Electrochemical Preconcentration of Iodide and Its Determination by Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry

The effects of some factors (the nature and structure of organic compound R, the nature of the electrode material, the composition and concentration of the supporting electrolyte, the potential and time of electrolysis) on the formation and dissolution of electrochemical concentrates of the composition I₂BrR were studied. The results obtained were used for determining iodide by cathodic stripping voltammetry in the concentration range of 6 to 500 g/L. The detection limit for iodide was found to be 0.2 g/L at an electrolysis time of 3 min.     

Horseradish peroxidase-based organic-phase enzyme electrode

An organic-phase enzyme electrode (OPEE) based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP) immobilized within Nafion on spectroscopic graphite was investigated in acetonitrile. The amperometric electrode response to hydrogen peroxide and cumene hydroperoxide present was found to be the result of the reduction of oxygen, produced upon enzymatic decomposition of both hydroperoxides (i.e., by the catalase-like activity of HRP). The electrode response was found to depend linearly on the hydroperoxide concentration up to 700 M within the range of potentials from –200 to –400 mV (versus Ag|AgCl). Detection limits of approximately 45 M for H₂O₂ and 100 M for cumene hydroperoxide were determined under the selected experimental conditions. Nernstian dependence (the open circuit voltage of HRP-based electrode versus logarithm of H₂O₂ concentration) was obtained between 0.2 and 2.0 mM, with a slope of approximately 23 mV per logarithmic unit, suggesting a catalase-like, two-electron disproportionation of the substrate in acetonitrile.     

Ion chromatographic determination of iodide in urine and serum using a tubular ion-selective electrode based on a homogeneous crystalline membrane

The use of a laboratory-made iodide ion-selective electrode with tubular configuration and based on a crystalline membrane (AgI/Ag₂S) as the detector for ion chromatographic determination of iodide in urine and serum is described. A CIS reversed-phase column was coated withN-cetylpyridinium chloride to prepare a low-exchange-capacity analytical column and with hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide to prepare a concentrator pre-column. A 2.0 ml min^–1 flow rate of deionized water and 0.1 mol 1^–1 KNO₃ solution was used for the pre-concentration and for the chromatographic separation, respectively. For optimum performance of the detector a background level of iodide was added into the column effluent. A linear relationship (r = 0.9997) between tubular electrode potential (as peak height) and iodide concentration in the range 5–400 g 1^–1 and a detection limit of 1.47 g 1^–1 were obtained. The method shows good reproducibility for both peak height (2.2% RSD) and retention time (1.3% RSD). Recoveries on its application to the samples were 93.0–100.9% for urine and 91.4–106.0% for serum.     

Determination of medecamycin by adsorptive stripping voltammetry with an activated electrode

The adsorptive and electrochemical behaviors of medecamycin were investigated on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) pretreated by anodic oxidation at +1.8 V for 5 min in 0.025 mol l^–1 NH₃-NH₄Cl (pH 8.6) solution. An adsorptive stripping voltammetric method for the determination of medecamycin at the pretreated glassy carbon electrode has been developed. Medecamycin was accumulated in NH₃-NH₄Cl buffer (pH 9.0) at a potential of –0.7 V (vs. saturated calomel electrode (SCE)) for a certain time, and then determined by second-order differential anodic stripping voltammetry. The second-order differential anodic stripping peak current at +0.72 V was proportional to the concentration of medecamycin in the range 2.0 g ml^–1 to 50.0 g ml^–1. The detection limit (three times the signal-to-noise) was 1.0 g ml^–1 and the relative standard deviation of the results was 3.28% for eight successive determinations of 10.0 g ml^–1 medecamycin. This method has been applied to the direct determination of medecamycin in commercial tablets and spiked urine samples with satisfactory results.     

Rapid and sensitive method for the determination of acetaldehyde in fuel ethanol by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV–Vis detection

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method for the determination of acetaldehyde in fuel ethanol was developed. Acetaldehyde was derivatized with 0.900 mL 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPHi) reagent and 50 L phosphoric acid 1 mol L^–1 at a controlled room temperature of 15°C for 20 min. The separation of acetaldehyde-DNPH (ADNPH) was carried out on a Shimadzu Shim-pack C₁₈ column, using methanol/LiCl_(aq) 1.0 mM (80/20, v/v) as a mobile phase under isocratic elution and UV–Vis detection at 365 nm. The standard curve of ADNPH was linear in the range 3–300 mg L^–1 per injection (20 L) and the limit of detection (LOD) for acetaldehyde was 2.03 g L^–1, with a correlation coefficient greater than 0.999 and a precision (relative standard deviation, RSD) of 5.6% (n=5). Recovery studies were performed by fortifying fuel samples with acetaldehyde at various concentrations and the results were in the range 98.7–102%, with a coefficient of variation (CV) from 0.2% to 7.2%. Several fuel samples collected from various gas stations were analyzed and the method was successfully applied to the analysis of acetaldehyde in fuel ethanol samples.     

