亚临界与超临界压力水在管内的对流传热与传质

本文对含有金属腐蚀物杂质的亚临界与超临界压力水在竖直加热圆管内的受迫对流与混合对流传热与传质进行了数值模拟，分析了变物性、浮升力以及压力等因素对管内对流传热与传质的影响。结果表明：浮升力使自下而上流过竖直加热圆管的对流传热和传质增强；在不同的温度条件下，超临界压力水的热物性对传热传质的影响有很大不同。     

Dynamic van der waals theory of two-phase fluids in heat flow

We present a dynamic van der Waals theory. It is useful to study phase separation when the temperature varies in space. We show that, if heat flow is applied to liquid suspending a gas droplet at zero gravity, a convective flow occurs such that the temperature gradient within the droplet nearly vanishes. As the heat flux is increased, the droplet becomes attached to the heated wall that is wetted by liquid in equilibrium. In one case corresponding to partial wetting by gas, an apparent contact angle can be defined. In the other case with larger heat flux, the droplet completely wets the heated wall expelling liquid.     

流体直接冷却薄板条介质温度及应力的解析表达

基于对流传热和热传导原理, 建立了流体直接冷却均匀抽运薄板条激光工作介质的热效应分析模型, 采用平面应力近似和最小功原理, 得到了板条工作介质内部温度分布和应力分布的解析表达式. 研究了不同流道厚度时对流热交换系数和冷却液温升与流体流速的关系, 分析了流道厚度对工作介质的温度分布和应力分布的影响规律, 讨论了之字形和直通光路时, 热致波前畸变随产热功率的变化趋势. 结果表明: 层流和湍流时, 较厚的流道可以实现更好的热管理效率; 增益介质中的热分布关于中心平面对称, 纵向最大温升出现在出水口端, 最大应力畸变集中在板条两端及其侧边; 流道厚度较大时, 工作介质更易形成一维的温度梯度, 产生的应力更小; 之字形光路可以明显缓解热光效应导致的波前畸变.     

A molecular dynamics simulation on the convective heat transfer in nanochannels

The understanding of the flow and heat transfer processes for fluid through micro- and nanochannels becomes imperative due to its wide application in micro- and nano-fluidic devices. In this paper, the method to simulate the convective heat transfer process in molecular dynamics is improved based on a previous study. With this method, we simulate a warm dense fluid flowing through a cold parallel-plate nanochannel with constant wall temperature. The characteristics of the velocity and temperature fields are analysed. The temperature difference between the bulk average temperature of fluid and the wall temperature decreases in an exponential form along the flow direction. The Nusselt number for the laminar flow in parallel-plate nanochannel is smaller than its corresponding value at macroscale. It could be attributed to the temperature jump at the fluid–wall interface, which decreases the temperature gradient near the wall. The results also reveal that the heat transfer coefficient is related to the surface wettabilities, which differs from that in the macroscopic condition.     

自然循环加热段内摩擦阻力及对流传热的实验研究

以常压去离子水为工质,对自然循环工况下上升加热段内单相水的摩擦阻力及对流传热特性进行了实验研究.结果表明,自然循环工况下加热段内由浮升力引起的自由流动对摩擦阻力及对流传热特性有重要影响,自然循环与强制循环二种工况下加热段内的摩阻系数及对流换热系数存在明显差别;并且,自然循环工况下加热段内的摩擦阻力存在滞后现象.通过实验提出了计算自然循环工况下加热段内单相水的摩阻系数及对流换热系数的经验关系式.     

ENHANCEMENT OF FORCED CONVECTIVE HEAT TRANSFER IN NARROW CONCENTRIC ANNULI BY TURBULENCE PROMOTERS

Abstract

Forced convective heat transfer in a narrow concentric annulus was enhanced by turbulence promoters to improve the heat removal from a high-temperature gas-cooled reactor, a gas-cooled fusion reactor, and other narrow flow passages. The present experiments, which differed from those performed in conventional research, were carried out to examine the effect of turbulence promoters on the inner insulated wall opposite the outer smooth heated wall. This was achieved by changing the ratio of the pitch and the height P/ε, the ratio of the height and the space ε/ε¹, and the type of turbulence promoters used. Experimental results were examined for the local heat transfer coefficient distribution on the smooth outer tube, the average heat transfer coefficient, the friction factor, and the thermal performance. Five kinds of evaluations for thermal performance were carried out.P24     

Code_Saturne程序在安全壳复杂流动中的应用

严重事故下核电安全壳内由于几何与流动的复杂性, 需要有可靠的程序对流动进行分析评估.文章采用符合核电安全标准的开源CFD程序Code_Saturne对壳内气体流动进行计算, 主要模拟壳内氢气和水蒸气喷放过程.该过程涉及多组分气体低速流动计算浮力效应引起的分层固体结构热传导结构表面与气体之间的热流和冷凝的计算.该程序使用了SIMPLEC格式并添加了低Mach数气体流动算法, 基于理想气体模型的多组分模型和薄板结构上的一维热传导模型.同时, 在此基础上改进了壁面函数方法,对壁面进行对流传热和传质流动计算.最后利用两个国际化标准问题对该程序及使用的模型进行了验证.      

