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In this review, we summarize recent advances in the synthesis of hybrid nanoparticles in miniemulsions since 2009. These hybrid nanoparticles include organic–inorganic, polymeric, and natural macromolecule/synthetic polymer hybrid nanoparticles. They may be prepared through encapsulation of inorganic components or natural macromolecules by miniemulsion (co)polymerization, simultaneous polymerization of vinyl monomers and vinyl-containing inorganic precursors, precipitation of preformed polymers in the presence of inorganic constituents through solvent displacement techniques, and grafting polymerization onto, from or through natural macromolecules. Characterization, properties, and applications of hybrid nanoparticles are also discussed. 相似文献
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Inorganic/organic nanocomposite systems, in which inorganic particles are encapsulated into the polymer matrix, are new classes of polymeric materials. These materials combine the properties of both components. It means that polymer component with excellent optical property, flexibility and toughness could improve the brittleness of inorganic particles and besides, inorganic particles could increase the strength and modulus of polymers. There are various methods to make these inorganic/organic nanocomposites. One of them is the chemical process, in which polymerization is performed directly in the presence of the inorganic particles. Examples of miniemulsion, suspension or dispersion polymerization can be found in the literature but emulsion polymerization is by far the technique most frequently used.In this work, latex containing nanostructure hybrid of copolymer (styrene, methyl methacrylate, acrylic acid) and inorganic nanoparticles (silica) with core/shell structure was prepared via semi-batch emulsion polymerization. At first, silica nanoparticles were dispersed in water phase in an ultrasound bath to prevent the aggregation of nanoparticles, and then emulsion polymerization was performed in the presence of silica nanoparticles. Related tests and analysis confirmed the success in synthesis of nanostructure hybrids. Induced coupled plasma (ICP) analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) showed the presence and amount of silica nanoparticles in the final latex. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis confirmed the presence of 25-35 nm particles in the system and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed the core/shell morphology of nanoparticles. It has been shown that with an appropriate surfactant, adjusting the pH of media, using suitable monomers and under controlled conditions, it would be possible to produce stable organic/inorganic composite nanoparticles with core/shell structure. In another attempt and in order to investigate the effect of compatiblizing system, styrene-methyl methacrylate was copolymerized in the presence of modified silica particles with oleic acid as the inorganic dispersed phase at the same condition. Similar characterizations were performed in order to have a worthwhile comparison. The results for the late procedure show the effect of oleic acid in formation of aggregates as the core for polymeric nanocomposite particles. 相似文献
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Z. H. Cao G. R. Shan N. Sheibat‐Othman J.‐L. Putaux E. Bourgeat‐Lami 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2010,48(3):593-603
Nanocapsules with an oily core and an organic/inorganic hybrid shell were elaborated by miniemulsion (co)polymerization of styrene, divinylbenzene, γ‐methacryloyloxy propyl trimethoxysilane, and N‐isopropyl acrylamide. The hybrid copolymer shell membrane was formed by polymerization‐induced phase separation at the interface of the oily nanodroplets with water. It was shown that the size, size distribution, and colloidal stability of the miniemulsion droplets were extremely dependent on the nature of the oil phase, the monomer content and the surfactant concentration. The less water‐soluble the hydrocarbon template and the higher the monomer content, the better the droplet stability. The successful formation of nanocapsules with the targeted core‐shell morphology (i.e., a liquid core surrounded by a solid shell) was evidenced by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. Both nanocapsules and nanoparticles were produced by polymerization of the miniemulsion droplets. The proportion of nanoparticles increased with increasing monomer concentration in the oil phase. These undesirable nanoparticles were presumably formed by homogeneous nucleation as we showed that micellar nucleation could be neglected under our experimental conditions even for high surfactant concentrations. The introduction of γ‐methacryloyloxy propyl trimethoxysilane was considered to be the main reason for homogeneous nucleation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 593–603, 2010 相似文献
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Anderson N. Mendes Isabela Hubber Mônica Siqueira Gleyce Moreno Barbosa Davyson de Lima Moreira Carla Holandino José Carlos Pinto Marcio Nele 《Macromolecular Symposia》2012,319(1):34-40
Summary: This work aimed to produce poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles for use in drug encapsulation. The polymer nanoparticles were produced using miniemulsion polymerization technique. Monomer miniemulsion showed moderate stability and polymer average particle size was about 90 nm. PMMA nanoparticles were tested for toxicity in human leukemic cell strain K562 and they did not show any adverse effect on cell viability. Therefore, poly(methyl methacrylate) nanoparticles are suitable to encapsulate antitumor agents. 相似文献
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Wang D Yan R Liu X Su Y Zhang M Zhang W 《Journal of colloid and interface science》2012,367(1):249-256
