Resonant frequency of an adjustable Helmholtz resonator in a hydraulic system

An adjustable Helmholtz resonator in hydraulics is studied because of obvious lack of studies in the field. First the theory of a Helmholtz resonator is reviewed by examining older studies on the subject. Most of the previous studies have covered Helmholtz resonators in acoustics, but the same basic theory can be applied to hydraulics. After the theory review the test equipment and measurement methods are presented and some results are calculated analytically using the classical model and a modified model that takes the effect of spring mass into consideration. The spring mass is taken into account because the density of hydraulic oil is over 700 times greater than the density of air. In the last section the results of the calculations and measurements are discussed, and it is noted that the results of the experiments agree better with the modified model of classical Helmholtz theory. Some explanations for residual discrepancies are given but also some remarks are presented.     

砂-膨润土混合屏障材料渗透性影响因素研究

建立了一个新的结构-尾流振子耦合模型. 流场近尾迹动力学特征被模化为非线性阻尼 振子,采用van der Pol方程描述. 以控制体中结构与近尾迹流体间受力互为反作 用关系来实现流固耦合. 采用该模型进行了二维结构涡激振动计算,得到了合理的 振幅随来流流速的变化规律和共振幅值,并正确地预计了共振振幅值$A_{\max}^\ast$ 随着质量阻尼参数$\left( {m^\ast + C_A } \right)\zeta $的变化规律,给出了预测$A_{\max }^\ast $值的拟合公式. 采用该模型计算了三维柔性结构在均匀来流和简谐波形来流作用下的VIV 响应. 结构在均匀来流作用下振动呈现由驻波向行波的变化过程, 并最后稳定为行波振动形态. 在简谐波形来流作用下,结构呈现混合振动形态,幅值随时间呈周期变化.     

液压减振器随机热力学模型与油温变化研究

为了获得具有更多信息和更加接近工程实际的液压减振器油温热力学模型,将随机不确定性理论引入到液压减振器油温传统热力学模型中进行研究。将液压油密度、导热系数、比热容和运动粘度作为随机变量,运用求解函数数字特征的代数综合法建立减振器随机热力学模型,进而获得油液传热过程规律。将油温随机热力学模型研究结果和传统模型的计算结果与实验结果进行比较,证明随机不确定性理论的引入可行且随机热力学模型比传统模型更加优越。     

Effects of Bubbles on the Hydraulic Conductivity of Porous Materials – Theoretical Results

In a porous material, both the pressure drop across a bubble and its speed are nonlinear functions of the fluid velocity. Nonlinear dynamics of bubbles in turn affect the macroscopic hydraulic conductivity, and thus the fluid velocity. We treat a porous medium as a network of tubes and combine critical path analysis with pore-scale results to predict the effects of bubble dynamics on the macroscopic hydraulic conductivity and bubble density. Critical path analysis uses percolation theory to find the dominant (approximately) one-dimensional flow paths. We find that in steady state, along percolating pathways, bubble density decreases with increasing fluid velocity, and bubble density is thus smallest in the smallest (critical) tubes. We find that the hydraulic conductivity increases monotonically with increasing capillary number up to Ca 10^–2, but may decrease for larger capillary numbers due to the relative decrease of bubble density in the critical pores. We also identify processes that can provide a positive feedback between bubble density and fluid flow along the critical paths. The feedback amplifies statistical fluctuations in the density of bubbles, producing fluctuations in the hydraulic conductivity.     

Homogenization Modeling and Parametric Study of Moisture Transfer in an Unsaturated Heterogeneous Porous Medium

The classical mass balance equation is usually used to model the transfer of humidity in unsaturated macroscopically homogeneous porous media. This equation is highly non-linear due to the pressure-dependence of the hydrodynamic characteristics. The formal homogenization method by asymptotic expansions is applied to derive the upscaled form of this equation in case of large-scale heterogeneities of periodic structure. The nature of such heterogeneities may be different, resulting in locally variable hydrodynamic parameters. The effective capillary capacity and the effective hydraulic conductivity are defined as functions of geometry and local characteristics of the porous medium. A study of a two-dimensional stone-mortar system is performed. The effect of the second medium (the mortar), on the global behavior of the system is investigated. Numerical results for the Brooks and Corey hydrodynamic model are provided. The sensitivity analysis of the parameters of the model in relation to the effective hydrodynamic parameters of the porous structure is presented.     