Digital speckle photography and speckle tomography in heat transfer studies

The line-of-sight speckle photography of transparent media is used for quantitative measurements of the instantaneous temperature fields in 3D unsteady flows. Both electronic and photographic methods are employed for specklegram recording. The subsequent specklegram treatment uses the Young's fringes method as well as cross-correlation analysis of small interrogation areas of the recordings. Experimental data for three different heat transfer configurations are obtained and discussed. The first one is natural convection over extended vertical heated plates with forward facing steps, the second is unsteady 3D convective flow around a suddenly heated vertical thin wire, and the third one is a convective plume above a multi-jet flame. Both local and global Nusselt numbers are determined via measuring local surface temperature gradients for these convective flows. The results are compared with Ostrach's theory for a single vertical plate and with the data obtained by Mach–Zehnder interferometry. The 3D temperature fields are reconstructed for axisymmetric convective flows around a suddenly heated vertical wire using quasi-double projection measurement and the Radon inversion. 3D temperature distributions above the combustion zone are reconstructed using multi-projection speckle photography measurements and computerised tomography.     

Numerical simulations of electro-thermo-convection and heat transfer in 2D cavity

In this article the electro-thermo-convective phenomena in a dielectric liquid enclosed in a 2D cavity and subjected to the simultaneous action of an electric field and a thermal gradient is studied. We solved directly the full set of coupled equations of Electro-Hydro-Dynamic (EHD) and energy equation using a finite volume method. In order to characterize the influence of the electric field on heat transfer the liquid is first heated (from a lateral wall) till the thermal steady state is obtained and then the electric potential and injection of electric charge is applied. Two cases of injection are considered: from the lower electrode and from a lateral wall (left or right). The flow pattern and Nusselt number strongly depend on the non-dimensional characteristic parameters: electrical parameter, Rayleigh number, Prandtl number and mobility parameter M. The convective motion passing from a purely thermal convection to a purely electrical convection and the number of electro-thermo-convective rolls patterns are investigated.As a consequence of the analysis of the combined effect of electric and thermal fields on the flow structure and on Nusselt number, we have also evaluated the heat transfer enhancement due to electroconvection. It is shown that the injection of electric charge increases the heat transfer and Nusselt number is independent of Rayleigh number for high enough values of T.     

含内热源可燃多孔介质热量传递及影响因素分析

本文模拟了自然对流及恒壁温边界条件下含内热源可燃填充床内最高温度随时间的变化;计算了侧面和端面取不同换热系数时填充床内的温度分布;分析了对流换热系数、堆积状态等对床内最高温度的影响。计算结果表明:各边界取不同换热系数时对最高温度的影响不大;在环境温度低于383．15 K,或壁面温度低于381．15 K的条件下,多孔床不会发生自燃。对流换热系数较大、堆积密度较小时多孔床也不易自燃。     

管内超临界压力水的混和对流换热

本文利用FLUENT6.0软件,数值研究了超临界压力下水在光管内作层流流动和换热特性,着重考察了重力引 起的二次流的影响。研究发现垂直管中由于浮力作用,速度曲线不再是抛物线,而成M状,并在壁面附近出现峰值;重 力作用下,物性的剧烈变化在水平管垂直流动方向引起了很强的二次流,从而影响了阻力特性和换热特性。     

Planar laser-induced fluorescence imaging of the spatial vapor distribution around a monodisperse acetone droplet stream exposed to asymmetric radiant heating

The development of liquid fuelled microcombustors faces many challenges, one of which being high asymmetric heat flux across the combustion chamber. Typically, thin walls provide little resistance to convective heat transfer and therefore, allowing high heat loss rates. Insulating the walls results in high wall temperatures, which increases the likelihood that radiation plays an important role. Both of these effects have the potential to induce asymmetries and strong temperature gradients in the gas flow, relative to the more uniform environment of a conventional combustor. This investigation uses planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) to reveal the spatial vapor distribution around a monodisperse acetone droplet stream that is exposed to asymmetric radiant heating. Droplets with diameters from 117 to 222 μm flow past a single-sided array of radiant heating elements to provide the asymmetric heating. A frequency-quadrupled Nd:YAG laser provides a 266 nm light sheet to excite the acetone vapor around the droplets, which are exposed to different experimental conditions by varying parameters such as the droplet diameter and temperature of the radiating elements for a fixed exposure time of the droplets in the heated region. A CCD camera captures the fluorescence of the excited acetone vapor molecules over a broadband wavelength range between 350 and 550 nm, to give the radial and axial vapor concentration around each droplet. After processing the PLIF images, we obtain contour plots of the spatial acetone vapor concentration around the droplets which depict asymmetric vapor distribution. The potential impacts on vaporization, combustion and pollutant formation are discussed.     

