共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
While several studies on the public opinion of nanotechnology have pointed to a rather enthusiastic U.S. public, the public
uptake of nanotechnology in Europe is more contained. The results of the Swiss publifocus on nanotechnology reveal a pragmatic attitude of citizens toward the emerging technologies, thus confirming what has been
identified as a “balanced approach” in the NanoJury UK.
相似文献
Regula Valérie BurriEmail: |
2.
The North American opinion climate for nanotechnology and its products: Opportunities and challenges
Susanna Priest 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2006,8(5):563-568
A January 2005 telephone survey of 1200 people in the U.S. and 2000 Canadians provides a snapshot of current North American opinion regarding nanotechnology at this crucial early point in its emergence from the laboratory to the arena of public discourse and public understanding. Using a typology of “publics” developed through analysis of a previous comparative survey (Priest, S., 2006) and subsequently tested against these newer data (Priest, S., 2005) this article describes the opinion climate for nanotechnology across North America. The comparison of key results from the two countries helps illustrate how social and cultural differences contribute to reactions to new technologies, including nanotech. The article also discusses implications for nanotechnology-related public outreach and risk communication efforts. 相似文献
3.
David M. Berube Christopher L. Cummings Jordan H. Frith Andrew R. Binder Robert Oldendick 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2011,13(8):3089-3099
Over the last decade social scientific researchers have examined how the public perceives risks associated with nanotechnology.
The body of literature that has emerged has been methodologically diverse. The findings have confirmed that some publics perceive
nanotechnology as riskier than others, experts feel nanotechnology is less risky than the public does, and despite risks the
public is optimistic about nanotechnology development. However, the extant literature on nanotechnology and risk suffers from
sometimes widely divergent findings and has failed to provide a detailed picture of how the public actually feels about nanotechnology
risks when compared to other risks. This study addresses the deficiencies in the literature by providing a comparative approach
to gauging nanotechnology risks. The findings show that the public does not fear nanotechnology compared to other risks. Out
of 24 risks presented to the participants, nanotechnology ranked 19th in terms of overall risk and 20th in terms of “high
risk.” 相似文献
4.
Nanotechnology, as with many technologies before it, places a strain on existing legislation and poses a challenge to all
administrative agencies tasked with regulating technology-based products. It is easy to see how statutory schemes become outdated,
as our ability to understand and affect the world progresses. In this article, we address the regulatory problems that nanotechnology
posses for the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA) classification structure for “drugs” and “devices.” The last major modification
to these terms was in 1976, with the enactment of the Medical Device Amendments. There are serious practical differences for
a classification as a drug or device in terms of time to market and research. Drugs are classified, primarily, as acting by
“chemical action.” We lay out some legal, philosophic, and scientific tools that serve to provide a useful, as well as legally
and scientifically faithful, distinction between drugs and devices for the purpose of regulatory classification. These issues
we raise are worth the consideration of anyone who is interested in the regulation of nano-products or other novel technologies. 相似文献
5.
V. V. Siksin 《Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute》2020,47(1):33-35
It is urgent to use a “warm liquid” TMS in large massive calorimeters (with a volume of several hundred liters). This direction in modern nuclear physics is referred to as “non-accelerator” experiments with low-background detectors. Such experiments are associated with the solution of most important problems to understand the Universe structure and search for new particles. These are the well-known problems for searching “dark matter” in the form of new weakly interacting particles, i.e., wimps, observations of coherent scattering of reactor neutrinos. Using this experiment, the standard model of electroweak interactions can be tested. The fully developed fabrication technology of large amounts of “warm liquid” ТМS (in collaboration with the State Research Institute of Chemistry and Technology of Organoelement Compounds) makes it possible to perform such experiments. 相似文献
6.
Saori Ishizu Mizuki Sekiya Ken-ichi Ishibashi Yumi Negami Masafumi Ata 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2008,10(2):229-254
The societal impacts of nanotechnology have attracted growing attention in the United States and Europe in recent years. In
Japan, the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (Technology Information Department) has played
a central role in promoting discussions on this topic by collecting information from Japan and overseas, creating a network
of the interested parties, and providing a forum for discussion. This paper presents a summary of recent activities in Japan
relating to the societal impacts of nanotechnology, fro the launch of the “Nanotechnology and Society” open forum (August
2004) until the “Nanotechnology Debate” discussion forum (February 2007), and outlines the policy recommendations that came
out of a project entitled “Research on Facilitation of Public Acceptance of Nanotechnology” (March 2006). 相似文献
7.