Connectivity and Effective Hydraulic Conductivity

The effect of the connectivity of high-conductivity elements on the value the effective hydraulic conductivity of a saturated porous medium is investigated. The increase in effective conductivity due to the connectivity is estimated on the basis of a simple combinatorial model.     

Numerical simulation for the air entrainment of aerated flow with an improved multiphase SPH model

Aerated flow is a complex hydraulic phenomenon that exists widely in the field of environmental hydraulics. It is generally characterised by large deformation and violent fragmentation of the free surface. Compared to Euler methods (volume of fluid (VOF) method or rigid-lid hypothesis method), the existing single-phase Smooth Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method has performed well for solving particle motion. A lack of research on interphase interaction and air concentration, however, has affected the application of SPH model. In our study, an improved multiphase SPH model is presented to simulate aeration flows. A drag force was included in the momentum equation to ensure accuracy of the air particle slip velocity. Furthermore, a calculation method for air concentration is developed to analyse the air entrainment characteristics. Two studies were used to simulate the hydraulic and air entrainment characteristics. And, compared with the experimental results, the simulation results agree with the experimental results well.     

Macrodispersion by Point-Like Source Flows in Randomly Heterogeneous Porous Media

A pulse of a passive tracer is injected in a porous medium via a point-like source. The hydraulic conductivity K is regarded as a stationary isotropic random space function, and we model macrodispersion in the resulting migrating plume by means of the second-order radial spatial moment X _rr . Unlike previous results, here X _rr is analytically computed in a fairly general manner. It is shown that close to the source macrodispersion is enhanced by the large local velocities, whereas in the far field it drastically reduces since flow there behaves like a mean uniform one. In particular, it is demonstrated that X _rr is bounded between X _∞ corresponding to the short-range (far field), and X ₀ pertaining to the long-range (near-field) correlation in the conductivity field. Although our analytical results rely on the assumption of isotropic medium, they enable one to grasp in a simple manner the main features of macrodispersion mechanism, therefore providing explicit physical insights. Finally, the proposed model has potential toward the characterization of the spatial variability of K as well as testing more general numerical codes.     

水面舰船尾流电导率信号分布规律的研究

在舰船尾流区与非尾流区之间存在显著的速度差和盐度(或密度)差,利用电导率探头可获得对应于这些差别的尾流电导率信号。在水槽中形成了与海洋环境类似的盐度分层流场,由双螺旋桨自航水面船模产生尾流,分别在盐度分层流场和非分层均匀流场中测量了尾流电导率信号的横向分布,并对盐度分层流场中水面舰船尾流的纵向速度分布进行了数值计算。结果表明:在盐度分层流场和非分层均匀流场中水面舰船尾流的电导率信号沿其横向近似呈高斯分布;尾流速度对其电导率信号的影响比盐度梯度的影响大得多;尾流的无量纲纵向速度亏损的数值计算结果与尾流的相对电导率信号横向分布的实测结果具有很好的一致性。     

Measurement of Sediment Retention in a Sandy Tidal Flat Based on Pressure Drop Model

