核苷研究Ⅴ: 双乙酰赛吲哚毒素的全合成

赛吲哚霉素的双乙酰衍生物已由吲哚曼 -吲哚法合成。吲哚-3-乙酸经催化氢化, 甲酯化和氨解反应得到吲哚曼-3-乙酰胺(9); 将4-去氧-D-核-吡喃己糖以三苯甲基保护后乙酰化。消除保护基再经氧化和甲酯化等反应, 得到1,2,3-O-三乙酰基-4-去氧-β-D-核-吡喃己糖醛酸甲酯(6), 将化合物6和9先缩合后脱氢即得到赛吲哚霉素的双乙酰衍生物2。赛吲哚霉素的类似物1-(3-氨羰甲基吲哚基)-2,3,4,6-O-四乙酰基-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(13)也由相似的方法合成。     

Rh(II)催化3-重氮吲哚酮与烯基叠氮的烯化/环化反应合成螺吡咯啉吲哚酮

螺吡咯啉吲哚酮化合物含有两种重要氮杂环,由于其独特的结构骨架和存在于天然产物而被广泛关注.吲哚酮的3位与其它环状化合物以螺环形式结合的结构特点是该结构具有潜在药物活性和合成价值的基础,例如抗癌和抗菌活性,以及在合成新配体和有机催化剂上的应用.目前,尽管合成螺吲哚酮的策略已有1,3-偶极环加成、亲核加成及还原环化等,但是发展简单高效的构建螺吲哚酮化合物的方法仍具有很大的吸引力.烯基叠氮同时含有叠氮和烯基两个单元,被广泛应用于构建氮杂环.另一方面,重氮化合物被广泛用作偶联环化合成的底物.基于在叠氮化学和杂环合成方面的工作,我们设想利用3-重氮吲哚-2-酮和烯基氮的环化反应构建螺吲哚酮化合物.文献中有关烯基叠氮和重氮化合物反应的报道较少,主要涉及铑催化的环丙烷化和铜催化的环戊烯合成,在这些反应中烯基叠氮作为二元合成子参与反应,而其它类型的反应鲜有报道,因此我们设想利用烯基叠氮作为三元合成子来参与反应成环.在我们开展工作的同时, Katukojvala小组率先发表了铑催化的重氮烯和烯基叠氮的环化反应构建1-吡咯啉.本文报道了3-重氮吲哚酮和烯基叠氮在铑催化下发生[1+1+3]环化,构建一系列螺吡咯啉吲哚酮化合物.研究从反应条件优化开始,通过对催化剂、原料比、溶剂和温度等参数的筛选,确定了最佳反应条件为1a/2a(1/7), Rh_2(TFA)_4(2.5mol%), 1,2-二氯乙烷(0.1mol/L), 60°C.在标准条件下完成了21个不同基团取代的螺吡咯啉吲哚酮化合物的合成,最高收率可达91%,证实了该反应的普适性.当重氮底物的N原子上不含取代基或取代基为甲基、苄基、苯基、苯甲酰基和磺酰基时,反应均可以顺利发生,其中苯甲酰基和对甲苯磺酰基取代的底物的反应可取得90%以上的收率.对于重氮和烯基叠氮底物的苯环上含有卤素、甲基和甲氧基等取代基时,反应同样可以顺利进行,以中等收率得到对应产物,电子效应对反应效果影响不大,而存在位阻效应时反应收率略有降低.当降低反应温度或缩短反应时间,可以从反应体系中同时分离得到螺吡咯啉吲哚酮和重氮底物3位乙烯基化的产物.进一步实验表明, 3-烯基吲哚酮可以在标准条件下与烯基叠氮反应,以中等收率得到模板产物.该对照实验表明3-烯基吲哚酮是反应过程中的关键中间体.该反应条件温和,简单高效,底物适用范围广,为构建具有潜在生物活性的螺吲哚酮骨架提供了新的选择.     

利用不对称催化的环丙烷化反应构建四氢吡咯并吲哚啉骨架

以CuOTf/Ln为催化体系,色胺衍生物与重氮乙酸乙酯于-50℃反应36 h,首次实现了吲哚2,3-位双键的不对称催化环丙烷化反应,构建了四氢吡咯并吲哚啉骨架,收率42%,50%ee,其结构经1H NMR表征.     