Intermolecular forces are modeled by means of a modified Lennard-Jones potential, introducing a distance of minimum approach,
and the effect of intermolecular interactions is accounted for with a self consistent field of the Vlasov type. A Vlasov equation
is then written and used to investigate the propagation of perturbations in a liquid. A dispersion relation is obtained and
an effect of damping, analogous to what is known in plasmas as “Landau damping”, is found to take place. 相似文献
8.
Yan Dang Yulei Zhang Li Fan Hsinchun Chen Mihail C. Roco 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2010,12(3):687-706
Nanotechnology patent applications published during 1991–2008 have been examined using the “title–abstract” keyword search
on esp@cenet “worldwide” database. The longitudinal evolution of the number of patent applications, their topics, and their respective
patent families have been evaluated for 15 national patent offices covering 98% of the total global activity. The patent offices
of the United States (USA), People’s Republic of China (PRC), Japan, and South Korea have published the largest number of
nanotechnology patent applications, and experienced significant but different growth rates after 2000. In most repositories,
the largest numbers of nanotechnology patent applications originated from their own countries/regions, indicating a significant
“home advantage.” The top applicant institutions are from different sectors in different countries (e.g., from industry in
the US and Canada patent offices, and from academe or government agencies at the PRC office). As compared to 2000, the year
before the establishment of the US National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), numerous new invention topics appeared in 2008,
in all 15 patent repositories. This is more pronounced in the USA and PRC. Patent families have increased among the 15 patent
offices, particularly after 2005. Overlapping patent applications increased from none in 1991 to about 4% in 2000 and to about
27% in 2008. The largest share of equivalent nanotechnology patent applications (1,258) between two repositories was identified
between the US and Japan patent offices. 相似文献
9.
Gurumurthy Ramachandran Susan M. Wolf Jordan Paradise Jennifer Kuzma Ralph Hall Efrosini Kokkoli Leili Fatehi 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2011,13(4):1345-1371
Federal oversight of nanobiotechnology in the U.S. has been fragmented and incremental. The prevailing approach has been to
use existing laws and other administrative mechanisms for oversight. However, this “stay-the-course” approach will be inadequate
for such a complex and convergent technology and may indeed undermine its promise. The technology demands a new, more dynamic
approach to oversight. The authors are proposing a new oversight framework with three essential features: (a) the oversight
trajectory needs to be able to move dynamically between “soft” and “hard” approaches as information and nano-products evolve;
(b) it needs to integrate inputs from all stakeholders, with strong public engagement in decision-making to assure adequate
analysis and transparency; and (c) it should include an overarching coordinating entity to assure strong inter-agency coordination
and communication that can meet the challenge posed by the convergent nature of nanobiotechnology. The proposed framework
arises from a detailed case analysis of several key oversight regimes relevant to nanobiotechnology and is informed by inputs
from experts in academia, industry, NGOs, and government. 相似文献
10.
Expert opinion on nanotechnology: risks,benefits, and regulation 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
John C. Besley Victoria L. Kramer Susanna H. Priest 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2008,10(4):549-558
A survey of American (US) nanotechnology researchers (N = 177) suggests a diversity of views about what areas are most important to the burgeoning field, as well as perceptions about
the overall benefits and risks of such research. On average, respondents saw a range of technologies as key and viewed public
health and environmental issues as areas where both risks and the need for regulation are greatest. These areas were also
where respondents said current regulations were least adequate. Factor analyses of the survey questions suggest that, when
considering both risks and regulations, respondents make a distinction between health and environmental risks, and what might
be termed “social risks” (e.g., invasion of privacy, use of nanotechnology in weapons, and economic impacts).
相似文献
John C. BesleyEmail: |
11.
Massimiliano Sassoli de Bianchi 《Central European Journal of Physics》2012,10(2):282-319
We present a step by step introduction to the notion of time-delay in classical and quantum mechanics, with the aim of clarifying
its foundation at a conceptual level. In doing so, we motivate the introduction of the concepts of “fuzzy” and “free-flight”
sojourn times that we use to provide the most general possible definition for the quantum time-delay, valid for simple and
multichannel scattering systems, with or without conditions on the observation of the scattering particle, and for incoming
wave packets whose energy can be smeared out or sharply peaked (fixed energy). We conclude our conceptual analysis by presenting
what we think is the right interpretation of the concepts of sojourn and delay times in quantum mechanics, explaining why,
in ultimate analysis, they should not be called “times.” 相似文献
12.