Sediment can either play an important role in subsurface environments as a food source for bacteria or deteriorate the subsurface environments by its retention. Thus, understanding sediment retention is useful for designing the management of subsurface environments. The pressure drop model derived from the Kozeny–Carman model is experimentally verified by the seepage flow in sand beds. It was found that the water head in the sand bed under steady-state flow and variations of the water head corresponding to changes in the boundary water head could be reproduced by the pressure drop model. As the porosity of the sand bed is taken into account in the pressure drop model, the sediment retention can be predicted from variations of the porosity. Experimental results showed that the water head in the sand bed varied due to sediment retention. This ensured that variances in the porosity of the sand bed could be predicted, leading to the investigation onto sediment retention. A method based on the pressure drop model is proposed to measure temporal variations of the water head in a sandy tidal flat and river water head. From field experiments, the temporal variations of the water head in the tidal flat could be predicted when the porosity of the tidal flat was used. Conversely, it is expected that sediment retention in the tidal flat can be predicted based on the variations of the porosity, if the water head in the tidal flat is observed temporally.     

爆轰驱动惰性气体磁流体发电试验研究

磁流体发电装置作为一种特殊的高功率脉冲电源,具有效率高、容量大、启动快的优点,制约其发展的关键在于如何获得高电导率的发电工质.爆轰驱动具有远超常规方式的驱动能力,在提供高温、高电导率气体方面独具优势.将爆轰驱动激波管技术应用于磁流体发电,有利于突破磁流体发电技术瓶颈,故据此开展了基于爆轰驱动激波管技术的惰性气体磁流体发电试验研究.爆轰驱动根据激波管点火位置不同分为反向和正向两种运行模式,反向爆轰驱动可提供时间较长、状态稳定的试验气流,而正向爆轰优势在于产生高焓试验气流.试验系统由爆轰驱动激波管、拉瓦尔喷管、发电通道、电磁铁和真空罐等组成,试验中分别以反向爆轰和正向爆轰驱动激波管产生发电工质,利用激波将惰性气体压缩至高温从而发生电离,形成的等离子体经喷管加速后,最终在法拉第直线型发电机内切割磁感线输出电能.磁场强度0.9 T的条件下,反向爆轰在负载3.5Ω时获得了较稳定的1.9 kW输出功率,持续时间1.5 ms;外接35 mΩ负载时,正向爆轰在0.3 ms内短时输出功率高达212 k W,功率密度为0.2 GW/m³.试验成功验证了基于爆轰驱动激波管技术的惰性气体...     

Transient simulation of a pump-turbine with misaligned guide vanes during turbine model start-up

Experimental studies of a model pump-turbine S-curve characteristics and its improvement by misaligned guide vanes （MGV） were extended to prototype pump turbine through 3-D transient flow simulations. The unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with the SST turbulence model were used to model the transient flow within the entire flow passage of a reversible pump-turbine with and without misaligned guide vanes during turbine model start-up. The unstable S-curve and its improvement by using misaligned guide vane were verified by model test and simulation. The transient flow calculations were used to clarify the variations of pressure pulse and internal flow behavior in the entire flow passage. The use of misaligned guide vanes can eliminate the S-curve characteristics of a pump-turbine, and can significantly increase the pressure pulse amplitude in the entire flow passage and the runner radial forces during start-up. The MGV only decreased the pulse amplitude on the guide vane suction side when the rotating speed was less than 50% rated speed. The hydraulic reason is that the MGV dramatically changed the flow patterns inside the entire flow passage, and destroyed the symmetry of the flow distribution inside the guide vane and runner.     

Fluid flow in a porous medium containing partially closed fractures

The model of Snow, in which a fracture is represented by two parallel channel walls, has frequently been used to study the flow of fluid in fractured reservoirs. Although this model gives important insight into the flow in fractures, very few naturally occurring fractures have smooth parallel faces. In this paper, a simple model of partially contacting and en-echelon fractures frequently found in geological materials is presented. In this model, a fracture is viewed as a planar region where separation and contact zones both exist. To analyse the fluid flow in a porous medium containing fractures of this type, a planar array of periodically spaced fracture segments is analysed. The flow through a single fracture is deduced by taking the limit as the spacing between neighbouring fractures becomes large. The hydraulic conductivity parallel to the fractures is found to be the parallel combination of the conductivity of the porous matrix and the system of parallel fractures, the individual fracture conductance being a series combination of the hydraulic conductance of the separation and contact zones. This interpretation enables the conductance of the contact zones to be evaluated and the results to be generalised to the case in which the material in the contact regions has a hydraulic conductivity different to that of the matrix. This may arise, for example, from grain-size reduction during fracturing or may result from a partial mineralisation or cementation of the fracture.     