脉动参数对波纹通道内传热强化的影响

采用曲线坐标系下压力与速度耦合的SIMPLER算法,数值研究了波纹通道内脉动流动与换热情况,流动Re数的范围为5~500,Pr数为0.7.计算考察了脉动参数如脉动频率和振幅对通道内强化传热和压力损失的影响.研究结果表明,流动阻力特性呈周期性余弦规律变化,换热Nu数呈正弦规律变化;频率、振幅的增大,使得阻力脉动幅度增大.受入口脉动流的影响,通道内的旋涡发生周期性的脱落、增长和迁移,从而增强了流体之间的扰动和掺混,强化了传热;传热的强化效果随着振幅的增大而增强,但在特定入口脉动流下,相同振幅不同频率下的强化效果几乎一致.     

BOILING HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISMS IN A HORIZONTAL TUBE BUNDLE

The effect of thermal environment on boiling heat transfer performance in a section of a horizontal tube bundle was investigated using R-113 as the working fluid. The in-line tube bundle has five columns and 27 rows with a pitch-to-diameter ratio of 1.3. Heal transfer coefficients obtained from the instrumented tube in the tube bundle with only one tube heated while the other tubes remained unhealed and with all the lubes in the bundle heated are reported for a range of heat flux, pressure, mass flow rate, and quality. The results showed that heat transfer coefficient of a tube in a heated bundle is slightly higher than that in an unhealed bundle, with the variation of heat transfer coefficient decreasing as heat flux, mass flow rate, or pressure increased. It was also found that higher quality would tend to improve the heat transfer. However, the effect of quality disappeared as heat flux, mass flow rate, and pressure increased. Based on the experimental data, the mechanism of the heat transfer augment due to thermal environment was analyzed. It was proposed that fluid agitation and thin liquid film formation are two main factors for a heated bundle to have better transfer performance than an unhealed bundle,     

微型燃气轮机CW原表面回热器流动与换热的试验研究

本文试验研究了交错波纹(Cross Wavy,简称CW)原表面回热器在低雷诺数范围内的流动与传热性能,通过对燃气进、出口不同测点温度测量,研究了燃气不均匀性对换热性能的影响,采用等流量法从总传热系数k中分离出两侧表面传热系数h,获得了有工程应用价值的Nu-Re及f-Re准则关系式。     

The special features of heat transfer in a supercritical fluid: Mathematical and physical modeling results

The special features of heat transfer in a supercritical fluid were considered for the example of two problems, those of Rayleigh-Bénard convection in a horizontal layer heated from below and nonstationary heat transfer in a closed volume with heated boundaries. Isentropic equilibrium of a compressible medium that obeyed the van der Waals equation of state was studied. The calculation results were generalized, and the special features of convective heat transfer in a supercritical fluid beyond the stability threshold of hydrostatic equilibrium were discussed. The results of numerical and experimental studies of the relaxation of density and temperature nonuniformities as the temperature of volume walls changed were presented. The calculations were performed using the complete system of Navier-Stokes equations and the equation of state of an ideal or van der Waals gas.     

Simulation numérique de l'écoulement et du transfer de chaleur autour d'un cylindre

This paper deals with the numerical study of heat transfer and air flow around a heated cylinder in crossflow. A finite-volume method with a third-order convective scheme (Quick) has been used along with the Trio software to solve the heat and momentum balance equations. Local velocity and temperature fields have been determined. Besides, transient (Strouhal number) and time-averaged (wall shear stress, pressure coefficient and Nusselt number) results have been obtained and compared with the literature data. A good agreement has been obtained for both the local and averaged values.     

气隙式膜蒸馏中空气隙内流动与换热研究

本文针对膜蒸馏实验中开放式的窄空气隙,研究其内流动与换热机理.研究发现,对于开放式的大宽隙比(120:1)空气隙,即使其厚度仅为 1 mm,也会形成向上流动的流场,其流动状态为层流,温度分布为直线分布.空气隙内按实验结果求得的热流密度大于按导热公式计算的结果.本文给出的数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合较好.     

Thermal regime of slotted channel with moving incompressible liquid under microwave conditions

The article studies mathematical simulation of microwave heating of flow in a slotted channel. The internal heat sources, which are proportional to the absorbed microwave energy, obey the Bouguer law. The stationary temperature distributions in the liquid, wall inner surface andmiddle of the wall along the channel have been found from the balance of heat supply and heat release. The maximum temperature values over channel cross sections have also been determined. The heat transfer to the flow was realized in the nonboiling convective regime. The microwave power was selected such that themaximum temperatures and heat fluxes did not exceed themaximumallowable values for the materials.     

Natural and forced convective heat transfer on slender cylinders

This paper presents an experimental study of free and forced convective heat transfer along vertical slender cylinders. The local heat transfer coefficient is determined from the measurement of the surface temperature distribution performed by quantitative infrared thermography. It is found that the convective heat transfer is strongly dependent on the cylinder curvature and misalignment with the flow. The effect of proximity of two cylinders is emphasized in the case of forced convection. Correlations are proposed for the two types of convection. It is worth noting that circumstances exist where the turbulent heat transfer in free convection can be of the same order of magnitude as for laminar forced convection. The outcome of the study demonstrates the suitability of quantitative infrared thermography to solve complex problems and to provide a deeper understanding of the heat transfer on slender cylinders.