钯催化不对称烯丙基化/去对称化反应合成无保护基的2-喹啉酮骨架环状氨基酸（英文）

作为一类重要的含氮杂环化合物, 3-氨基-2-二氢喹啉酮结构存在于一些药物和生物活性分子中.目前还没有手性催化的方法直接合成无保护基的此类结构.在过渡金属的催化作用下,乙烯基苯并噁嗪酮脱除一分子二氧化碳,生成的两性离子中间体可以参与多种反应合成含氮杂环化合物.我们设想乙烯基苯并噁嗪酮和2-氨基丙二酸酯直接发生不对称烯丙基化反应/去对称化反应,则可直接实现无保护基2-喹啉酮骨架环状氨基酸的手性合成.然而2-氨基丙二酸酯作为亲核试剂时,如何实现碳选择性进攻而不是固有的氮选择性进攻将成为此反应中一个重要挑战.本文通过钯催化的不对称烯丙基化/去对称化反应合成具有2-喹啉酮骨架的环状氨基酸.采用手性膦配体与钯作为催化剂,成功实现了乙烯基苯并噁嗪酮与2-氨基丙二酸酯的不对称α-烯丙基取代反应.随后无需提纯,烯丙基取代产物直接在三氟乙酸的作用下,发生分子内的去对称化内酰胺化反应,最终生成具有无保护基的2-喹啉酮骨架环状氨基酸产物.该催化方法反应条件温和,催化体系简单高效(钯催化剂负载量可降低至1 mol%,非对映选择性可高达15/1,对映选择性高达96%ee),并且具有良好的官能团兼容性.经盐酸处理...     

钯(0)/铜(I)协同催化脱羧不对称4+2环加成反应合成四环香豆素（英文）

香豆素衍生物是天然产物中广泛存在的一类化合物,具有丰富的生理活性,因而受到广泛关注.其中四环香豆素结构包含多个连续的手性中心和复杂的四环结构,其手性合成是化学领域的挑战之一.利用简单易得的香豆素衍生物例如3-氰基香豆素作为原料设计手性催化反应,是构建这些复杂香豆素衍生物的有效方法.迄今为止,关于3-氰基香豆素的不对称转化依然很少,因为氰基和酯基间较长的距离限制了它们与金属离子形成刚性的环状过渡态.如果仅以氰基作为活化位点,较弱的配位能力、与反应位点较远的距离对手性诱导构成挑战.协同催化可以有效提升反应选择性和活性,近年来逐渐成为研究重点.特别是钯/铜协同催化取得较大的进展,然而仍存在一些局限性,例如每次催化循环形成一个碳碳键,只能合成简单的化合物,铜的活化模式也仅局限于和酰胺或醛亚胺酯形成刚性结构,相应亲核试剂范围有待扩展.因此,本文发展了一种新的钯/铜协同催化策略,通过金属钯形成烯丙基钯物种活化烯基苯并噁嗪酮,铜作为路易斯酸活化3-氰基香豆素,实现了两者的脱羧不对称[4+2]环化反应,不仅解决了单一催化剂立体选择性控制不足的问题,而且合成了具有三个连续手性中心的香豆素衍生的稠环.该方...     

氮杂环卡宾催化α,β-不饱和酰氯与亚硝基化合物的[4+2]环化反应

报道氮杂环卡宾催化的α,β-不饱和酰氯与亚硝基化合物的形式[4+2]环化反应合成氮杂-δ-内酯([1,2]嗪-6-酮)化合物.反应机理推测可能是卡宾进攻现场生成的烯基烯酮,得到烯基烯醇负离子,然后与取代的亚硝基苯发生[4+2]环合反应,从而得到的氮杂-δ-内酯产物.     

两价钯催化下烯醇钯中间体和亲电试剂的反应研究

根据在两价钯催化的亲核试剂－炔烃－α,β-不饱和羰基化合物的串联加成反应中所假设的烯醇钯中间体的机理,研究了炔酸烯丙酯化合物1和亲电试剂在两价钯催化下的反应。使用乙酰氮作为亲电试剂得到了β－乙酰氧基烯基－γ－丁丙酯3,这一结果为烯醇钯中间体的机理提供了一个实验证据。     

钯催化烯丙基偕二醇二醋酸酯和各种亲核试剂的反应

研究了配体对烯丙基-1,1-偕二醇二醋酸酯(1)在钯配合物催化下和丙二酸酯钠盐反应的影响. 当用PPh3为配位体时, 丙二酸酯碳阴离子进攻在羰基碳上, 当用dppe为配体时, 进攻在烯丙基碳上. 亲核试剂的性质也影响反应进攻的位置. 通过选择适当的亲核试剂和配体可以从1得到二次烷基化的产物.     

