离子液体催化烷基化反应的研究进展

烷基化催化剂发展至今已有多种,如浓硫酸、氢氟酸、杂多酸、分子筛和离子液体等各超强酸类催化剂.用无机酸催化烷基化反应已有较好的技术并被工业化,但存在着许多技术问题,其致命的缺点是存在着严重的设备腐蚀和环境污染等问题.20世纪90年代后期兴起的绿色化学是从源头清除污染     

多孔聚合物催化剂高效催化甲酸分解制氢

氢能作为一种新型能源被认为是未来最理想的二次能源,与传统能源相比,具有能量密度高、热效率高、零污染的特点.然而,通常状态下氢能以低密度的气体形式存在,易燃易爆,给储存和运输带来诸多困难.因此,研发出安全高效的储氢方法尤为重要.甲酸在室温下为液体,无毒,挥发性低,方便储存和运输;而且甲酸的体积储氢量高达53 g/L,并能够通过催化甲酸分解反应释放出氢气和催化二氧化碳加氢反应将氢气转化成甲酸,因而甲酸被认为是理想的氢能载体.对于甲酸分解反应,制备出高活性的催化剂是关键,常用的催化剂包括均相催化剂和多相催化剂两类.均相催化剂主要是有机膦、有机胺等有机配体与金属离子(Ru、Ir、Rh、Fe等)配位得到的配合物,多相催化剂主要是多孔材料(活性炭、分子筛、二氧化硅等)负载的Au、Pd、Pt等单金属或其合金.均相催化剂具有高活性、高选择性的优点,而多相催化剂易于分离.为了结合均相催化剂和多相催化剂的优点,本文基于均相催化剂和多孔聚合物材料的发展,将均相催化剂锚定在多孔有机聚合物载体上,制备出Ru@POPs-PPh3及Ru@POPs-TPP催化剂.首先,对制备的催化剂进行了一系列表征.通过~(13)C和~(31)P固体核磁谱图证实了催化剂的结构;热重分析结果显示催化剂的分解温度高于400 oC,表明此催化剂具有优良的热稳定性;N2物理吸附结果表明该催化剂具有非常高的比表面积和丰富的孔道结构;原位一氧化碳吸附红外光谱结果表明聚合物配体对中心金属离子的电子态具有重要影响.随后,对制备的催化剂进行了活性评价实验.结果显示, Ru@POPs-PPh3及Ru@POPs-TPP催化剂均能催化甲酸分解脱氢,并通过热过滤实验证明催化过程是多相催化过程.使用前后催化剂的透射电子显微镜表征显示,使用前Ru@POPs-PPh3及Ru@POPs-TPP催化剂上均未发现Ru纳米粒子,在使用后的Ru@POPs-TPP催化剂上发现了Ru纳米颗粒,而Ru@POPs-PPh3上的Ru仍然是高分散状态,没有团聚成纳米颗粒,表明Ru@POPs-PPh3具有更高的稳定性.对Ru@POPs-PPh3催化剂的进一步研究发现,在三乙胺参与下, 140 oC条件下,其催化甲酸分解脱氢的TOF值可达55855 h–1,该催化活性可与均相催化剂相媲美;稳定性实验结果表明该催化剂具有非常高的稳定性,能够连续使用5次而活性没有明显降低.催化剂的高活性和稳定性归因于特定的聚合物配体,以及载体的高比表面积和高的膦配体浓度.本工作可为甲酸分解催化剂的设计提供带来启发.     

复合离子液体中纤维素的催化分解

通过将酸性功能化离子液体与对纤维素具有溶解作用的离子液体进行复合, 构建了一类新型的高效催化纤维素分解的体系, 并采用热重(TG)分析方法, 研究了复合离子液体中纤维素的分解行为. 结果表明: 复合离子液体中纤维素的分解温度明显降低, 溶于离子液体中的纤维素可被酸性离子液体原位催化分解. 纤维素的分解温度受离子液体催化剂的酸性及纤维素在复合离子液体中的溶解度影响明显: 酸性越强, 溶解度越大, 纤维素的分解温度越低.     