新型异噁唑山酮素骨架螺环氧化吲哚类化合物的合成

本文以色酮-氧化吲哚合成子(1)与硝基异噁唑苯乙烯(2),催化剂DBU作用下,经分子间Michael加成,分子内Michael加成环化反应,获得7个新型异噁唑山酮素骨架螺环氧化吲哚类化合物3a~3g,产率87%~93%,dr=8/1~15/1, 其结构经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR和HR-MS（ESI-TOF）表征。      

4’，5，7－三羟基－2’－甲氧基－6，8－二异戊烯基黄烷酮的全合成

以２，４，６－三羟基苯乙酮和间甲氧基苯酚为原料，分别经过异戊烯基化和保护羟基以及甲醛化，保护羟基，再通过缩合、环化、去甲氧基甲基等共七步反应，首次成功地合成了４’，５，７－三羟基－６，８－二异戊烯基黄烷酮。     

5-乙基-2-吲哚酮的合成及其酰基化和N上烃基化反应研究

以4-乙基苯胺1为原料,经Sandmeyer反应得5-乙基靛红2;2经水合肼还原得到5-乙基-2-吲哚酮3;N,N-二甲基甲酰胺与三氯氧磷先形成Vilsmeier-Haack试剂,再与化合物3反应,合成2-氯-5-乙基-3-乙酰吲哚4;以丙酮为溶剂,对化合物4烃基化,以78.5%-95.6%的收率得到N-取代-2-氯-5-乙基-3-乙酰吲哚5a-5e。其中化合物4、5a-5e均未见文献报道,它们的结构均通过红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱(碳谱),质谱等确认。     

铑催化3-重氮吲哚-2-亚胺与吡唑啉酮的C—H官能团化反应制备3-吡唑基吲哚（英文）

报道了一种在Rh2(OAc)4存在下α-亚胺卡宾和吡唑啉酮的高效C—H官能团化反应.该方法通过C—C键的形成为构建结构多样的3-吡唑基吲哚化合物提供了一种快速、直接的途径,反应具有中等至优异的产率和良好的官能团耐受性.     

壳聚糖@铜催化吲哚与硫粉和芳基碘化物的C3-硫醚化反应

针对以硫单质为硫源的吲哚环中C—S键构筑中催化剂无法回收的问题,制备了2-吡啶甲酸改性壳聚糖(PACS)负载不同类型铜的催化剂,用于催化吲哚、硫粉和碘苯三组分反应一锅法制备C-3位硫醚基吲哚,反应收率高达92%,底物适用性良好.对催化效果最佳的催化剂(PACS@Cu(OAc)₂)进行了热重分析(TGA)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征与分析,结果表明该催化剂具有不需额外添加配体、易于分离回收及可重复使用的优点.     

铜促进下腙的氧化胺化反应:1H-吲唑和1H-吡唑的合成

吲唑和吡唑是两类重要的含氮杂环化合物,具有广泛的生物活性.发展了一类铜促进下腙的C(sp²)-H键氧化胺化反应,简便、高效地构建了一系列1H-吲唑和1H-吡唑衍生物.该反应条件温和,具有广泛的底物适用范围和较好的官能团兼容性.     

碘催化的2,2,2-三氟-1-(1H-吲哚-3-基)-乙醇与取代苯胺的傅-克苄基化反应

首次报道了分子碘I₂催化的吲哚衍生物与取代苯胺的傅-克苄基化反应, 合成了8个新型的3-取代吲哚的苯胺类衍生物,收率６５%～９８%,其结构经¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR和HR-ESI-MS表征。     

Intramolecular Larock indole synthesis for the preparation of tricyclic indoles and its application in the synthesis of tetrahydropyrroloquinoline and fargesine

A general and efficient strategy for fused tricyclic indoles from substituted 2-halogenanilines via the palladium-catalyzed intramolecular Larock indolization process has been developed. Using this strategy, a number of 3,4- and 3,5-fused indoles with a variety of ring sizes can been prepared. The utility of this method is demonstrated through the synthesis of the known tetrahydropyrrolo[4,3,2-de]quinoline 10 and the first total synthesis of fargesine.     