新型双膦配体及钯催化的烯丙基烷基化反应用于构筑季碳手 性中心

从二茂铁恶唑啉膦化合物(Sp)-1出发,合成了严平面手性二茂铁修饰的口袋型双膦配体(R,R,Sp,Sp)-4和(S,S,Sp,Sp)-4。这类配体在前手性亲核试剂的不对称烯丙基化构筑手性季碳中心的反应中,显示了较好的反应活性及对映选择性。当利用亚胺的氨基酸酯衍生物时,可以得到一些非天然的季碳氨基酸衍生物,ee值最高可以达到75.3%。一些简单的酮的烯醇负离子也可用作亲核试剂,产物为α-位双取代的具有季碳中心的酮,ee值可高达95%。     

钯催化大位阻芳基异腈作为羰基源的烯丙基羰基化Negishi偶联反应

利用大位阻芳基异腈作为羰基源,发展了钯催化下的烯丙基羰基化Negishi偶联反应.大位阻芳基异腈的使用可以有效地避免羰基化反应过程中β-H消除副反应的发生,可专一区域选择性、高立体选择性地实现β,γ-不饱和酮的精准合成,解决了传统一氧化碳化学中长期存在的区域选择性较差的难题.有机锌试剂作为含碳原子亲核试剂,反应拥有条件...     

非对称环氧乙烷的区域选择性亲核开环反应

本文总结了常用亲核试剂对非对称环氧乙烷的亲核开环反应及其区域选择性。强亲核性的亲核试剂通常只受空间效应影响,进攻非对称环氧乙烷位阻小的碳原子,对于烯基取代环氧乙烷还可以进攻烯基的β-碳原子发生S_N2'开环反应,其他亲核试剂同时受空间效应和电子效应的影响,对于烷基环氧乙烷通常进攻其取代少的碳原子, 空间效应起主导作用,而对芳基和烯基取代环氧乙烷开环反应通常发生在环氧乙烷芳甲位和烯丙位的碳原子上, 电子效应起主导作用。在质子酸或强Lewis酸存在下,虽然单烷基环氧乙烷的开环仍然发生在其取代少的碳原子上,但对于芳基、烯基和同碳双取代环氧乙烷,亲核开环反应将主要受电子效应控制,一般亲核试剂倾向于进攻环氧乙烷的芳甲位、烯丙位或多取代的碳原子。分子内的亲核开环反应主要受成环时环大小的控制, 成环时的倾向是五元环> 六元环> 七元环。环氧乙烷亲核开环的区域选择性是环氧乙烷和亲核试剂空间效应和电子效应平衡的结果。     

非对称氮杂环丙烷的亲核开环反应及其区域选择性

本文系统地总结了各类亲核试剂对非对称氮杂环丙烷(吖丙啶)的亲核开环反应及开环的区域选择性.氮杂环丙烷亲核开环的区域选择性是一种空间效应和电子效应平衡的结果,非芳基和非烯基取代的氮杂环丙烷的亲核开环通常发生在氮杂环丙烷取代少的碳原子上,空间效应起主导作用;而芳基和烯基取代的氮杂环丙烷的亲核开环通常发生在氮杂环丙烷芳甲位和烯丙位的碳原子上,电子效应起主导作用,烯基取代的氮杂环丙烷的亲核开环还可以发生在烯基的β-碳原子上;分子内的亲核开环反应主要受成环时环大小的控制,成环时的倾向是五元环>六元环>七元环.对于亲核试剂,一般的亲核试剂也同时受电子效应和空间效应的影响; 而亲核性强的亲核试剂通常只受空间效应的影响.容易生成稳定自由基的亲核试剂容易发生单电子转移机理的开环反应,生成相当于亲核试剂进攻氮杂环丙烷中取代多的碳原子得到的开环产物.     

