实验室在新型纳米材料合成方面的研究进展,深入探索了纳米晶体、生物络合高分子和生物分子-无机杂化纳米结构的可控性制备过程,对金属-半胱氨酸生物络合高分子的自组装与超结构手性进行了系统的研究和探讨.另外,文章作者还发现了无机杂化纳米结构的可逆光开关荧光效应,该效应在光信息记录方面具有潜在的应用价值.     

纳米材料的同步辐射研究

近年来,科学家们在纳米材料的生长及应用研究等诸多方面取得了巨大的进展.然而,由于受到表征手段的限制,纳米科技领域的许多关键科学问题至今仍未得到清楚的解答.同步辐射具有多种独特优点,随着国内第三代同步辐射光源的逐步发展,基于同步辐射的各种实验技术将为实时、原位、动态地表征纳米结构提供功能强大的研究平台.文章简单介绍了基于同步辐射的一些新型纳米结构表征技术,并根据作者的研究举例说明了同步辐射技术在纳米材料研究方面的一些优势.     

Variation of constant formula for the solution of interval differential equations of non-integer order

In the recent years some efforts were made to propose simple and well-behaved fractional derivatives that inherits the classical properties from the first order derivative. Therefore, we propose in this research a new strategy to acquire interval solution of fractional interval differential equations (FIDEs) under interval fractional conformable derivative. This scheme is developed based on a variation of the constant formula to achieve the solution explicitly. The important characteristic of this technique is that it helps us to find a solution with decreasing length of its support which is critical for the solutions based on the interval or fuzzy notions. Two examples are experienced to illustrate our approach and validate it.     

非晶材料与物理近期研究进展

由于结合了金属和玻璃的特性,非晶合金表现出许多新奇和优异的力学和物理性质,在很多领域具有广泛的应用前景.非晶合金具有连续可调的成分、简单无序的原子结构、丰富多变的材料性质,为研究非晶态物理中的许多共性科学问题提供了理想的模型材料.块体非晶合金的发展更是将玻璃和液体及其相关科学问题的研究推进到凝聚态物理和材料科学的研究前沿.中国科学院物理研究所极端条件物理重点实验室亚稳材料合成、结构及性能研究组(EX4组)近二十年来一直致力于非晶材料和物理的研究,在新型非晶合金的制备、物性以及相关机理的研究上取得了许多重要成果.本文介绍团队最近在非晶材料和物理机理方面取得的研究成果,包括非晶合金的动力学行为和调控、非晶合金的表面动力学、功能应用以及材料探索新方法等.     

The physics of lightning

Despite being one of the most familiar and widely recognized natural phenomena, lightning remains relatively poorly understood. Even the most basic questions of how lightning is initiated inside thunderclouds and how it then propagates for many tens of kilometers have only begun to be addressed. In the past, progress was hampered by the unpredictable and transient nature of lightning and the difficulties in making direct measurements inside thunderstorms, but advances in instrumentation, remote sensing methods, and rocket-triggered lightning experiments are now providing new insights into the physics of lightning. Furthermore, the recent discoveries of intense bursts of X-rays and gamma-rays associated with thunderstorms and lightning illustrate that new and interesting physics is still being discovered in our atmosphere. The study of lightning and related phenomena involves the synthesis of many branches of physics, from atmospheric physics to plasma physics to quantum electrodynamics, and provides a plethora of challenging unsolved problems. In this review, we provide an introduction to the physics of lightning with the goal of providing interested researchers a useful resource for starting work in this fascinating field.     

The physics of liquid metals

Liquid metals have many fluid properties in common with non-metallic liquids, and many metallic properties in common with solid metals. In recent years experimental techniques familiar in solid-state physics have been helping to increase our empirical knowledge of fluid metals. At the same time attempts have been made to form conceptual links between liquid-state physics and metal physics. The article describes some of the current activity in this field, reviews some of the progress that has been made, and points out some of the major difficulties.     

Nature-inspired surface topography: design and function

Learning from nature has traditionally and continuously provided important insights to drive a paradigm shift in technology.In particular,recent studies show that many biological organisms exhibit spectacular surface topography such as shape,size,spatial organization,periodicity,interconnectivity,and hierarchy to endow them with the capability to adapt dynamically and responsively to a wide range of environments.More excitingly,in a broader perspective,these normally neglected topological features have the potential to fundamentally change the way of how engineering surface works,such as how fluid flows,how heat is transported,and how energy is generated,saved,and converted,to name a few.Thus,the design of nature-inspired surface topography for unique functions will spur new thinking and provide paradigm shift in the development of the new engineering surfaces.In this review,we first present a brief introduction to some insights extracted from nature.Then,we highlight recent progress in designing new surface topographies and demonstrate their applications in emerging areas including thermal-fluid transport,anti-icing,water harvesting,power generation,adhesive control,and soft robotics.Finally,we offer our perspectives on this emerging field,with the aim to stimulate new thinking on the development of next-generation of new materials and devices,and dramatically extend the boundaries of traditional engineering.     

Organic functionalization of group IV semiconductor surfaces: principles, examples, applications, and prospects

Organic functionalization is emerging as an important area in the development of new semiconductor-based materials and devices. Direct, covalent attachment of organic layers to a semiconductor interface provides for the incorporation of many new properties, including lubrication, optical response, chemical sensing, or biocompatibility. Methods by which to incorporate organic functionality to the surfaces of semiconductors have seen immense progress in recent years, and in this article several of these approaches are reviewed. Examples are included from both dry and wet processing environments. The focus of the article is on attachment strategies that demonstrate the molecular nature of the semiconductor surface. In many cases, the surfaces mimic the reactivity of their molecular carbon or organosilane counterparts, and examples of functionalization reactions are described in which direct analogies to textbook organic and inorganic chemistry can be applied. This article addresses the expected impact of these functionalization strategies on emerging technologies in nanotechnology, sensing, and bioengineering.     

Effects of the tensor force on low-energy heavy-ion fusion reactions: a mini review

In recent several years, the tensor force, one of the most important components of the nucleon–nucleon force, has been implemented in time-dependent density functional theories and it has been found to influence many aspects of low-energy heavy-ion reactions, such as dissipation dynamics, sub-barrier fusions, and low-lying vibration states of colliding partners. Especially, the effects of tensor force on fusion reactions have been investigated from the internuclear potential to fusion crosssections systematically. In this work, we present a mini review on the recent progress on this topic. Considering the recent progress of low-energy reaction theories, we will also mention more possible effects of the tensor force on reaction dynamics.     

Temporal scaling at Feigenbaum points and nonextensive thermodynamics

We show that recent claims for the nonstationary behavior of the logistic map at the Feigenbaum point based on nonextensive thermodynamics are either incorrect or can be easily deduced from well-known properties of the Feigenbaum attractor. In particular, there is no generalized Pesin identity for this system, the existing attempts at proofs being based on misconceptions about basic notions of ergodic theory. In deriving several new scaling laws of the Feigenbaum attractor, thorough use is made of its detailed structure, but there is no obvious connection to nonextensive thermodynamics.