This article presents early results from an opinion formation study based on a 76-member panel of U.S. citizens, with comparison
data from a group of 177 nanotechnology experts. While initially similar to the expert group in terms of their perceptions
of the risks, benefits, and need for regulation characterizing several forms of nanotechnology, the first follow-up survey
indicates that the panel is beginning to diverge from the experts, particularly with respect to perceptions of the levels
of various “societal” risks that nanotechnology might present. The data suggest that responding to public concerns may involve
more than attention to physical risks in areas such as health and environment; concerns about other forms of risk actually
appear more salient. 相似文献
13.
Ernan McMullin 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2002,4(1):13-39
The term, “field,” made its first appearance in physics as a technical term in the mid-nineteenth century. But the notion
of what later came to be called a field had been a long time in gestation. Early discussions of magnetism and of the cause
of the ocean tides had long ago suggested the idea of a “zone of influence” surrounding certain bodies. Johannes Kepler's
mathematical rendering of the orbital motion of Mars encouraged him to formulate what he called “a true theory of gravity”
involving the notion of attraction. Isaac Newton went on to construct an eminently effective dynamics, with attraction as
its primary example of force. Was his a field theory? Historians of science disagree. Much depends on whether a theory consistent
with the notion of action at a distance ought qualify as a “field” theory. Roger Boscovich and Immanuel Kant later took the
Newtonian concept of attraction in new directions. It was left to Michael Faraday to propose the “physical existence” of lines
of force and to James Clerk Maxwell to add as criterion the presence of energy as the ontological basis for a full-blown “field
theory” of electromagnetic phenomena. 相似文献
14.
Worldwide nanotechnology development: a comparative study of USPTO,EPO, and JPO patents (1976–2004) 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
To assess worldwide development of nanotechnology, this paper compares the numbers and contents of nanotechnology patents
in the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO), European Patent Office (EPO), and Japan Patent Office (JPO). It
uses the patent databases as indicators of nanotechnology trends via bibliographic analysis, content map analysis, and citation
network analysis on nanotechnology patents per country, institution, and technology field. The numbers of nanotechnology patents
published in USPTO and EPO have continued to increase quasi-exponentially since 1980, while those published in JPO stabilized
after 1993. Institutions and individuals located in the same region as a repository’s patent office have a higher contribution
to the nanotechnology patent publication in that repository (“home advantage” effect). The USPTO and EPO databases had similar high-productivity contributing countries and technology fields with large number of
patents, but quite different high-impact countries and technology fields after the average number of received cites. Bibliographic analysis on USPTO and EPO patents shows that researchers in the United States and Japan published larger numbers
of patents than other countries, and that their patents were more frequently cited by other patents. Nanotechnology patents
covered physics research topics in all three repositories. In addition, USPTO showed the broadest representation in coverage
in biomedical and electronics areas. The analysis of citations by technology field indicates that USPTO had a clear pattern
of knowledge diffusion from highly cited fields to less cited fields, while EPO showed knowledge exchange mainly occurred
among highly cited fields. 相似文献
15.
Xuan Liu Pengzhu Zhang Xin Li Hsinchun Chen Yan Dang Catherine Larson Mihail C. Roco Xianwen Wang 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2009,11(8):1845-1866
China, Russia, and India are playing an increasingly important role in global nanotechnology research and development (R&D).
This paper comparatively inspects the paper and patent publications by these three countries in the Thomson Science Citation
Index Expanded (SCI) database and United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) database (1976–2007). Bibliographic, content
map, and citation network analyses are used to evaluate country productivity, dominant research topics, and knowledge diffusion
patterns. Significant and consistent growth in nanotechnology papers are noted in the three countries. Between 2000 and 2007,
the average annual growth rate was 31.43% in China, 11.88% in Russia, and 33.51% in India. During the same time, the growth
patterns were less consistent in patent publications: the corresponding average rates are 31.13, 10.41, and 5.96%. The three
countries’ paper impact measured by the average number of citations has been lower than the world average. However, from 2000
to 2007, it experienced rapid increases of about 12.8 times in China, 8 times in India, and 1.6 times in Russia. The Chinese
Academy of Sciences (CAS), the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), and the Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT) were the most
productive institutions in paper publication, with 12,334, 6,773, and 1,831 papers, respectively. The three countries emphasized
some common research topics such as “Quantum dots,” “Carbon nanotubes,” “Atomic force microscopy,” and “Scanning electron
microscopy,” while Russia and India reported more research on nano-devices as compared with China. CAS, RAS, and IIT played
key roles in the respective domestic knowledge diffusion. 相似文献
16.