硒催化2-氨基苄醇氧化羰基化合成1,4-二氢-2H-3,1-苯并噁嗪-2-酮

1,4-二氢-2H-3,1-苯并噁嗪-2-酮作为一种重要的母体骨架广泛存在于生物活性化合物中。此外,在有机合成中它可作为经受热脱羧生成氮杂-邻二亚甲基苯的有效工具。文献报道的合成1,4-二氢-2H-3,1-苯并噁嗪-2-酮的方法有：2-氨基苄醇与光气或其替代物反应,钯或硫催化的2-氨基苄醇与 CO的羰基化反应,钯或硒催化的2-硝基苄醇与 CO的羰基化反应,钯催化的2-叠氮基苄醇直接羰基化反应或2-叠氮基苄醇的氮杂-维悌希(aza-Wittig)/杂累积多烯调节的环合反应,苯并呋喃酮的胺解-霍夫曼重排反应,硼氢化锂还原1,2-二氢-3,1-苯并噁嗪-2,4-二酮,以及2-羟甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯的分子内亲核取代反应。上述合成方法存在原料毒性高或成本高且来源不便、原子经济性低、有腐蚀性废物或 CO2排放、CO利用率低、催化剂昂贵且难以循环使用、反应步骤较多等缺陷,因此发展绿色、高效、经济的合成新途径具有重要意义。本文采用廉价易得的非金属硒作催化剂,用 CO作羰基化试剂, O2作氧化剂,通过硒催化2-氨基苄醇的氧化羰基化反应直接合成了目标产物1,4-二氢-2H-3,1-苯并噁嗪-2-酮。通过考察反应时间、反应温度、催化剂硒的用量、助催化剂种类及用量、CO和 O2的比例及溶剂种类等影响因素,得到了优化的反应条件,目标产物收率最高可达87%。实验证实,该 Se/CO催化体系具有相转移催化功能。反应前硒以粉末形式存在于反应体系中,为多相体系;反应开始后,硒粉参与羰基化反应形成可溶活性化合物,从而成为均相体系;反应完成后硒粉经氧化可重新从反应介质中沉淀析出,又变为多相体系。因此,该体系既实现了高效的均相催化反应,又便于催化剂分离回收,且回收的硒可重复使用,其催化活性基本保持不变。结合相关文献,我们提出了该反应的机理：在助催化剂三乙胺存在下,硒首先与 CO反应原位生成羰基硒,然后羰基硒先后接受2-氨基苄醇中氨基和羟基的亲核进攻生成目标产物,同时释放出硒化氢,硒化氢再被 O2氧化为硒,从而进入下一轮催化循环反应。总之,我们成功开发出一条绿色、高效、经济的1,4-二氢-2H-3,1-苯并噁嗪-2-酮合成新途径。用廉价易得且能循环使用的硒替代贵金属钯作催化剂,用 CO替代剧毒光气或其衍生物作羰基化试剂, O2作氧化剂,硒催化的2-氨基苄醇氧化羰基化反应可顺利进行,以87%的良好收率得到目标产物,具有成本低、原子经济性高、CO利用率高、步骤简短、无腐蚀性废物或温室气体 CO2排放、无光气使用及环境相对友好等优点。     

Construction of Axially Chiral Compounds via Central‐to‐Axial Chirality Conversion

Central‐to‐axial chirality conversion represents a fascinating class of chemical processes consisting of the destruction of stereogenic centers and the simultaneous installation of axial chiral elements, which provides efficient methods for the preparation of axially chiral compounds. Using the strategy, a wide range of axially chiral compounds, including biaryls, heterobiaryls, aromatic amides, allenes and vinyl arenes, have been synthesized with high efficiency and excellent enantioselectivity. In addition, central‐to‐axial chirality conversion strategy has been applied to the synthesis of natural products. The strategy has undoubtedly become and will continue to be a hot research topic in the field of asymmetric catalysis and synthesis. In this minireview, we selected some examples to introduce the developments and trends in the central‐to‐axial chirality conversion strategy up to April 2020.     

Enantioselective Synthesis of Quaternary Carbon Stereocenters by Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation: A Review

Quaternary stereocenters are of great importance to the three-dimensionality and enhanced properties of new molecules, but the synthetic challenges in creating quaternary stereocenters greatly hinder their wide use in drug discovery, organic material design, and natural product synthesis. The asymmetric allylic alkylation (AAA) of allylic substrates has proven to be a powerful methodology for enantioselective formation of structure skeletons bearing single or more quaternary carbon centers in modern asymmetric organocatalysis. AAA has certain advantages in constructing the tetrasubstituted stereocenters, including but not limited to mild reactive conditions, effective reaction rates, new functional group introduction, and carbon chains length extension. This review outlines the key considerations in the application of AAA reactions and summarizes the recent progress of AAA reactions in the enantioselective synthesis of products containing quaternary stereocenters. Meanwhile, a detailed discussion of the AAA reactions such as ligands, scope of substrates, transformations and the general reaction mechanisms is also provided. We hope this review could stimulate further advances in much broader areas, including organic synthesis, asymmetric catalysis, C−H activation, and symmetrical pharmaceutical chemistry.     

Functionalised butanediacetal-protected 1,2-diols as suitable partners for Pd-catalysed cross-coupling reactions

A new method for the synthesis of dienes and enynes containing chiral 1,2-diols is described. The strategy is based on the Pd-catalysed cross-coupling reactions of a series of vinyl and alkynyl asymmetric butanediacetal-protected building blocks. After the coupling, removal of the protecting group leads to the desired functionalised dienes and enynes.     

Synergistic Kinetic Resolution and Asymmetric Propargyl Claisen Rearrangement for the Synthesis of Chiral Allenes

The asymmetric propargyl Claisen rearrangement provides a convenient entry to chiral allene motifs. Herein, we describe the development of a kinetic resolution and asymmetric rearrangement of racemic propargyl vinyl ethers. This transformation afforded chiral allene products along with the enantiomerically enriched substrate in good yields with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity. The complete chirality transfer and facially selective rearrangement enabled the simultaneous construction of an axially chiral allenic unit and a quaternary carbon stereocenter.     

