3-取代-4(3H)-喹唑啉酮在酸性离子液体中的一锅法、微波辅助合成

研究以二种基于磺酸基官能团的Brфnsted酸性功能化离子液体:1-(4-磺酸基)苄基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐(a),N-(4-磺酸基)苄基吡啶硫酸氢根盐(b)作为反应介质与催化剂,2-氨基苯甲酸、原甲酸酯或甲酸、芳香胺或脂肪胺三组分为原料,在微波辐射下实现了3-取代-4(3H)-喹唑啉酮的一锅法快速合成.离子液体加入量10 mo1%,反应时间4～6min,目标化合物产率74%～94%.离子液体可循环使用3次,催化活性基本保持不变.此合成方法通用性强,3-位可引入芳基或烷基取代基,取代基电性效应小,拉电子取代基底物也可顺利反应.另外,反应可直接以85%甲酸作为C-2引入单元,目标化合物产率72%～91%.     

功能化离子液体中两步高效合成N-取代硫脲

两步高效合成N-取代硫脲：（1）在[emim]SCN中以酰与伯胺为起始原料先合成得到N-烃基-N＇-酰基硫脲,反应速度快,产率高,功能化离子液体既作为第一步反应原料,又作为反应介质;（2）N-烃基-N′-酰基硫脲在NaOH/H2O/EtOH体系中以近100%的转化率水解得目标产物.提供了一种高效合成N-取代硫脲的绿色、...     

含氰基基团的以C为中心的不对称阴离子离子液体的合成、表征及应用

首次通过不对称阴离子的钠盐/钾盐和不同的季胺化的咪唑,吡咯溴盐/氯盐进行离子交换,合成了一系列含氰基官能团的不对称阴离子功能化离子液体。通过红外、核磁共振、质谱和元素分析对离子液体的结构进行表征;通过TGA对离子液体的热稳定性进行测定,结果发现不对称功能化离子液体具有良好的热稳定性,其分解温度在219-319℃范围内。将功能化离子液体[Bmim][C(CN)2COCH3]作为弱配体应用于模型的Suzuki偶联反应,发现在反应中加入功能化离子液体[Bmim][C(CN)2COCH3]可以使反应收率提高10-15%。     

以季鏻盐离子液体为反应介质的绿色有机反应*

与铵盐类离子液体比较,季鏻盐离子液体具有挥发性更低,物理、化学性质更加稳定,兼具催化功能等优点。近年来,季鏻盐离子液体作为一种绿色反应介质日益受到重视,很多类型的有机反应在季鏻盐离子液体中得到应用,收到了很好的效果。本文主要以2000年以来的期刊文献报道为线索,对季鏻盐离子液体的制备方法以及以其作为反应介质的绿色有机反应进行了综述。这些反应主要包括Diels-Alder反应、Heck反应、Suzuki反应、Buchwald-Hartwig 反应、Friedel-Crafts反应、Kornblum 取代反应、Grignard反应、羰基化反应、氢甲酰化反应、转移氢化反应、酯化反应等多种类型。特别是对于一些涉及强碱性反应条件或亲电取代的反应类型,季鏻盐离子液体具有特殊的优势。     

以N为中心的阴离子离子液体的合成、表征及应用

首次通过不同阴离子的钾盐和不同的季铵化的咪唑,吡咯溴盐/氯盐进行离子交换,合成了一系列含氰基官能团的阴离子功能化离子液体。通过红外、核磁共振、质谱对离子液体的结构进行表征;通过TGA对离子液体的热稳定性进行测定,结果发现功能化离子液体具有良好的热稳定性,其分解温度在224-289℃范围内。将功能化离子液体[EMIm][N(CN)COC2H5]作为配体应用于无膦配体的Suzuki偶联反应,发现在反应中加入功能化离子液体[EMIm][N(CN)COC2H5]可以使反应收率提高10-20%。     

烯胺酮(酯)类化合物合成研究进展

本文综述了目前国内外烯胺酮(酯)类化合物的主要合成方法。从采用缩合、加成、取代及杂环分解等不同的反应类型,采用路易斯酸、无机酸等不同的催化剂体系,以及采用微波或超声波促进,利用离子液体作为反应介质等几个方面展开讨论。     

