孤立碳颗粒聚团燃烧过程的研究

数值模拟气体流过孤立碳颗粒聚团的燃烧反应过程。计算表明穿过颗粒聚团的气体流量主要与颗粒聚团空隙率有关。当颗粒聚团空隙率小于0．8时,穿过颗粒聚团的气体流量可忽略不计。碳颗粒聚团内温度呈现迎来流面低、背流面高,两侧低中间高; CO和CO2含量呈现迎来流面低、背流面高,两侧低中间高的变化趋势;而O2含量迎来流面高、背流面低,两侧高中间低。颗粒聚团内不同位置的颗粒消耗的碳量不同。颗粒的相互团聚将降低碳的消耗量,同时也抑制碳颗粒燃烧过程NO和N2O的生成。     

流化床内超细颗粒的流动

基于气体分子运动论和颗粒动理学,建立超细颗粒气固两相湍流流动模型,模型考虑了气相与颗粒聚团之间以及颗粒聚团之间的动量和能量的传递和耗散。建立超细颗粒固相粘性系数、超细颗粒压力等物性参数计算模型。超细颗粒的聚团改变了单颗粒碰撞动力学以及颗粒相压力、粘性系数等输运特性。模型模拟计算颗粒聚团直径分布与Zhaolin等[1]实测值相吻合。     

喷动床内纳米颗粒气固两相流动的数值模拟

采用欧拉-欧拉双流体模型,颗粒动理学理论模拟颗粒相流动,采用周涛和李洪钟(1999)的力平衡模型预测纳米颗粒聚团尺寸,对喷动床内纳米颗粒聚团流化过程进行了数值模拟,得到了喷动床内纳米颗粒聚团的流化过程,获得喷射区和环隙区内颗粒相速度和浓度分布。分析了喷动床结构和进口气体速度等对纳米颗粒聚团流化特性的影响。由于纳米颗粒的特殊性质,不易形成喷泉区。适当的喷动床结构和进口气体速度有助于形成稳定喷动。     

细颗粒湍流聚并的分区法群平衡模拟

通过聚并促进细颗粒(PM_2.5)特别是亚微米颗粒(PM_1.0)团聚长大或被大颗粒捕集,是提高其脱除效率的有效方法之一。本文采用分区法对燃煤电厂尾部烟气中飞灰的聚并进行了群平衡模拟研究。利用圆柱阵列实现的湍流聚并装置,圆柱横向间距为4倍直径时,纵向间距宜在圆柱直径的15~30倍之间,在工程上较为可行的条件下,对于PM_1.0可达到55%或更高的聚并效率。粗颗粒的存在对于细颗粒聚并具有明显的促进作用,聚并停留时间越短,该作用相对越显著。     

基于聚类算法的提升管内颗粒聚团演化行为研究

本文基于K-means聚类算法对提升管内瞬时颗粒分布图进行图像分割,捕捉颗粒聚团的内部结构及演化过程,并结合聚团区域灰度直方图和分布图研究了有核聚团、颗粒云团以及提升管不同区域聚团演化特性.研究发现当固含率较高时,聚团内部形成致密的核心,且这些聚团相对比较稳定,它们由聚团核心及其周围的颗粒云组成,而在固含率较低时,聚团...     

颗粒气体团簇行为实验研究

颗粒体系由于非弹性碰撞和摩擦等内秉的能量耗散特性,由宏观粒子形成的颗粒气体体系经常会有局部凝聚现象,这是颗粒气体体系与分子气体体系的最大区别之一.理解和预测这一现象的发生将有助于人们对远离平衡态体系的复杂现象,如有序结构、斑图和团簇形成的认知.这种局部凝聚现象可以类比于分子气体中亚稳分解形成的液滴,将气液相分离用于解释和寻求局部凝聚现象的此模型得到了分子动力学模拟的校验.但是实验的校验却由于宏观粒子运动受重力作用的影响难以在实验室中实现.作为实践十号卫星的前期实验,本文利用国家微重力实验室落塔装置,以水平激振装有不同尺寸和数目的颗粒样品,在短时微重力条件下,成功观察到颗粒气体团簇的形成;并将实验结果与颗粒气体类范德瓦耳斯气体分子相分离模型对比,由形成团簇样品的颗粒数密度条件,来实验确定了所选颗粒的恢复系数,得到直径为0.5 mm的钛珠颗粒的恢复系数在0.6—0.8之间,直径为1 mm的钛珠颗粒的恢复系数约为0.8,直径为2.5 mm的钛珠颗粒的恢复系数应大于0.8.     