超临界CO2/离子液体体系

超临界CO2和离子液体是两种具有优异性能的绿色化学试剂,本文介绍了将两者结合反应,分离体系的物化性质和多种绿色化学过程。利用超临界CO2可以广泛地萃取离子液体中的不挥发性化合物而不导致离子液体及其中催化剂的流失,在加氢、醛化、甲酰化等反应,分离过程中的应用表明,过程具有很好的反应分离特性和环境友好性,应用前景广阔。     

离子液体中二茂铁甲酸芳香酯的合成研究

在“绿色溶剂”——室温离子液体中, 采用二环己基碳二亚胺/4-二甲氨基吡啶(DCC/DMAP)进行二茂铁甲酸芳香酯的合成研究, 反应条件温和, 简单方便, 产率高, 该反应具有环境友好的特点.     

碳材料负载Pd催化甲酸盐分解制氢

实现温和条件下高效制氢,是满足人类对清洁、绿色新能源需求的关键,是当今国际研究热点。而催化甲酸-甲酸盐等含氢物质分解制氢,是实现上述目标的重要途径之一。本项目设计了一个教学时长灵活、实验内容丰富的钯碳催化甲酸钾分解制氢实验,探究催化剂制备、反应条件对催化活性影响以及反应动力学规律等。本实验不仅包含物理化学中动力学相关内容,还通过表征手段,引导学生对催化剂构效关系进行思考,增强创新意识。此外,本实验通过模块化设计,提倡组员分工协作,丰富教学内容、提高教学效率、锻炼学生合作能力。本项目可依托国家级教学实验示范中心搭建校际资源共享平台,实现实验数据共享、表征结果共享,各高校可自由选取需要的信息,充实学生课后实验报告。     

离子液体和水: 构建高效绿色的纳米粒子催化体系

金属纳米粒子-保护剂-绿色溶剂体系, 因其高效、绿色, 且易实现反应产物和催化体系分离而备受关注. 新型的纳米粒子催化体系设计空间大, 通过设计纳米粒子、保护剂、功能化溶剂可以实现不同的反应和工艺要求, 也更符合低毒、高效可循环等绿色化学的理念. 本文结合作者课题组设计的纳米粒子-保护剂-绿色溶剂催化体系实现的一系列反应, 回顾了这个绿色的新催化体系发展的过程.     

基于离子液体的绿色催化过程

离子液体为构建绿色催化反应过程提供了新途径.本文简要评述了离子液体在几个代表性催化反应中的研究进展,如CO2羰基化、烷基化、酯交换、氧化、CO2加氢、共聚以及PET降解等;分析讨论了离子液体的特点和优势,如提高反应活性、降低废物排放以及简化分离等,并对离子液体催化反应的未来发展方向进行了展望.     

AuPd和AgPd枝晶纳米催化剂催化甲酸分解制氢

由枝晶构成的AuPd和AgPd三维多孔泡沫薄膜在室温下分解甲酸制氢具有高催化活性。该高催化活性是由于纳米枝晶中存在大量的活性位点,如台阶、角、扭结、边缘以及合金间的电子效应。多孔泡沫膜除了具有较高的活性外,还具有其他优良的性能：在不需要有机添加剂的情况下,利用氢气泡模板法在Ti基板上可在5 min内快速沉积多孔泡沫催化剂,无需后处理便可用于催化甲酸分解制氢;通过将电沉积泡沫膜浸入或者拉出HCOOH+HCOONa溶液,可控制氢气的产生或停止;该泡沫催化剂通过去离子水清洗或者在H₂SO₄溶液中进行循环伏安扫描、干燥后就可活化重新使用。     