Determination of tetraethyllead and tetramethyllead using high performance liquid chromatography and electrochemical detection

Summary A new method for the separation of tetramethyllead (TML) and tetraethyllead (TEL) was developed using high-performance liquid chromatography. The electrochemical detection was examined with different electrodes. Amperometric and pulse-amperometric techniques were investigated and the optimal working potential for each electrode was determined. Linearity for the glassy carbon electrode was observed between 350 ng and 30 g; the detection limit is 310 ng (TML) resp. 340 ng (TEL). In case of the mercury gold electrode the linearity range was 300 g–3 g and the detection limit 1.5 m (TML) resp. 1.7 g (TEL).     

Simultaneous determination of copper,mercury and lead by first-order derivative spectrophotometry using dithizone as reagent

A first-order derivative spectrophotometric method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of copper, mercury and lead at g/L levels using dithizone as reagent. The procedure involves the simultaneous extraction of these elements by dithizone in chloroform from weakly alkaline solutions. Linear calibration curves were obtained in the ranges 0.5–10 (Cu), 1–10 (Hg) and 1–10 (Pb) g present in 40 ml of aqueous phase with detection limits of 5 g/L (Cu) and 20 g/L (Hg and Pb). The R.S.D.s for 100 g/L of copper, mercury and lead were 2.5, 2.6 and 3.1% respectively, for 5 determinations. The method is applicable for the determination of copper and lead in marine sediment samples with good precision and accuracy.     

Ion-selective electrodes in organic functional group analysis: Micro- and submicro-determination of thiocarbonyl and thiol groups using the silver/sulphide and iodide electrodes

Summary Thiocarbonyl and thiol groups in organic compounds are determined by reaction with 1N iodine in carbon tetrachloride in the presence of pyridine, whereby 4 equivalents and 1 equivalent of iodide ion are quantitatively released per group, respectively. The iodide ions in an aqueous extract are potentiometrically titrated with silver nitrate using the solid-state silver/sulphide selective electrode. The results obtained with samples down to 70g show an average recovery of 98.6% and no interferences are caused by unsaturated functions. Measurement of the iodide ion using the iodide ion-selective electrode and the known addition technique gives results with an absolute error of 2%.

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Zusammenfassung Thiocarbonyl- und Thiolgruppen in organischen Verbindungen werden mit Hilfe der Reaktion mit 1-n Jod in Tetrachlorkohlenstoff in Gegenwart von Pyridin bestimmt, wobei 4 bzw. 1 Jodidäquivalente gebildet werden. Diese werden in wäßriger Phase potentiometrisch mit Silbernitrat unter Verwendung der selektiven Silber/Sulfid-Elektrode titriert. Die Ergebnisse bei Einwaagen bis herunter zu 70g betragen durchschnittlich 98,6%. Ungesättigte Gruppen stören nicht. Die Bestimmung der Jodidionen mit jodidselektiver Elektrode unter Anwendung der bekannten Zugabetechnik führt zu Ergebnissen mit einem absoluten Fehler von 2%.

     

Redox Properties of Trinuclear Osmium Carbonylhydride Clusters with Unsaturated Ligands

Schemes of redox transformations were proposed for osmium carbonylhydride clusters: trinuclear (-H)Os₃(-CR = CHR')(CO)_{1 0} (R = R' = H, Ph; R = H, R' = Ph), (-H)₂Os₃(₃-L)(CO)₉ (L = C = CHPh, CHCPh), tetranuclear CpMnOs₃ (-CH = CHPh)(-H)(-CO)(CO)_{1 1}, and trinuclear Os₃(₃-C = CHPh)(CO)₉. Two-electron reduction of the trinuclear clusters results in elimination of the unsaturated ligand with preservation of the metal framework.     