循环流化床内颗粒团运动的数值模拟

本文引入聚合力来表征稠密气固两相流动中颗粒所受到的团聚效应,井将颗粒团视为床内的离散相,建立了颗粒团的碰撞、形成及破碎模型。用此模型对循环流化床的两相流动进行数值模拟,得到了较详细的床内流动特性。计算结果表明,用本文的模型和算法模拟工程意义上的循环流化床内的两相流动是可行的。     

颗粒气体的团簇行为

颗粒体系由于粒子间非弹性碰撞和摩擦等内秉的能量耗散特性,由宏观粒子形成的颗粒气体体系经常会有局部凝聚现象,这是颗粒气体体系与分子气体体系的最大区别之一。理解和预测这一现象的发生将有助于人们对远离平衡态体系的复杂现象(如有序结构、斑图和团簇形成)的认知。这种局部凝聚现象可以类比于分子气体中亚稳分解形成的液滴,将气液相分离用于解释和寻求局部凝聚现象的模型得到了分子动力学模拟的校验。但是实验的校验却由于宏观粒子运动受重力作用的影响难以在实验室中实现。实践十号卫星为我们提供了长时稳定微重力条件,使得实验观察成为可能,有望获得团簇形成及颗粒冷却行为等颗粒动力学重要实验结果。     

LES-DSMC方法研究超细颗粒气固两相流动过程

采用考虑颗粒脉动流动对气相湍流流动影响的大涡模拟(LES)研究气相湍流,采用直接模拟蒙特卡罗方法(DSMC)模拟颗粒间的碰撞。单颗粒运动满足牛顿第二定律,颗粒相和气相相间作用的双向耦合由牛顿第三定律确定,考虑超细颗粒间的van der Waals作用力。数值模拟垂直管内超细颗粒气固两相流动,对颗粒相速度、浓度以及团聚物流动过程进行分析。     

双大涡模拟方法模拟提升管内气固两相流动

基于Smagorinsky涡黏模型以及颗粒动理学理论,建立了气固两相流双大涡模拟模型。考虑大涡模拟中过滤尺度的影响,给出颗粒相亚格子压力和热传导系数计算模型。考虑颗粒聚团对两相作用的影响,给出了考虑颗粒聚团作用的气固两相多尺度曳力系数模型。数值模拟了提升管内气固两相流动特性,合理地预测出了提升管内气固两相环-核流动结构。模拟结果与Knowlton等实测结果相吻合。     

The Effect of Boundary Conditions on Gas-phase Synthesised Silver Nanoparticles

We have prepared spherical non-agglomerated silver nanoparticles by an evaporation–condensation–dilution/cooling technique. Silver was evaporated from a crucible in a tubular flow reactor. A porous tube diluter was used to quench the carrier gas at the outlet of the reactor to enhance the formation of small particles and to suppress agglomeration and other particle growth mechanisms. The number size distribution of the prepared particles was measured with a differential mobility analyser–condensation nucleus counter combination and the size and the shape of the particles were analysed with transmission electron microscope. The system was modelled using a sectional aerosol dynamics computer code to estimate the importance of different aerosol processes. In all conditions the particles obtained were non-agglomerated and spherical. The mean particle diameter varied from 4 to 10-nm depending on boundary conditions. From the modelling studies it can be concluded that the nucleation rate is the most important parameter controlling the final particle size.     