离子聚合物微球负载钯催化甲酸分解产氢

催化甲酸分解产氢是氢气储存和氢能利用的重要途径。以对乙烯基吡啶和1,3,5-三(溴甲基)-2,4,6-三甲基苯为原料,通过季胺化和聚合,制备了树枝状离子聚合物微球。负载Pd纳米粒子后用于催化甲酸分解产氢。微球的离子交换性能、含N特性以及分子内部空穴使制备的Pd 纳米粒子具有高分散性、小尺寸、均一粒径和优化的电子结构。考察了甲酸浓度和反应温度对产氢速率的影响。结果表明,在50℃、甲酸浓度为1 M、甲酸与钯摩尔比为200、甲酸与甲酸钠摩尔比为3的优化反应条件下,甲酸完全分解时间为30 min。催化剂使用4次后活性无明显下降。     

Choline-derivative-based ionic liquids

A total of sixty-three choline derivative-based ionic liquids in the forms of chlorides, acesulfamates, and bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides have been prepared and their physical properties (density, viscosity, solubility, and thermal stability) have been determined. Thirteen of these salts are known chlorides: precursors to the 26 water-soluble acesulfamates, 12 acesulfamates only partially miscible with water, and 12 water-insoluble imides. The crystal structures for two of the chloride salts-(2-hydroxyethyl)dimethylundecyloxymethylammonium chloride and cyclododecyloxymethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium chloride-were determined. The antimicrobial (cocci, rods, and fungi) activities of the new hydrophilic acesulfamate-based ILs were measured and 12 were found to be active. The alkoxymethyl(2-hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonium acesulfamates have been shown to be insect feeding deterrents and thus open up a new generation of synthetic deterrents based on ionic liquids. The alkoxymethyl(2-decanoyloxyethyl)dimethylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imides have also been shown to act as fixatives for soft tissues and can furthermore be used as substitutes for formalin and also preservatives for blood.     

Applications of ionic liquids

Ionic liquids have recently gained popularity in the scientific community owing to their special properties and characteristics. One of the reasons why ionic liquids have been termed “green solvents” is due to their negligible vapour pressure. Their use in electrochemical, biological and metal extraction applications is discussed. Wide research has been carried out for their use in batteries, solar panels, fuel cells, drug deliveries and biomass pretreatments. This work aims to consolidate the various findings from previous works in these areas. DOI 10.1002/tcr.201100036     

Partition potential for hydrogen bonding in formic acid dimers

The ground-state energy and density of 4 low-energy conformations of the formic acid dimer were calculated via partition density functional theory (PDFT). The differences between isolated and PDFT monomer densities display similar deformation patterns for primary and secondary hydrogen bonds (HBs) among all 4 dimers. In contrast, the partition potential shows no transferable features in the bonding regions. These observations highlight the global character of the partition potential and the cooperative effect that occurs when a dimer is bound via more than 1 HB. We also provide numerical confirmation of the intuitive (but unproven) observation that fragment deformation energies are larger for systems with larger binding energies.     

The effect of hydrogen bond acceptor properties of ionic liquids on their cellulose solubility

It is nowadays well-known that ionic liquids can dissolve cellulose. However, little systematic data has been published that shed light onto the influence of the ionic liquid structure on the dissolution of cellulose. We have conducted 1H NMR spectroscopy of ethanol in a large number of ionic liquids, and found an excellent correlation of the data obtained with the hydrogen acceptor properties (β-values). With this tool in hand, it is possible to distinguish between cellulose-dissolving and non-dissolving ionic liquids. A modulating effect of both, the anion of the non-dissolving ionic liquid and its cation was found in solubility studies with binary ionic liquid mixtures. The study was extended to other non-dissolving liquids, namely water and dimethylsulfoxide, and the effect of the cation was also investigated.     

Gaseous supramolecules of imidazolium ionic liquids: "magic" numbers and intrinsic strengths of hydrogen bonds

Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) is found to gently and efficiently transfer small to large as well as singly to multiply charged [X+]n[A-]m supramolecules of imidazolium ion (X+) ionic liquids to the gas phase, and to reveal "magic numbers" for their most favored assemblies. Tandem mass spectrometric experiments (ESI-MS/MS) were then used to dissociate, via low-energy collision activation, mixed and loosely bonded [A- - - -X- - - -A']- and [X- - - -A- - - -X']+ gaseous supramolecules, as well as their higher homologues, and to estimate and order via Cooks' kinetic method (CKM) and B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) calculations the intrinsic solvent-free magnitude of hydrogen bonds. For the five anions studied, the relative order of intrinsic hydrogen-bond strengths to the 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ion [X1]+ is: CF3CO2- (zero) > BF4- (-3.1) > PF6- (-10.0) > InCl4- (-16.4) and BPh4- (-17.6 kcal mol(-1)). The relative hydrogen-bond strength for InCl4- was measured via CKM whereas those for the other anions were calculated and used as CKM references. A good correlation coefficient (R=0.998) between fragment ion ratios and calculated hydrogen-bond strengths and an effective temperature (Teff) of 430 K demonstrate the CKM reliability for measuring hydrogen-bond strengths in gaseous ionic liquid supramolecules. Using CKM and Teff of 430 K, the intrinsic hydrogen-bond strengths of BF4- for the three cations investigated is: 1-n-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium ion (0) > 1,3-di-[(R)-3-methyl-2-butyl]-imidazolium ion (-2.4) > 1,3-di-[(R)-alpha-methylbenzyl]-imidazolium ion (-3.0 kcal mol(-1)). As evidenced by "magic" numbers, greater stabilities are found for the [(X1)2(BF4)3]- and [(X1)5A4]+ supramolecules (A not equal InCl4-).     

Synthesis and properties of trigeminal tricationic ionic liquids

Novel trigeminal tricationic ionic liquids (TTILs) have been successfully synthesized in high yields by means of Menschutkin quaternization via an S(N)1 mechanism. This reaction presents a new convenient method for transforming glycerol into multifunctional compounds. The physical properties of a series of TTILs were characterized by using a variety of techniques. The prepared salts were tested for antimicrobial activity. Electrochemical characterization of TTILs was also performed, which allowed the estimation of the conductivity of these new compounds, to establish their electrochemical stability window and capacitance properties over a wide range of temperatures. A good correlation of the physical properties of TTILs with capacitance values was observed.     

Long-alkyl-chain quaternary ammonium lactate based ionic liquids

A new group of quaternary ammonium lactate based ionic liquids have been prepared and characterized. Didecyldimethylammonium (DDA) and benzalkonium (BA) D,L- and L-lactates are air-stable, hydrophilic, surface-active salts. They are very effective antibacterial and antifungal agents, especially the DDA lactates, against Streptococcus mutants and Candida albicans. Their activities are comparable or more effective than the original benzalkonium chloride. In addition, they have been shown to be good insect-feeding deterrents. However, they are poor antifungal agents for wood preservation. The toxicity of the DDA and BA lactates has also been studied and the results are presented in this paper.     

Novel ascorbic acid based ionic liquids for the in situ synthesis of quasi-spherical and anisotropic gold nanostructures in aqueous medium

A series of newly designed ascorbic acid based room temperature ionic liquids were successfully used to prepare quasi-spherical and anisotropic gold nanostructures in an aqueous medium at ambient temperature. The synthesis of these room temperature ionic liquids involves, first, the preparation of a 1-alkyl (such as methyl, ethyl, butyl, hexyl, octyl, and decyl) derivative of 3-methylimidazolium hydroxide followed by the neutralization of the derivatised product with ascorbic acid. These ionic liquids show significantly better thermal stability and their glass transition temperature (Tg) decreases with increasing alkyl chain length. The ascorbate counter anion of these ionic liquids acts as a reducing agent for HAuCl4 to produce metallic gold and the alkylated imidazolium counter cation acts as a capping/shape-directing agent. It has been found that the nature of the ionic liquids and the mole ratio of ionic liquid to HAuCl4 has a significant effect on the morphology of the formed gold nanostructures. If an equimolar mixture of ionic liquid and HAuCl4 is used, predominantly anisotropic gold nanostructures are formed and by varying the alkyl chain length attached to imidazolium cation of the ionic liquids, various particle morphologies can formed, such as quasispherical, raspberry-like, flakes or dendritic. A probable formation mechanism for such anisotropic gold nanostructures has been proposed, which is based on the results of some control experiments.