Interface Separation in Residually-Stressed Thin-Film Structures

Plasticity is a significant contributor to the interfacial fracture resistance of multilayer thin-film structures containing ductile layers. Salient parameters affecting plasticity contributions to interfacial fracture energy including the ductile layer thickness, yield strength, and the maximum cohesive stress governing interface separation, have been reported. However, the effects of residual stresses in the thin-film layers on such plasticity contributions have not been considered. We explore the effect of residual stresses on debonding with particular attention to the relationship between the stress state in both ductile and elastic layers and the resulting macroscopic debond energy. Using multiscale simulations it is shown that residual thin-film stresses can alter plasticity in the ductile layer and significantly influence the macroscopic fracture energy. A simple yield-based model to account for this behavior is proposed.     

Plasticity limit of metals during hot plastic deformation

A model of plasticity limit has been derived in the condition of hot plastic deformation, where dynamic recrystallization takes place, through the ratio between the rate of grain boundary sliding and the overall deformation rate. If fracture occurs preferentially at the grain boundaries we can replace the grain boundary deformation through the energy needed to cause fracture and express the temperature influence on the deformation stress. The plasticity limit is then the function of Zener-Hollomon parameter and deformation stress, where the exponent of deformation stress has a value of –4·3.     

采用一维无穷电阻网络的物理模型求解Fejer积分

高等数学和大学物理是高校理工类学生非常重要的公共基础课.在传统教学中高等数学通常作为工具来帮助解决大学物理问题,而运用大学物理学知识去解决高等数学问题却很少关注.探讨如何把两者的教学结合起来,对培养学生创新思维具有十分重要的意义.本文基于一维无穷电阻网的物理模型,推导出了一维无穷电阻网络等效电阻的解析解,并给出了求解Fejer积分的一种新的物理方法,体现了数理结合的思想.     

The transport and eruption of magma from volcanoes: A review

Volcanic eruptions are amongst the most spectacular of natural phenomena. During the past few years, our knowledge of the basic physics and chemistry of magmatic and volcanic processes has been transformed. We now understand how rocks melt and how the resulting magmas migrate upward and eventually accumulate to form magma chambers. We can model a range of physical and chemical processes in these chambers, and we recognize why chamber walls fracture and how magma flows away from chambers through fractures in the crust. Experimental and theoretical work on bubble nucleation and growth has improved models of magma ascent and explosive volcanic eruption mechanisms. Detailed geophysical, geochemical and field research has led to major advances in understanding the mechanisms that trigger changes between lava-forming (or effusive) eruptions and explosive eruptions. Numerical models that simulate processes involved in explosive and effusive eruptions are at an advanced stage but are capable of further refinement. Many of these advances have been made through interdisciplinary collaboration between geologists and colleagues in other areas, especially physics and mathematics. In this contribution, we review the results of some of this work, and draw attention to areas where future collaboration will help to unravel outstanding problems in volcanology.     

物理教育的衔接现状及教师策略研究

近年来全国多省份陆续进行高考改革,在学生从高中过渡到大学的过程中,高中选科制度衍生出了在心理、学习方式、学习内容等方面的一系列问题,也成为教师必须面对的问题.基于以上出现的新情况,设计了关于物理衔接的调查问卷,以中央民族大学物理专业大一学生为研究对象,探究了大学物理与高中物理衔接在教师方面的影响因素,并辅以大学生学习动机的调查问卷,进一步探索了如何提升物理衔接的教学效果,并结合教育心理学关于内部动机与外部动机的研究理论,从教师的角度提出了大中衔接过程中的实施建议及策略.     

A STATISTICAL THEORY OF CREEP FRACTURE

A theory of creep fracture has been constructed by means of the concept and the method of nonequilibrium statistical physics. In this paper, the cavity evolution equation is given; the cavity distribution function, the cavity distribution probability, the creep fracture life of materials and the famous Monkman-Grant empirical relation are derived on the basis of the two mechanisms of the constrained cavity growth and the unconstrained cavity growth, respectively.     