Heat- and mass-transport in aqueous silica nanofluids

Using the transient hot wire and pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance methods we determined the thermal conductivity and the solvent self-diffusion coefficient (SDC) in aqueous suspensions of quasi-monodisperse spherical silica nanoparticles. The thermal conductivity was found to increase at higher volume fraction of nanoparticles in accordance with the effective medium theory albeit with a smaller slope. On the other hand, the SDC was found to decrease with nanoparticle volume fraction faster than predicted by the effective medium theory. These deviations can be explained by the presence of an interfacial heat-transfer resistance and water retention by the nanoparticles, respectively. We found no evidence for anomalous enhancement in the transport properties of nanofluids reported earlier by other groups.     

Thomson and rotation effects during photothermal excitation process in magnetic semiconductor medium using variable thermal conductivity

This study investigates a strong magnetic field acting over an elastic rotator semiconductor medium. The Thomson effect due to the magnetic field during the photothermal transport process is studied, and the thermoelectricity theory is used to explain the behavior of waves in the homogenous and isotropic medium under the effect of variable thermal conductivity. The variable thermal conductivity is considered as a linear function of the temperature. The two-dimensional deformation equations are u...     

Investigation of the characteristics of particulate flows through fibrous filters using the lattice Boltzmann method

A fibrous filter is one of the most common systems used to separate suspended particles from air.Two important factors(i.e.,the pressure drop and capture efficiency) are usually used to evaluate the performance of this type of filter.This study considers three two-dimensional arrangements of fibers(parallel,staggered,and random) to geometrically model fibrous media.The lattice Boltzmann method is employed to numerically simulate fluid flow through the filter.The Lagrangian form of the equation of motion of a particle is numerically solved to track the path of each particle in the flow field,where a one-way interaction between the fluid and particles is considered.The effects of pertinent parameters such as the fiber arrangement,solid volume fraction,particle-to-fiber diameter ratio,particle-to-fluid density ratio,Reynolds number,Stokes number,and size of the fibrous medium on the pressure drop and capture efficiency are studied.The obtained results are compared with existing empirical and theoretical findings and discussed.     

2D shallow water flow model for the hydraulic jump

A flow model is presented for predicting a hydraulic jump in a straight open channel. The model is based on the general 2D shallow water equations in strong conservation form, without artificial viscosity, which is usually incorporated into the flow equations to capture a hydraulic jump. The equations are discretised using the finite volume method. The results are compared with experimental data and available numerical results, and have shown that the present model can provide good results. The model is simple and easy to implement. To demonstrate the potential application of the model, several hydraulic jumps occurring in different situations are simulated, and the predictions are in good agreement with standard solution for open channel hydraulics. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stochastic Flow Simulation and Particle Transport in a 2D Layer of Random Porous Medium

A stochastic numerical method is developed for simulation of flows and particle transport in a 2D layer of porous medium. The hydraulic conductivity is assumed to be a random field of a given statistical structure, the flow is modeled in the layer with prescribed boundary conditions. Numerical experiments are carried out by solving the Darcy equation for each sample of the hydraulic conductivity by a direct solver for sparse matrices, and tracking Lagrangian trajectories in the simulated flow. We present and analyze different Eulerian and Lagrangian statistical characteristics of the flow such as transverse and longitudinal velocity correlation functions, longitudinal dispersion coefficient, and the mean displacement of Lagrangian trajectories. We discuss the effect of long-range correlations of the longitudinal velocities which we have found in our numerical simulations. The related anomalous diffusion is also analyzed.