设计新型液液两相催化体系:π配体离子液体

 π配体催化剂与离子液体体系相结合有助于解决反应效率、产物分离和催化剂循环等一系列均相催化体系不易解决的难题. 近几年相关的研究逐渐深入,由简单地使用离子液体作为π配体催化反应的介质向利用离子液体自身结构的方向发展,相继出现了几类不同的研究思路. 例如,利用π配体催化剂与离子液体形成络合物,使用离子型π配体改善催化剂在离子液体中的溶解性,以及合成功能化阳离子或功能化阴离子的π配体离子液体. 本文结合这几类离子液体化学键联π配体(简称π配体离子液体)的研究进展,从离子液体功能化设计的角度探讨了π配体离子液体的合成思路,为设计具有更好催化性能的功能化离子液体体系提供借鉴.     

新型离子液体的合成及其在Heck反应合成烯丙醇类化合物中的应用

以甲基咪唑（或咪唑）和N-取代芳基-3-氯丙酰胺为原料,与KPF-6经离子交换制得6个新型酰胺基功能化离子液体（2a～2c和3a~3c）。以2-溴-6-甲氧基萘与烯丙醇反应为模板反应,2或3为反应介质,考察反应的转化率和区域选择性。结果表明： 3为反应介质时,转化率和区域选择性均高于2。以溴代芳烃和烯丙醇为原料,3c为反应介质,醋酸钯催化Heck反应制得2-取代芳烃烯丙醇化合物,收率85%~89％,立体选择性均大于99%。所得产物的结构均经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, IR, EI-MS和元素分析表征。     

1,3-二羧甲基咪唑盐酸盐热分解过程研究

离子液体是继超临界流体之后的一类新的绿色溶剂,因其具有一系列独特的性质,作为溶剂和反应介质已广泛应用于有机合成、催化反应工程、电化学、分离分析等领域.随着研究和应用的逐渐深入,仅仅将离子液体作为溶剂和反应介质已不能满足要求,使离子液体带上某些官能团,从而赋予其特定的功能,是相关领域的一个研究热点.1,3-二取代咪唑盐是一类常用的离子液体,对其功能化具有重要意义.1,3-二羧甲基咪唑的制备简单,将它与不同的酸如盐酸、磷酸、硼酸等进行反应,可得到对称二羧甲基取代的咪唑盐.这类咪唑盐作为缩聚单体与二醇或二胺反应,可得到每个重复链节上都含有咪唑阳离子的新的功能性聚酯或聚酰胺;如果用其掺杂导电聚苯胺,因其挥发性低则有可能大大提高聚苯胺的导电寿命.     

功能化离子液体催化碳-杂键形成反应

离子液体独特的溶剂性能使它在合成和催化领域得到了广泛的应用。然而,离子液体的经济问题和可能的环境友好性问题使得人们逐渐把目光投向了离子液体自身的催化性能。人们通过对离子液体结构的修饰设计出了各种具有特定催化性能的功能化离子液体。近年来功能化离子液体在催化碳-杂键形成反应方面有了相当多的应用。本文以形成的碳-杂原子键类型为主线,综述了功能化离子液体在催化碳-杂键形成反应方面的最新研究进展,涉及到了酸性离子液体、碱性离子液体、金属有机功能化离子液体、酸碱双功能离子液体、手性离子液体等多种类型的功能化离子液体。     

超临界水中甲酸降解过程实验研究

在550℃~650℃,24 MPa~30 MPa,反应停留16 s~46 s的条件下,对初始浓度0.05 mol/L~0.70 mol/L的甲酸溶液在超临界水中的降解过程进行实验研究。结果表明,甲酸降解的气体产物为H2、CO2和CO,其中H2、CO2为主要产物。高温有利于甲酸降解和H2生成。温度较高(600℃)时,压力变化对甲酸降解无明显影响。在一定范围内延长反应时间可提高气体产物中H2的体积分数和碳气化率。甲酸初始浓度对甲酸降解机理有重要影响,浓度较低(0.1 mol/L)时,甲酸降解主要包含脱羧反应和脱羰反应两条反应路径,其中脱羧反应为主反应路径;浓度较高时则有许多副反应发生。碱性添加剂不利于甲酸降解生成H2。     