对提高大学物理实验教学效果的探讨

本文针对大学物理实验课中存在的现象和问题进行了分析,从如何丰富物理实验内容,采用多种教学手段,改革实验考核模式等方面出发,介绍了一些如何提高物理实验课教学质量的方法,以达到激发学生的学习积极性,提高实验教学效果,最终达到培养人才的目的。     

HIRFL改造中的加速器物理问题

从加速器运行的角度对兰州重离子加速器 HIRFL建成以来所存在的问题进行了总结 ,结合放射束物理和冷却储存环 CSR对 HIRFL的新要求 ,从加速器的物理设计方面提出了一些改进方案 .主要问题有 :超低能束流传输的空间电荷效应的影响 ,扇聚焦回旋加速器 SFC高频加速电压不对称对束流轨道的影响 ,用半频聚束的方式补偿两台回旋加速器的纵向不匹配 ,前束线上聚束器的工作模式的选取 ,强杂散磁场对超低能和低能束流传输的影响 ,分离扇回旋加速器 SSC注入区过垫补磁场对注入束流轨道的影响 ,SFC和 SSC的单圈引出 ,重离子通过剥离膜后的束流损失和束流品质的变坏等.From the viewpoints of the HIRFL operation and the new requirements to HIRFL by the study of radioactive beam physics and CSR project, the HIRFL upgrading program has been proposed after studying the existing problems found during the operation and new problems when increasing the beam intensιty and ion variety. The accelerator physics problems of the upgrading program were discussed here, which include the space charge effect on the very low energy beam line...     

HIRFL改造中的加速器物理问题

从加速器运行的角度对兰州重离子加速器 HIRFL建成以来所存在的问题进行了总结 ,结合放射束物理和冷却储存环 CSR对 HIRFL的新要求 ,从加速器的物理设计方面提出了一些改进方案 .主要问题有 :超低能束流传输的空间电荷效应的影响 ,扇聚焦回旋加速器 SFC高频加速电压不对称对束流轨道的影响 ,用半频聚束的方式补偿两台回旋加速器的纵向不匹配 ,前束线上聚束器的工作模式的选取 ,强杂散磁场对超低能和低能束流传输的影响 ,分离扇回旋加速器 SSC注入区过垫补磁场对注入束流轨道的影响 ,SFC和 SSC的单圈引出 ,重离子通过剥离膜后的束流损失和束流品质的变坏等.From the viewpoints of the HIRFL operation and the new requirements to HIRFL by the study of radioactive beam physics and CSR project, the HIRFL upgrading program has been proposed after studying the existing problems found during the operation and new problems when increasing the beam intensιty and ion variety. The accelerator physics problems of the upgrading program were discussed here, which include the space charge effect on the very low energy beam line...     

Kinetics of localized plasticity macrodomains at the prefracture stage in metals

The behavior of localized plasticity macrodomains is experimentally studied at the final stage of the plastic flow in going to necking and ductile fracture in fcc, bcc, and hcp materials. General features of the localization process at the stage of prefracture are found. They are a constant velocity of domains and their tendency to consistently move toward the focus of a bundle of straight lines in space-time diagrams. A correlation between the type of fracture and the kinetics of localized plasticity domains is established.     

“综合设计型物理实验”公选课的实践与体会

大学物理实验对于提高学生的综合素质、培养学生的创新能力与实践能力具有特殊的作用。开设物理实验公共选修课将有利于推进交叉学科的发展和复合型、应用型人才的培养。论文介绍了西安石油大学开设“综合设计型物理实验”公共选修课程的相关情况。通过实际教学环节的检验,公共选修课取得了良好的教学效果,同时提出了课程运行过程中发现的一些问题。     

Optical strain analysis of composite and monolithic materials

Optical techniques of moiré, holography, speckle and thermographic stress analysis† are very effective for analysing engineering problems involving materials such as man-made (fibre reinforced) and natural (wood, paperboard) composites, metals and rubber. The photo-mechanical techniques are combined herein with computer-vision (digital-imaging) concepts. Attention is also devoted to hybrid methods for processing and differentiating recorded optical data. Applications include those to fracture, stress waves, paper physics, material behavior, wood engineering, energy storage, and hostile environments.     