Catalymetric trace determination of molybdenum(VI) based on a Landolt type peroxoborate-iodide reaction using an ion-selective electrode

Summary Trace amounts of molybdenum(VI) have been determined by means of its catalytic effect on the peroxoborate-iodide reaction in acidic medium. The indicator reaction is transformed to a Landolt reaction by the addition ofl-ascorbic acid which reduces iodine to iodide. The end-point of the reaction (decrease of iodide) is potentiometrically monitored by the aid of an iodide ion-selective electrode. The relationship between the time required to reach the end-point (t in seconds) and the concentration of molybdenum(VI) was found to be 1/t=4.79 [Mo(VI)]+0.598 in the range of 0.5–5.0 M Mo(VI). Tungsten(VI) interferes. The method has been applied to the determination of molybdenum(VI) in sea water after its concentration by the chelating resin Chelex-100 (standard deviation 0.52 g/l for 8.62 g Mo/l).

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Katalymetrische Bestimmung von Molybdän(VI)spuren durch die Landoltsche Peroxoborat-Iodid-Reaktion mit Hilfe der Iodid-Elektrode

Zusammenfassung Das Verfahren beruht auf der katalytischen Wirkung des Molybdäns auf die Peroxoborat-Iodid-Reaktion. Durch Zugabe einer definierten Menge von Ascorbinsäure, die das zunächst entstehende Iod sofort reduziert, wird eine Landolt-Reaktion aufgebaut. Der Endpunkt (Verminderung an Iodid) wird potentiometrisch mit der Iodid-Elektrode indiziert. Zwischen der Zeitdauer bis zum Endpunkt (t in Sekunden) und der Molybdänkonzentration besteht die Beziehung 1/t=4,79 [Mo(VI)]+0,598 im Bereich von 0,5–5,0 M Mo(VI). Wolfram(VI) stört. Molybdän kann nach diesem Verfahren in Meerwasser nach Konzentration am Chelationenaustauscher Chelax-100 bestimmt werden (Standardabweichung 0,52 g/l für 8,62 g Mo/l).

     

Chemistry of heterometallic phenyl imido and phosphinidene clusters

Triruthenium imido cluster Ru₃(CO)₁₀(₃-NPh)⁽¹⁾ reacts with tungsten hydride LW(CO)₃H to afford heterometallic imido clusters LWRu₂(CO)₈(-H) (₃-NPh), L=Cp, (IIa); L=Cp*, (IIb), whereas the respective phosphinidene complexes LWRu₂(CO)₈(-H)(₃-PPh), L=Cp, (IXa); L=Cp*, (IXb), were generated via reaction of Ru₃(CO)₁₀(-H)(-PPh₂) with CpW(CO)₃H and with CP*W(CO)₃H followed by thermolysis in the presence of carbon monoxide. Their molecular structure, solution dynamics, and the subsequent reaction with hexafluoro-2-butyne are presented.     

Indirect potentiometric determination of sulphide with an iodide-selective electrode

Summary An indirect potentiometric method for the determination of sulphide is based on oxidation by an ethanolic solution of iodine and the measurement of the resulting iodide with an iodide-selective electrode. The limit of determination is 0.2g. If interferents are present the sulphide is separated by precipitation and then H₂S is evolved from it, absorbed and measured. The reproducibility is about 8% (relative).

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Zusammenfassung Eine indirekte potentiometrische Methode zur Bestimmung von Sulfid beruht auf der Oxydation mit alkoholischer Jodlösung und Messung des Jodids mit einer jodid-selektiven Elektrode. Die untere Grenze der Bestimmung beträgt 0,2g. Bei Anwesenheit störender Substanzen wird das Sulfid gefällt, filtriert, daraus Schwefelwasserstoff freigesetzt und dieser absorbiert und gemessen. Die Reproduzierbarkeit beträgt etwa 8% relativ.

     

Amperometric carbohydrate detection in flow systems by means of a bismuth modified platinum electrode

Bismuth modified platinum electrodes are used for constant-potential amperometric determination of carbohydrates in flow systems. The monitored response is stable and reproducible over more than two days. An attempt is made to gain more detailed information about the characteristics of the modified layer by electrochemical methods and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The response proved to be linear over the investigated concentration range (1.1–1200 mol/L) and detection limits for glucose and fructose were found to be 1.1 mol/L.     

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchip capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection for rapid measurement of acetaminophen and its hydrolysate

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchip capillary electrophoresis with amperometric detection has been used for rapid separation and determination of acetaminophen and its hydrolysate, i.e. p-aminophenol. A Pt ultramicroelectrode with a diameter of 10 m positioned at the outlet of the separation channel was used as a working electrode for amperometric detection. Factors influencing separation and detection were investigated and optimized. Results show that acetaminophen and p-aminophenol can be well separated within 35 s with RSD<1% for migration time and <7% for detection current for both analytes. Detection limits for both analytes are estimated to be 5.0 mol L^–1 (approximately 0.1 fmol) at S/N=3. This method has been successfully applied to the detection of traces of p-aminophenol in paracetamol tablets.     