A general strategy for the synthesis of polymeric hierarchical microparticles containing surface nanoparticles through modified seed emulsion polymerization is proposed. This modified seed emulsion polymerization has a character that suitable amount of monomer miniemulsion is added during the polymerization. The in situ synthesized surface nanoparticles which are resulted from the monomer miniemulsion as well as the shell-forming polymer coagulate on the seed particles and therefore hierarchical microparticles are fabricated. Various polymeric hierarchical microparticles containing 20-36 nm poly(styrene-co-acrylamide), poly(styrene-co-acrylic acid), and polystyrene surface nanoparticles are synthesized following the proposed method. The advantages in the present synthesis including both the well controls in the size, the composition, and the number of the surface nanoparticles and the convenience are demonstrated. The proposed strategy is anticipated to be a general method to fabricate hierarchical microparticles and is believed to have promising application in particle surface modification. 相似文献
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Xiaoguang Qiao Min Chen Juan Zhou Limin Wu 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2007,45(6):1028-1037
Organic–inorganic hybrid particles have many potential applications, but almost all research has been focused on hybrid particles with one kind of inorganic nanoparticle. This article presents a novel and facile preparation approach for raspberry‐like silica/polystyrene/silica multilayer hybrid particles via miniemulsion polymerization. In this method, larger, surface‐modified silica particles are first dispersed into monomer droplets to form a miniemulsion, and then raspberry‐like silica/polystyrene/silica multilayer hybrid particles are directly obtained when miniemulsion polymerization is performed in the presence of smaller, unmodified silica particles with 4‐vinylpyridine as an auxiliary monomer. Influential parameters such as the amount of 4‐vinylpyridine, the surfactant concentration, and the pH value of the system have been investigated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1028–1037, 2007 相似文献
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Álvaro Costoyas Jose Ramos Jacqueline Forcada 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2009,47(3):935-948
Hybrid silica/polystyrene nanoparticles were synthesized by miniemulsion polymerization. With the objective to prepare core‐shell hybrid nanoparticles having narrow particle size distributions (PSDs) as well as a high degree of silica encapsulation, the effect of adding surface modifiers, the size of silica nanoparticles, the ratio styrene/silica, the surfactant concentration, and the presence of ethanol in the reaction mixture were studied. A synergistic effect was observed using oleic acid (OA) together with 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (TPM) in the compatibilization step between the organic phase (monomer) and inorganic nanoparticles (silica). Mono and multinuclear eccentric core‐shell hybrid nanoparticles were obtained. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 935–948, 2009 相似文献
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Ratchapol Jenjob Treethip Phakkeeree Farzad Seidi Man Theerasilp Daniel Crespy 《Macromolecular bioscience》2019,19(6)
Nanoparticles have the advantages over micron‐sized particles to typically provide higher intracellular uptake and drug bioavailability. Emulsion techniques are commonly used methods for producing nanoparticles aiming at high encapsulation efficiency, high stability, and low toxicity. Here, the recent developments of nanoparticles prepared from emulsions, the synthesis of nanoparticles, their physicochemical properties, and their biomedical applications are discussed. Selection of techniques, such as emulsion polymerization, miniemulsion polymerization, microemulsion polymerization, and emulsion‐solvent evaporation processes, strongly influences morphologies, size distributions, and particle properties. Details in the synthetic strategies governing the performance of nanoparticles in bioimaging, biosensing, and drug delivery are presented. Benefits and limitations of molecular imaging techniques are also discussed. 相似文献
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Kim Y. van Berkel Craig J. Hawker 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2010,48(7):1594-1606
A simple and modular synthetic approach, based on miniemulsion polymerization, has been developed for the fabrication of composite polymer–metal nanoparticle materials. The procedure produces well‐defined composite structures consisting of gold, silver, or MnFe2O4 nanoparticles (~10 nm in diameter) encapsulated within larger spherical nanoparticles of poly(divinylbenzene) (~100 nm in diameter). This methodology readily permits the incorporation of multiple metal domains into a single polymeric particle, while still preserving the useful optical and magnetic properties of the metal nanoparticles. The morphology of the composite particles is retained upon increasing the inorganic content and also upon redispersion in organic solvents. Finally, the ability to tailor the surface chemistry of the composite nanoparticles and incorporate steric stabilizing groups using simple thiol‐ene chemistry is demonstrated. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 1594–1606, 2010 相似文献
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Wang Y Xu H Ma Y Guo F Wang F Shi D 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2011,27(11):7207-7212
A one-pot colloidal reaction strategy was developed to synthesize asymmetric magnetic composite particles (AMCPs) with high anisotropy and magnetic content. The asymmetricity was established by having two portions of the particle composed of both polystyrene and silica, among which the latter was conjugated with magnetite nanoparticles. Phase separation was found to be critical in developing the asymmetric structure between the inorganic and polymer components during miniemulsion polymerization and the sol-gel reaction. Morphological control of the magnetic composite particles was achieved in a straightforward fashion by adjusting the processing parameters. These asymmetric nanomaterials with superparamagnetic and amphiphilic properties will have significant potential in biomedical applications. 相似文献
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This study describes the use of photo-initiated miniemulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate and the incorporation of
magnetic nanoparticles. With photo-initiator in the oil-in-water miniemulsion, UV irradiation led to the formation of polymer
latexes after 15 min with the reaction temperature lower than 45 °C. Moreover, this method can be applied for the incorporation
of magnetic nanoparticles. The particle sizes were measured by laser particle analyzer which showed narrow distributions.