Statistics of particle pair relative velocity in the homogeneous shear flow

Small scale clustering of inertial particles and relative velocity of particle pairs have been fully characterized for statistically steady homogeneous isotropic flows. Depending on the particle Stokes relaxation time, the spatial distribution of the disperse phase results in a multi-scale manifold characterized by local particle concentration and voids and, because of finite inertia, the two nearby particles have high probability to exhibit large relative velocities. Both effects might explain the speed-up of particle collision rate in turbulent flows. Recently it has been shown that the large scale geometry of the flow plays a crucial role in organizing small scale particle clusters. For instance, a mean shear preferentially orients particle patterns. In this case, depending on the Stokes time, anisotropic clustering may occur even in the inertial range of scales where the turbulent fluctuations which drive the particles have already recovered isotropy. Here we consider the statistics of particle pair relative velocity in the homogeneous shear flow, the prototypical flow which manifests anisotropic clustering at small scales. We show that the mean shear, by imprinting anisotropy on the large scale velocity fluctuations, dramatically affects the particle relative velocity distribution even in the range of small scales where the anisotropic mechanisms of turbulent kinetic energy production are sub-dominant with respect to the inertial energy transfer which drives the carrier fluid velocity towards isotropy. We find that the particles’ populations which manifest strong anisotropy in their relative velocities are the same which exhibit small scale clustering. In contrast to any Kolmogorov-like picture of turbulent transport these phenomena may persist even below the smallest dissipative scales where the residual level of anisotropy may eventually blow-up. The observed anisotropy of particle relative velocity and spatial configuration is suggested to influence the directionality of the collision probability, as inferred on the basis of the so-called “ghost collision” model.     

CFD在燃煤细粒子凝聚过程中的应用

燃煤产生的细粒子富集了大量的有毒痕量元素,对大气环境和人类健康造成严重危害。本文针对燃煤细粒子的形成过程,在计算流体力学(CFD)的基础上,结合气溶胶动力学理论,模拟了烟气中细粒子在圆柱形流场中由于碰撞而凝聚的过程,并通过计算结果分析细粒子颗粒特征参量(速度、质量、直径和颗粒数目)随流场的变化趋势,为深入研究燃煤细粒子的形成演化机理提供理论基础。     

Lattice-Boltzmann Simulation of Particle Suspensions in Shear Flow

Inclusion of short-range particle–particle interactions for increased numerical stability in a lattice-Boltzmann code for particle-fluid suspensions, and handling of the particle phase for an effective implementation of the code for parallel computing, are discussed and formulated. In order to better understand the origin of the shear-thickening behavior observed in real suspensions, two simplified cases are considered with the code thus developed. A chain-like cluster of suspended particles is shown to increase the momentum transfer in a shear flow between channel walls, and thereby the effective viscosity of the suspension in comparison with random configurations of particles. A single suspended particle is also shown to increase the effective viscosity under shear flow of this simple suspension for particle Reynolds numbers above unity, due to inertial effects that change the flow configuration around the particle. These mechanisms are expected to carry over to large-scale particle-fluid suspensions.     

Investigation of the influence of humidity on the ultrasonic agglomeration of submicron particles in diesel exhausts

Removing very fine particles in the 0.01-1 micro m range generated in diesel combustion is important for air pollution abatement because of the impact such particles have on the environment. By forming larger particles, acoustic agglomeration of submicron particles is presented as a promising process for enhancing the efficiency of the current filtration systems for particle removal. Nevertheless, some authors have pointed out that acoustic agglomeration is much more efficient for larger particles than for smaller particles. This paper studies the effect of humidity on the acoustic agglomeration of diesel exhausts particles in the nanometer size range at 21 kHz. For the agglomeration tests, the experimental facility basically consists of a pilot scale plant with a diesel engine, an ultrasonic agglomeration chamber a dilution system, a nozzle atomizer, and an aerosol sampling and measuring station. The effect of the ultrasonic treatment, generated by a linear array of four high-power stepped-plate transducers on fumes at flow rates of 900 Nm(3)/h, was a small reduction in the number concentration of particles at the outlet of the chamber. However, the presence of humidity raised the agglomeration rate by decreasing the number particle concentration by up to 56%. A numerical study of the agglomeration process as a linear combination of the orthokinetic and hydrodynamic agglomeration coefficients resulting from mutual radiation pressure also found that acoustic agglomeration was enhanced by humidity. Both results confirm the benefit of using high-power ultrasound together with humidity to enhance the agglomeration of particles much smaller than 1 micro m.     