大气中一元酸催化亚硫酸分解反应的从头算及动力学研究

采用从头算的理论计算方法,在CCSD（T）/aug-cc-pVDZ//MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ水平下,对甲酸、乙酸、丙酸和硝酸催化亚硫酸分解成二氧化硫和水的微观反应机理进行了理论研究.结果表明,这4种一元酸均可使亚硫酸分解反应能垒显著降低,降低幅度由大到小的顺序为丙酸 > 乙酸 > 甲酸 > 硝酸.其中,丙酸甚至使反应能垒从裸反应时的99.84 kJ/mol降至27.24 kJ/mol.在此基础上,计算了200~320 K温度范围内4种一元酸催化亚硫酸分解反应的速率常数,并结合它们在大气中的实际浓度计算了有效速率常数.结果表明,在实际大气环境中,乙酸对亚硫酸分解反应的催化效果最为显著.当乙酸存在时,亚硫酸在室温下的大气寿命仅为0.02 s.     

硫化镉复合光催化剂在模拟有机污染物体系中光催化制氢研究

太阳能光催化分解水制氢是太阳能制氢的最佳途径之一.选择CdS为敏化剂,制备了可见光响应的CdS复合钛酸纳米管光催化剂.以所制备的光催化剂在不同模拟有机污染物中的光催化产氢活性进行研究,对有机物浓度、pH值等反应参数进行了考察,并对其产氢机理进行了分析.研究发现各类有机物中,甲酸溶液中产氢量活性最高.分别考察了10%、2...     

Nanostructured platinum as an electrocatalyst for the electrooxidation of formic acid

Nanostructured platinum prepared by the chemical reduction of hexachloroplatinic acid dissolved in aqueous domains of the liquid crystalline phases of oligoethylene oxide surfactants, was examined as an electrocatalyst for the electrooxidation of formic acid. The electrocatalytic properties of the catalyst combining highly specific surface areas and a periodic mesoporous nanostructure were accessed in sulfuric acid solution containing 0.5 mol dm⁻³ formic acid using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry. The electrocatalytic activity of the material at 60 °C, is characterised by a mass activity of 8.6 A g⁻¹ and a specific surface area activity of 26 μA cm⁻² at 0.376 V (vs. RHE). The resistance to CO poisoning was found to depend upon electrode potential. At hydrogen adsorption potentials, the material is easily poisoned, while the material shows high resistance to CO poisoning at potentials positive of the hydrogen region. These facts suggest that the decomposition of HCOOH on the mesoporous platinum is likely to proceed through a dual-path mechanism and the high surface area material is a potential electocatalyst towards the electrooxidation of small organic molecules.     

电解液中的乙二胺四甲叉膦酸对甲酸在炭载Pd催化剂上电氧化性能的影响

利用X射线能量色散(EDS)谱、X射线衍射(XRD)谱、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和电化学等技术研究了在电解液中添加乙二胺四甲叉膦酸(EDTMP)对甲酸在Pd/C催化剂上电氧化性能的影响. 结果表明, 当EDTMP添加的浓度为0.5 mmol/L时, Pd/C催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化活性和稳定性最好. 这主要归结于吸附在Pd/C催化剂表面的EDTMP不但能通过基团效应降低CO的吸附量, 还能抑制Pd/C催化剂催化甲酸分解的速率, 从而减少了CO的毒化作用. 但当EDTMP的浓度大于0.5 mmol/L时, 吸附过多的EDTMP反而会占据Pd的活性位点, 降低催化作用.     

不同半导体体系中磷化镍光催化甲酸分解的助催化作用

研究了在不同的半导体体系(TiO₂, CdS和C₃N₄)中, Ni₂P光催化甲酸(HCOOH)分解制氢的助催化效应. 作为助催化剂, Ni₂P与3种半导体形成的复合光催化剂均表现出良好的HCOOH分解制氢活性. Ni₂P/TiO₂, Ni₂P/CdS, Ni₂P/C₃N₄ 3种光催化剂最优的产氢活性分别为41.69, 22.45和47.67 μmol·mg^-1·h^-1, 分别为纯TiO₂, CdS和C₃N₄的3.8倍、 10倍和210倍, 表明Ni₂P在光催化HCOOH分解制氢体系中具有普适性. 研究了光催化HCOOH分解制氢的机理, Ni₂P的加入使光生电子从半导体转移至Ni₂P, 提高了光生电子-空穴对的分离效率; Ni₂P还促进了活性物种·OH的生成, 提高了光催化HCOOH分解的产氢速率.     