Asymmetric Synthesis of Protected Cyclohexenylamines and Cyclohexenols by Rhodium‐Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition

It has been established that cationic rhodium(I)/axially chiral biaryl bis(phosphine) complexes catalyze the asymmetric [2+2+2] cycloaddition of 1,6‐enynes with electron‐rich functionalized alkenes, enamides, and vinyl carboxylates, to produce the corresponding protected cyclohexenylamines and cyclohexenols. Interestingly, regioselectivity depends on structures of substrates. The present cycloaddition was successfully applied to the enantioselective total synthesis of (?)‐porosadienone by using the amide moiety as a leaving group.     

Chiral Phosphoric Acid Dual‐Function Catalysis: Asymmetric Allylation with α‐Vinyl Allylboron Reagents

We report a dual function asymmetric catalysis by a chiral phosphoric acid catalyst that controls both enantioselective addition of an achiral α‐vinyl allylboronate to aldehydes and pseudo‐axial orientation of the α‐vinyl group in the transition state. The reaction produces dienyl homoallylic alcohols with high Z‐selectivities and enantioselectivities. Computational studies revealed that minimization of steric interactions between the alkyl groups of the diol on boron and the chiral phosphoric acid catalyst influence the orientation of α‐vinyl substituent of the allylboronate reagent to occupy a pseudo‐axial position in the transition state.     

Catalytic Enantioselective Amination of Alcohols by the Use of Borrowing Hydrogen Methodology: Cooperative Catalysis by Iridium and a Chiral Phosphoric Acid

The catalytic asymmetric reduction of ketimines has been explored extensively for the synthesis of chiral amines, with reductants ranging from Hantzsch esters, silanes, and formic acid to H₂ gas. Alternatively, the amination of alcohols by the use of borrowing hydrogen methodology has proven a highly atom economical and green method for the production of amines without an external reductant, as the alcohol substrate serves as the H₂ donor. A catalytic enantioselective variant of this process for the synthesis of chiral amines, however, was not known. We have examined various transition‐metal complexes supported by chiral ligands known for asymmetric hydrogenation reactions, in combination with chiral Brønsted acids, which proved essential for the formation of the imine intermediate and the transfer‐hydrogenation step. Our studies led to an asymmetric amination of alcohols to provide access to a wide range of chiral amines with good to excellent enantioselectivity.     

手性炔丙醇的不对称催化合成研究进展

手性炔丙醇是一种重要中间体化合物,作为合成多种光学活性化合物的重要合成前体受到学者们广泛关注。目前通过酮的不对称催化反应合成手性炔丙醇的研究开发具有极大发展前景,因此本文围绕酮类化合物的不对称催化反应来进行综述,结合相关反应最新研究进展,全面总结并分类了不对称催化还原、催化不对称加成等反应类型,介绍了合成不同结构手性炔丙醇的新思路,并对酮的不对称催化反应在未来能成为工业化重要生产途径作出展望。     

A Structurally Robust Chiral Borate Ion: Molecular Design,Synthesis, and Asymmetric Catalysis

Catalysis by chiral weakly-coordinating anions (WCAs) remains underdeveloped due to the lack of a molecular design strategy for exploiting their characteristics, such as the non-nucleophilic nature. Here, we report the development of a chiral borate ion comprising an O,N,N,O-tetradentate backbone, which ensures hitherto unattainable structural robustness. Upon pairing with a proton, the hydrogen borate acts as an effective catalyst for the asymmetric Prins-type cyclization of vinyl ethers, providing access to structurally and stereochemically defined dihydropyrans. The key to selectivity control is the distinct ability of the borate ion to discriminate the prochiral faces of the acyclic oxonium ion intermediate and dictate the regiochemical outcome. We anticipate that this study paves the way for exploring the untapped potential of WCA catalysis for selective chemical synthesis.     

Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Chiral Azaheteroaryl Ethylamines by Asymmetric Protonation

The direct enantioselective synthesis of chiral azaheteroaryl ethylamines from vinyl‐substituted N‐heterocycles and anilines is reported. A chiral phosphoric acid (CPA) catalyst promotes dearomatizing aza‐Michael addition to give a prochiral exocyclic aryl enamine, which undergoes asymmetric protonation upon rearomatization. The reaction accommodates a broad range of N‐heterocycles, nucleophiles, and substituents on the prochiral centre, generating the products in high enantioselectivity. DFT studies support a facile nucleophilic addition based on catalyst‐induced LUMO lowering, with site‐selective, rate‐limiting, intramolecular asymmetric proton transfer from the ion‐paired prochiral intermediate.