Formation of Calcium Carbonate Sub‐Micron Particles in a High Shear Stress Three‐Phase Reactor

The production of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) was investigated experimentally under industrially relevant conditions, i.e. at high solid concentrations and increasing amount of solid product in the slurry. Temperature is an important parameter since it determines the crystal structure, the particle shape and, as a consequence, the viscosity of the slurry. Of course, the mass concentration of the raw material also has an important influence on the viscosity. From the particle size distributions of primary particles and agglomerates, it can be concluded that the nucleation process is governed by primary nucleation. Also, heterogeneous nucleation occurs on solid calcium hydroxide particles that are present in the slurry. Especially if the raw material contains impurities heterogeneous nucleation occurs and large and unwanted particles are formed. If the slurry is not stabilized, strong agglomeration occurs that can be influenced by the shear stress introduced to the slurry: a high shear stress which is linked to the viscosity of the slurry limits the upper particle diameter and leads to a steep particle size distribution of the product.     

Negative viscosity due to magnetic properties of a non-dilute suspension composed of ferromagnetic rod-like particles with magnetic moment normal to the particle axis

The negative viscosity of a colloidal dispersion composed of ferromagnetic rod-like particles, which have a magnetic moment normal to the particle axis, have been investigated. A simple shear flow problem has been treated to clarify the particle orientational distribution and rheological properties of such a semi-dense dispersion, under circumstances of an external magnetic field applied in the direction normal to the shear plane of a simple shear flow. The results obtained here are summarized as follows. For the cases of a very strong magnetic field and magnetic interactions between particles, the magnetic moment of the rod-like particles is significantly restricted in the magnetic field direction, so that the particle approximately aligns in the shear flow direction. Also, the particle can easily rotate around the axis of the cluster almost freely even in a simple shear flow. Characteristic orientational properties of the particle cause negative viscosity, as in the previous study for a dilute dispersion. However, magnetic particle-particle interactions have a function to make such negative viscosity decrease.     

自由分子区布朗凝并作用下的颗粒尺寸分布变化

对于燃烧过程中生成的亚微米颗粒,其一次颗粒的长大过程主要是通过碰撞凝并实现的。本文通过对颗粒的初始分布作出一个合理的正态对数分布的假设,运用矩方法(Moment Method)研究了自由分子区的颗粒在布朗碰撞作用下的颗粒尺寸分布的变化情况。所得到的长时间碰撞凝并结果符合布朗碰撞凝并过程的自保持特性。数值结果还表明,颗粒初始的宽粒径分布会显著提高粒子云的在凝并初期的凝并速率和生成粒子的平均直径,且最终生成的粒子尺寸都是宽分布的。这说明在预报微细颗粒的迁移和长大过程中有必要考虑粒子的宽分布特性。     

Formation and stabilization of ibuprofen nanoparticles by pulsed rapid expansion of supercritical solutions

Pulsed rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) was used to micronize racemic ibuprofen and S-ibuprofen. The characterization of the particles was carried out with rapid-scan infrared spectroscopy in situ, 3-wavelengths-extinction measurements, a scanning mobility particle sizer, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. We observed the formation of nanosized primary particles that coagulate and agglomerate strongly to form large chains of many microns in size. It is investigated where the coagulation/agglomeration processes take place and we demonstrate that it is possible to avoid these processes by forming mixed ibuprofen/polymer particles. The stabilization of separate particles depends strongly on the amount of polymer in the particles. Our specially designed RESS apparatus with two different extractor units allows us to vary the fraction of polymer systematically.     

多组分颗粒稠密气固两相流动的数值模拟

基于气体分子运动理论和颗粒动理学方法，建立多组分颗粒气固两相流等温流动模型。模型考虑了颗粒相各组分颗粒温度的差异、气相与颗粒相以及颗粒相各组分之间的动量和能量的传递和耗散，以及相间作用。建立颗粒相粘性系数、颗粒相压力等物性参数计算模型。模拟计算颗粒相浓度、粒径分布等参数与实测值相吻合。