大学物理实验分层次教学与创新能力的培养

建立现代物理实验教学新体系是大学物理实验教学改革的必然趋势,阐述了分层教学法在大学物理实验教学中应用的必要性,分析了分层教学法的优势,探索了更好地发挥分层教学法的方法和原则,从而使大学物理实验在培养学生的动手能力和创新能力方面起到了重要的作用。     

金属玻璃的键态特征与塑性起源

由于缺乏位错、晶界等典型的晶格缺陷,金属玻璃体系中承载力的形变单元为短程序或中程序原子团簇,键的强度及成键方向是影响原子间协调变形能力主要因素.本文通过与晶态合金对比,指出金属玻璃中原子键合方式与宏观力学性能的潜在关系,综述了金属材料电子结构与力学性能内在关系的最新研究进展,并系统介绍了金属玻璃电子结构特征、表征参量和主要测试手段,使读者对金属玻璃体系中原子间的键态特征有较清晰的认识,对进一步探索本征塑性较好的金属玻璃体系具有一定指导意义.     

A non-viscous-featured fractograph in metallic glasses

A fractograph of non-viscous feature but pure shear-offsets was found in three-point bending samples of a ductile Pd–Cu–Si metallic glass. A sustainable shear band multiplication with large plasticity during notch propagation was observed. Such non-viscous-featured fractograph was formed by a crack propagation manner of continual multiple shear bands formation in front of the crack-tip, instead of the conventional rapid fracture along shear bands. With a 2D model of crack propagation by multiple shear bands, we showed that such fracture process was achieved by a faster stress relaxation than shear-softening effect in the sample. This study confirmed that the viscous fracture along shear bands could be not a necessary process in ductile metallic glasses fracture, and could provide new ways to understand the plasticity in the shear-softened metallic glasses.     

A brief review of recent three-dimensional studies of brittle fracture

3D crack problems are area where a further intensive research is required. 3D solutions can shed more light on fracture and fatigue phenomena, provide a more accurate evaluation of strength and fatigue life or justify the application of the classical solutions of plane theories of elasticity. These, in fact, are approximate theories even when the governing equations of these theories are solved exactly. The current paper aims to provide a brief summary of the latest investigations of 3D effects associated with crack geometries and brittle fracture. In particular, we present an overview of the coupled fracture modes and 3D vertex singularities, which are currently largely ignored in experimental and theoretical studies. We also describe a recently developed experimental method for the evaluation of the stress intensity factors. This review is concerned with the situation generally described in the literature as small scale plasticity. Large plastic deformations and other non-linear effects are beyond the scope of this article.     

Exact and approximate solutions of Riemann problems in non-linear elasticity

Eulerian shock-capturing schemes have advantages for modelling problems involving complex non-linear wave structures and large deformations in solid media. Various numerical methods now exist for solving hyperbolic conservation laws that have yet to be applied to non-linear elastic theory. In this paper one such class of solver is examined based upon characteristic tracing in conjunction with high-order monotonicity preserving weighted essentially non-oscillatory (MPWENO) reconstruction. Furthermore, a new iterative method for finding exact solutions of the Riemann problem in non-linear elasticity is presented. Access to exact solutions enables an assessment of the performance of the numerical techniques with focus on the resolution of the seven wave structure. The governing model represents a special case of a more general theory describing additional physics such as material plasticity. The numerical scheme therefore provides a firm basis for extension to simulate more complex physical phenomena. Comparison of exact and numerical solutions of one-dimensional initial values problems involving three-dimensional deformations is presented.     

Shear and distensile fracture behaviour of Ti-based composites with ductile dendrites

The room-temperature deformation and fracture behaviour of Ti-based composites with ductile dendrites, prepared by copper mold casting and arc-melting techniques, was investigated. Under compressive loading, the Ti-based composites display high fracture strength (about 2000?MPa) and good ductility (about 4 or 10%). The yield strength of the Ti-based composites is relatively low (about 565–923?MPa). However, they have a large strain-hardening ability before failure, due to the interactions between shear bands and dendrites. For the arc-melted Ti-based composites, fracture often occurs in a shear mode with a high plasticity (about 10%). In contrast, the cast Ti-based composites break or split into several parts with a compressive plasticity of 4%, rather than failing in a shear mode. A new fracture mechanism, i.e. distensile fracture, is proposed for the first time to elucidate the failure of the as-cast Ti-based composites. Based on the difference in the fracture modes of the differently prepared composites, the relationships between shear and distensile fracture mechanisms and the corresponding fracture criteria are discussed.