Speciation studies by capillary electrophoresis – simultaneous determination of iodide and iodate in seawater

A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method was developed for the simple and highly-sensitive determination of iodine species in seawater. The proposed method is based on the on-capillary preconcentration of iodide and iodate using the principle of transient isotachophoresis (tITP) stacking, and direct UV detection of the separated species at 226 and 210 nm, respectively. The preconcentration procedure takes advantage of the electrokinetic introduction of the terminating ion [2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonate (MES)] into the capillary, that enables a longer tITP state. The appropriate conditions for the tITP step were optimized by varying the MES and sample injection time and the concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). The latter component of the separation electrolyte (SE) was shown to strongly affect the migration and therefore the enrichment of iodide due to specific ion-association. The optimized separations were performed in 12.5 mM CTAC, 0.5 M NaCl (pH 2.4). Valid calibration is demonstrated in the range 3–60 g L^–1 iodide (R=0.9992) and 40–800 g L^–1 iodate (R=0.9994). The detection limits achieved were 0.23 g L^–1 (2 nM) for iodide and 10 g L^–1 (57 nM) for iodate. Such sensitivity and linearity thresholds allowed the reported tITP-CE system to be applied to direct speciation analysis of surface and seabed seawater. The comparison of CE results with those of an ion-chromatography (IC) technique proved that the method has acceptable accuracy.     

Reactions of [(Cp)2Ti(NCS)2] as a potential metalloligand; synthesis and physico-chemical investigations of novel heterobimetallic complexes

Summary Bis(cyclopentadienyl)titanium(IV) diisothiocyanate [(Cp)₂-Ti(NCS)₂] reacts with MCl₂ (M = Cu, Pd or Pt), [CuCl(PPh₃)₃], [RuCl₂(PPh₃)₃] and [RuCl₂(DMSO)₄] (DMSO = dimethylsulphoxide) giving solid compounds of stochiometry [(Cp)₂Ti(-NCS)₂MCl₂] (M = Cu, Pd or Pt), [(Cp)₂Ti(-NCS)₂CuCl(PPh₃)], [(Cp)₂Ti(-NCS)₂-RuCl(PPh₃)₂]Cl and [(Cp)₂Ti(-NCS)₂RuCl₂(DMSO)2]. These products have been characterized by physicochemical and spectroscopic methods.     

Flow-Injection Methods for Determining Europium in Mixtures of Lanthanides(III)

Possible approaches to the flow-injection determination of europium(III) in the presence of other lanthanides are studied. One of the approaches is based on the direct amperometric detection of europium(III) in a flow-injection system with a glassy-carbon electrode at a potential of –0.85 V (against a saturated calomel electrode). The linear calibration range is 5.0 × 10^–5–5.0 × 10^–4M of europium, and the limit of detection is 1.8 × 10^–5M (2.8 g/mL). The throughput capacity is 90 h^–1for a sample volume of 600 L. Another approach involves the online reduction of europium(III) to europium(II) in a flow Jones mini-reductor filled with amalgamated zinc, followed by the spectrophotometric detection of europium(II) using redox reactions between europium(II) and iron(III) in the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline, molybdophosphoric acid, or Methylene Blue. In the latter case, the calibration curve is linear in the range 0–5.0 × 10^–6M europium(III), the limit of detection is 9.0 × 10^–8M (0.014 g/mL). The throughput capacity is 180 h^–1for a sample volume of 200 L. The performance parameters of the proposed flow-injection methods are estimated using the analysis of artificial mixtures and dissolved samples of samarium(III) oxide and lanthanum(III) fluoride containing europium impurities as an example.     

Chemical assembly of a new heterometallic trimethylacetate cluster with the Co6Ni2 core

Co-thermolysis of the tetranuclear trimethylacetate clusters M₄(₃-OH)₂(OOCCMe₃)₆(HOEt)₆ (M = Co or Ni; the reagent ratio was 1 : 1) in decalin (2 h, 170 °C) afforded the octanuclear heterometallic cluster Co₆Ni₂(₄-O)₂(₂-OOCCMe₃)₆(₃-OOCCMe₃)₆, which exhibits ferromagnetic properties at 10—8 K.     

HPLC with electrode array detection

Summary A fast method for the determination of amitrole in drinking and ground water is described. Amitrole is separated from other substances by HPLC. For the determination a highly sensitive coulometric electrode array detector is applied. Tap and well water with concentrations down to 0.1 g amitrole/L can be determined without any enrichment steps. The detection limit of amitrole added to Viennese tap water is 0.05 g/L.