Decomposition and Debromination of Monobromoacetic Acid by Radio Frequency Discharge in an Aqueous Solution

In this study, efficient decomposition and debromination of monobromoacetic acid (MBAA) induced by radio frequency discharge in an aqueous solution in the concentration range from 0.1 to 8.0 mM were investigated. The decomposition and debromination intermediate byproducts were analyzed by ion chromatography. The experimental results showed that the decay of MBAA followed first-order kinetics. Increasing pH and adding organic additives to the solution enhanced MBAA removal and debromination. Acetic acid, bromate ion, oxalic acid and formic acid were determined as the major intermediate byproducts. Final products were bromide ion and carbon dioxide. Hydrated electrons are the primary species for the debromination and reactive oxygen species are the ones for the decomposition. A probable reaction pathway was proposed. The present study may provide a promising alternative for the complete mineralization of MBAA.     

Investigation of physicochemical properties of lactam-based Brønsted acidic ionic liquids

Novel lactam-cation-based Br?nsted acid ionic liquids (ILs) were prepared through a simple and atom-economic neutralization reaction between a lactam, such as caprolactam and butyrolactam, and a Br?nsted acid, HX, where X is BF4-, CF3COO-, phCOO-, ClCH2COO-, NO3-, or H2PO4-. The density, viscosity, acidic scale, electrochemical window, temperature dependency of ionic conductivity, and thermal property of these ILs were measured and investigated in detail. The results show that protonated caprolactam tetrafluoroborate (CPBF) has a relatively strong acidity with -0.22 of Hammett acidic scale H0 and caprolactam trifluoroacetate (CPTFA) and pyrrolidonium trifluoroacetate (PYTFA) ILs possess very low viscosities, that is, 28 cP and 11 cP, respectively. An investigation of thermal property showed that a wide liquid range (up to -90 degrees C), moderate thermal stability (up to 249 degrees C for 10% of decomposition), and complex polymorphism were observed in these ILs. In comparison to imidazolium-cation-based ILs, the lactam-cation-based Br?nsted acid ILs have a relatively lower cost, lower toxicity, and comparable ion conductivity and heat storage density (more than 200 MJ/m3). They have wide applicable perspectives for fuel cell devices, thermal transfer fluids, and acid-catalyzed reaction media and catalysts as replacements of conventional inorganic acids.     

CARBOXYLATION OF FORMIC ACID IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF U.V.-LIGHT

Abstract— Carboxylation of various organic substances by dissolved carbon dioxide or bicarbonate is achieved by the action of U.V. -Light of 184.9 and 253.1 mμ on water. The transformation of formic acid to oxalic acid was investigated in more detail as a function of u.v.-dose, pH-values and the formate concentration. For an irradiation period of 12 hr of 0.1 M formate, a yield of about 2 m mol.1^--¹ oxalic acid was obtained. A reaction mechanism for the photochemical carboxylation process is presented. The results are of some interest in respect of the synthesis of organic compounds under the primitive earth conditions.     

Isolation, Characterization, and Catalytic Properties of a Novel Lipase Which Is Activated in Ionic Liquids and Organic Solvents

A novel extracellular lipase with organic solvent tolerance was isolated from a local Pseudomonas species. The lipase gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli as a heterologous host and purified by affinity chromatography. The activity of purified lipase was investigated in the presence of imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) such as EMIM[Cl], BMIM[Cl], and HMIM[Cl]. It has been found that the activity of treated lipase with ILs was higher than untreated control in the hydrolysis reaction. Also, the results indicated that the enzymatic activity strongly depends on IL concentration in reaction media. The best concentration of the IL was 30%, 45%, and 50% (v/v) for HMIM[Cl], BMIM[Cl], and EMIM[Cl], respectively. Additionally, the enzyme exhibited excellent stability in the presence of 25% of n-hexane, toluene, acetone, and t-butanol. The optimum values of pH and temperature were determined 10 and 55 °C, respectively. The K (m) and V (max) values were calculated 0.4 mM and 1.92 U/ml, respectively, using p-nitrophenyl palmitate as substrate. With respect to the biochemical properties of the newly isolated lipase such as high-level stability and noticeable activity in the presence of organic solvents and ionic liquids, the newly isolated lipase seems to be a good candidate for environmental and industrial processes carried out in non-aqueous media.