The morphology of the particles was examined with a transmission electron microscope and scanning electron microscope. The
incorporation of magnetic nanoparticles was characterized with X-ray diffraction and vibrating sample magnetometer, both of
which demonstrated that magnetic nanoparticles had been successfully incorporated into the polymer matrix. 相似文献
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Hyeong Taek Ham Yeong Suk Choi Mu Guen Chee In Jae Chung 《Journal of polymer science. Part A, Polymer chemistry》2006,44(1):573-584
This work is to make carbon nanotubes dispersible in both water and organic solvents without oxidation and cutting nanotube threads. Polystyrene‐singlewall carbon nanotube (PS‐SWNT) composites were prepared with three different methods: miniemulsion polymerization, conventional emulsion polymerization, and mixing SWNT with PS latex. The two factors, crosslinking and surface coverage of PS are important factors for the mechanical and electrical properties, including dispersion states of SWNT in various solvents. The PS‐SWNT composite prepared via a conventional emulsion polymerization showed SWNT bundles entirely covered with PS, whereas the PS‐SWNT composite prepared via a miniemulsion polymerization showed SWNT partially covered with crosslinked PS nanoparticles. The method of mixing SWNTs with PS latex did not show the well dispersed state of carbon nanotubes because PS was not crosslinked and was dissolved in a solvent, and nanotubes separated from PS precipitated. So the PS nanoparticle‐SWNT composite had lower electrical resistance, and higher mechanical strength than the other composites made by the latter two methods. As the amount of SWNT increases, the bare surface area of SWNT increases and the electrical conductivity increases in the composite made by the miniemulsion polymerization. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 573–584, 2006 相似文献
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Zhang SW Zhou SX Weng YM Wu LM 《Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids》2006,22(10):4674-4679
The polystyrene latex nanoparticles bearing silanol groups on their surfaces were successfully synthesized via miniemulsion polymerization using gamma-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS) as the functional comonomer and oil-soluble AIBN as the initiator at neutral conditions. FTIR and 29Si NMR spectra showed that the condensation of silanol groups was suppressed effectively. zeta potential and XPS analyses demonstrated that the silanol groups were enriched at the surfaces of the latex particles and could be tailored by MPS concentration. These silanol-functionalized latex particles could be easily coated with silica or other inorganic or organic compounds to prepare novel hybrid particles and hollow microspheres. 相似文献
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Polychloromethylstyrene nanoparticles of sizes from 12.0 ± 2.3 to 229.6 ± 65 nm were prepared by the emulsion and miniemulsion
polymerization of chloromethylstyrene in an aqueous continuous phase in the presence of potassium persulfate as initiator,
sodium octylbenzenesulfonate as surfactant, and hexadecane as costabilizer for the miniemulsion polymerization process only.
The influence of various polymerization parameters (e.g., concentration of the monomer, initiator, the crosslinker monomer,
and the surfactant) on the properties of the particles (e.g., size, size distribution, and yield) has been elucidated. The
polychloromethylstyrene nanoparticles formed via the emulsion polymerization mechanism possess smaller diameter and size distribution
than those formed under similar conditions via the miniemulsion polymerization mechanism. Other differences between these
two polymerization mechanisms have also been elucidated. For future study, we wish to use these nanoparticles for the covalent
immobilization of bioactive reagents such as proteins to the surface of these nanoparticles for various biomedical applications. 相似文献
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Polystyrene nanoparticles doped with a luminescent europium complex, Eu(tta)(3)phen, are prepared by miniemulsion polymerization. The influence of the complex on the miniemulsion polymerization is investigated by the systematic variation of the initial concentration of Eu(tta)(3)phen from 2 to 7 wt% relatively to styrene. A maximum doping level of about 2% by weight in the final particles can be achieved. At higher doping levels, destabilization of the miniemulsion leads to a loss of reproducibility with respect to both the degree of conversion and the final Eu content of the particles. Doped nanoparticles of varying diameter, ranging from 19 to 94 nm, are successfully prepared. Steady-state and time-resolved luminescence measurements indicate that the luminescence properties of Eu(tta)(3)phen in the doped latexes are unchanged from those found in THF solution. Aqueous dispersions of the doped particles exhibit characteristic red emission under UV light irradiation. The luminescence intensity increases linearly with Eu(tta)(3)phen content, indicating the absence of self-quenching despite the relatively high local concentrations within the particles. 相似文献