Catalytic and asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with nitroacrylates. Application to the synthesis of tryptophan analogues

An asymmetric Friedel-Crafts alkylation of indoles with nitroacrylates catalyzed by chiral (4R,5S)-DiPh-BOX (L1)-Cu(OTf)₂ complex (10 mol %) has been developed. The reactions provide tryptophan nitro-precursors in moderate diastereoselectivities (anti/syn up to 72:28) and good to excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee). The alkylation products could be easily reduced to optically active tryptophan analogues with Zn/H⁺.     

The first total synthesis and determination of the absolute configuration of chapecoderin A, B and C

The seco- and rearranged-labdanes, chapecoderins A 1, B 2, and C 3 have been synthesized for the first time starting from (S)-(+)-Wieland-Miescher ketone analogue 11. Their absolute configurations have been determined as depicted in the structures 1, 2 and 3.     

Concise total synthesis of phidianidine A and B

The shortest total synthesis of cytotoxic indole alkaloids phidianidine A and B is described. Rapid assembly of the 1,2,4-oxadiazole core from a novel N-hydroxyguanidine and the corresponding indole-3-acetic acid chloride led to formal syntheses of phidianidine A and B in only three steps from known compounds. Deprotection under standard conditions provided the trifluoroacetate salts of phidianidine A and B in quantitative yield.     

First total synthesis of Pestalotioprolide C and its C7 epimer

The first total synthesis of Pestalotioprolide C and C7-epi-Pestalotioprolide C adopting Noyori asymmetric reduction, HWE Olefination and Shiina macrolactonization as the key steps has been described.     

First total synthesis of rhuscholide A,glabralide B and denudalide

The first total synthesis of rhuscholide A, a benzofuran lactone possessing anti-HIV-1 activity, had been accomplished in 14 linear steps with 10.6% overall yield. In this synthesis, base-mediated phenol ortho-alkylation and piperidine promoted aldol condensation were exploited as key steps. The synthesis was flexible and allowed for the convenient preparation of two analogous natural products glabralide B and denudalide.     

Total synthesis of stevastelins B3 and C3: structure confirmation of stevastelin B3 and revision of stevastelin C3

The total synthesis of stevastelin B3, stevastelin C3 and 5-deoxy derivative of stevastelin C3, novel 13-membered cyclic depsipeptides, is described. This study unambiguously confirmed the proposed absolute structure of stevastelin B3, and revealed that the structure of stevastelin C3 is incorrect. The correct structure of stevastelin C3 was established by the total synthesis to be 5-deoxy derivative of the proposed structure.     

Palladium-catalyzed couplings to nucleophilic heteroarenes: the total synthesis of (−)-frondosin B

The total synthesis of (−)-frondosin B, the enantiomer of naturally-occuring (+)-frondosin B, is described, wherein a palladium-catalyzed cyclization is used to establish the tetracyclic ring system of the natural product.     

Recent progress toward synthesis of chlorosulfolipids: total synthesis and methodology

Chlorosulfolipids (CSLs) are an intriguing family of natural products featuring highly chlorinated linear hydrocarbon skeletons. Although CSLs were first isolated in 1962, chemical synthesis of CSLs was hampered because relevant methods for stereoselective construction of the polychlorinated motifs of CSLs were scarce. Since Carreira’s first total synthesis of the CSL mytilipin A in 2009, several groups, including our own, have reported total syntheses of CSLs. As a result of these total syntheses, important progress has been made in the development of reliable synthetic methods for stereoselective polychlorination. In this digest, we summarize the total syntheses of CSLs by focusing on synthetic methods for stereoselective polychlorination of the organic frameworks of CSLs.     

Three-component coupling reactions of isoquinolines, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate and indoles: a facile synthesis of 3-indolyl-1,2-dihydro-2-isoquinolinyl-2-butenedioate

A three-component coupling of isoquinolines, dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) and indoles is achieved for the first time to produce dimethyl (E)-2-[1-(1H-3-indolyl)-1,2-dihydro-2-isoquinolinyl]-2-butenedioates in excellent yields and with high selectivity. The reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature without a catalyst. Quinoline, DMAD and indole also undergo smooth coupling to furnish dimethyl (E)-2-[2-(1H-3-indolyl)-1,2-dihydro-1-quinolinyl]-2-butenedioate under similar conditions. This method is very useful to functionalize both indoles and aza-aromatic compounds in a one-pot operation.