A. C. Mueller 《The European physical journal. Special topics》2009,176(1):179-191
While a considerable and world-wide growth of the nuclear share in the global energy mix is desirable for many reasons, a
major concern or objection is the long-term burden that is constituted by the radiotoxic waste from the spent fuel. The concept
of Partitioning & Transmutation, a scientific and technological answer, is therefore of high interest. Its deployment may
use dedicated “Transmuter” or “Burner” reactors, using a fast neutron spectrum. For the transmutation of waste with a large
content (up to 50%) of (very long-lived) Minor Actinides, a sub-critical reactor, using an external neutron source is a solution
of high interest. It is constituted by coupling a proton accelerator, a spallation target and a subcritical core. This promising
new technology is named ADS, for accelerator-driven system. The present paper aims at an introduction into the field in order
to focus, in its later part, on the development of the required accelerator technology. 相似文献
17.
Frieder Kleefeld 《Czechoslovak Journal of Physics》2005,55(9):1123-1134
On the basis of a new method for the derivation of the effective action the nonperturbative concept of “ dynamical generation”
is explained. A non-trivial, non-Hermitian and PT-symmetric solution for Wightman's scalar field theory in four dimensions
is dynamically generated, rehabilitating Symanzik's precarious φ4-theory with a negative quartic coupling constant as a candidate for an asymptotically free theory of strong interactions.
Finally it is shown making use of the dynamical generation that a Symanzik-like field theory with scalar confinement for the
theory of strong interactions can be even suggested by experiment.
Presented at the 3rd International Workshop “Pseudo-Hermitian Hamiltonians in Quantum Physics”, Istanbul, Turkey, June 20–22,
2005. 相似文献
18.
David Chittenden 《Journal of nanoparticle research》2011,13(4):1549-1556
Even a cursory reading of the public engagement in science (PES) literature over the past decade reveals that public engagement
is becoming part of the “orthodoxy of 21st century science policy” (Stilgoe, Nanodialogues: experiments in public engagement
with science, 2007, p 16), Moving forward, there appears to be strong consensus that (1) public engagement is an essential component for shaping
sound science policies, research agendas, and governance structures; (2) more opportunities for accessible and successful
PES need to be developed and implemented to have meaningful impact; and (3) a broader and more diverse range of publics need
to be reached through PES activities. This article explores the role that U.S. science museums and centers could play in creating
and delivering PES programming focusing on current science and technology developments and issues, with particular attention
to nanoscience and nanotechnology. Also addressed will be some of the factors that support increased PES involvement by museums,
some of the challenges museums need to overcome to sustain ongoing PES, and several recommendations to achieve broader PES
impact through science museum participation. 相似文献
19.
Ronald G. Larson 《Physics in Perspective (PIP)》2007,9(1):58-69
I argue that there are strong reasons for resisting as a principle of science the concept of “anthropic selection.” This concept
asserts that the existence of “observers” in a universe can be used as a condition that selects physical laws and constants
necessary for intelligent life from different laws or physical constants prevailing in a vast number of other universes, to
thereby explain why the properties of our universe are conducive to intelligent life. My reasons for limiting “anthropic selection”
to the realm of speculation rather than permitting it to creep into mainstream science include our inability to estimate the
probabilities of emergence of “observers” in a universe, the lack of testability through direct observation of the assumed
high variability of the constants of nature, the lack of a clear definition of an “observer,” and the arbitrariness in how
and to what questions anthropic selection is applied. 相似文献
20.
S. D. Agashe 《Foundations of Physics》2006,36(7):955-1011
Einstein, in his “Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter K?rper”, gave a physical (operational) meaning to “time” of a remote event in describing “motion” by introducing the concept of “synchronous stationary clocks located at different places”. But with regard to “place” in describing motion, he assumed without analysis the concept of a system of co-ordinates.In the present paper, we propose a way of giving physical (operational) meaning to the concepts of “place” and “co-ordinate system”, and show how the observer can define both the place and time of a remote event. Following Einstein, we consider another system “in uniform motion of translation relatively to the former”. Without assuming “the properties of homogeneity which we attribute to space and time”, we show that the definitions of space and time in the two systems are linearly related. We deduce some novel consequences of our approach regarding faster-than-light observers and particles, “one-way” and “two-way” velocities of light, symmetry, the “group property” of inertial reference frames, length contraction and time dilatation, and the “twin paradox”. Finally, we point out a flaw in Einstein’s argument in the “Electrodynamical Part” of his paper and show that the Lorentz force formula and Einstein’s formula for transformation of field quantities are mutually consistent. We show that for faster-than-light bodies, a simple modification of Planck’s formula for mass suffices. (Except for the reference to Planck’s formula, we restrict ourselves to Physics of 1905.) 相似文献