Ultrasonic waves in diluted and densified suspensions

A theory of propagation of stress waves in diluted and densified suspensions is developed to make the theoretical basis for analysis of ultrasonic waves through these media. The formulae for the phase velocity and the attenuation coefficient are determined as the function of wave frequency and the suspension structure parameter, which is the volume or mass fraction of the solid phase. These formulae can be use, after suitable calibration, for determination of the solid volume fraction in diluted suspensions, and the solid mass fraction or the water content in densified suspensions, that is, parameters that characterize the structure of a suspension. These structure parameters can be determined by measuring the transition time of ultrasonic wave through a given distance of suspension. The phase velocity dispersion curves and the attenuation coefficients determined theoretically and experimentally are plotted as a function of the volume fraction of the solid phase for dilute suspension, or the solid mass fraction for densified suspension.     

高密度超细颗粒高浓度悬浊液超声衰减的数值模拟分析

以拓展耦合相ECP理论模型为基础,通过对高浓度超细二氧化钛-水悬浊液和玻璃微珠-水悬浊液中超声衰减的数值计算分析,讨论了高密度差异颗粒两相介质在高浓度情况下,超声频率、颗粒粒径大小、颗粒浓度对超声波衰减的影响,为高密度超细颗粒在高浓度悬浊液中颗粒粒度和浓度的超声波测量提供理论支持。     

Ice nucleation of water droplet containing solid particles under weak ultrasonic vibration

Water with small volume (a few microlitres or less) often maintains its liquid state even at temperatures much lower than 0 °C. In this study, we examine the onset of ice nucleation in micro-sized water droplets with immersed solid particles under weak ultrasonic vibrations. The experimental results show that ice nucleation inside the water droplets can be successfully induced at relatively high temperatures. The experimental observations indicate that the nucleation sites are commonly encountered in the region between the particle and the substrate. A numerical study is conducted to gain insight into the possible underlying phenomenon for ice nucleation in such systems. The simulation results show that the collapse of cavitation bubbles in the crevice at the particle surface is structure sensitive with the hemisphere-shape crevice generating pressures as high as 1.63 GPa, which is theoretically suitable for inducing ice nucleation.     

基于补偿型微带谐振单元的一维光子带隙结构

提出了一种具有光子带隙(PBG)性能的补偿型微带谐振单元(C-CMRC)，通过并联两个开路微带线来补偿CMRC结构在低频通带内因为阻抗不平衡而引起的回波损耗，从而减小插入损耗，并且该C-CMRC谐振结构具有更强的慢波效应和更大的禁带宽度.利用该结构谐振单元的慢波效应，设计具有一维PBG性能的低通滤波器，重复周期仅为0.15λ_g.与普通的0.5λ_g周期的PBG结构相比，大大减小了电路面积.实际设计、制作和测试了CMRC和C-CMRC两种结构，通过两种结构的测试结果 关键词： 补偿型微带谐振单元 慢波 禁带 光子带隙     

左手材料的响应频段和单元尺寸关系的研究

目前左手材料的负折射现象只发生在微波波段,通常把发生负折射现象的这个频率波段称为响应频段.由于左手材料的响应频段的频率很低,而常用的波源是太阳光或者是可见光,因此左手材料的应用受到极大的限制.如何使左手材料的响应频段从低频移到高频或者说从微波波段移到可见光波段是迫切需要解决的问题.在周期性结构的左手材料中影响响应频段的因素很多,例如周期性结构的单元形状、单元尺寸等等.文中通过改变周期性结构左手材料的单元尺寸实现了响应频段的移动,同时经实验和计算机模拟得到了单元尺寸和响应频段的关系即随着单元尺寸变小响应频段 关键词： 左手材料 周期性结构 单元尺寸 响应频段     

Device for aeration and mixing of cell and organelle suspensions during NMR experiments

A device for aeration and mixing of cell or organelle suspensions in a vertical bore NMR magnet is described. Multiple external sensors (e.g., ion-selective electrodes) may be immersed in the suspension within the bore of the magnet. The sensors are positioned to avoid noise due to contact with gas bubbles and proximity to the probe head. The required sample volume is minimised. The modular design of components permits the use of the device in magnets of various internal dimensions, or with probe heads of different sample tube diameter, by modification of the simpler components of the assembly.     

人体血管壁超声传输衰减特性的研究

本文利用超声脉冲反射法，对人体血管壁声衰减特性进行了离体测量，给出了人体血管壁声能量衰减参数的测量值。这对超声在医学领域的应用以及超声连体非介入血栓消溶有着十分重要的意义。     

Size-selective separation of submicron particles in suspensions with ultrasonic atomization

Aqueous suspensions containing silica or polystyrene latex were ultrasonically atomized for separating particles of a specific size. With the help of a fog involving fine liquid droplets with a narrow size distribution, submicron particles in a limited size-range were successfully separated from suspensions. Performance of the separation was characterized by analyzing the size and the concentration of collected particles with a high resolution method. Irradiation of 2.4 MHz ultrasound to sample suspensions allowed the separation of particles of specific size from 90 to 320 nm without regarding the type of material. Addition of a small amount of nonionic surfactant, PONPE20 to SiO₂ suspensions enhanced the collection of finer particles, and achieved a remarkable increase in the number of collected particles. Degassing of the sample suspension resulted in eliminating the separation performance. Dissolved air in suspensions plays an important role in this separation.     

一种测量功率超声振动系统振速比的简单方法

本文提出了一种测量功率超声振动系统中振动速度比的简单方法。与传统的测量方法相比,本方法将力学量转变为电学量的测量,将绝对测量变成了相对测量,降低了对实验设备的要求,有利于提高测试精度。     

Shape effect of elongated grains on ultrasonic attenuation in polycrystalline materials

Longitudinal and transverse wave attenuation coefficients are obtained in a simple integral form for ultrasonic waves in cubic polycrystalline materials with elongated grains. Dependences of attenuation on frequency and grain shape are described in detail. The explicit analytical solutions for ellipsoidal grains in the Rayleigh and stochastic frequency limits are given for a wave propagating in an arbitrary direction relative to ellipsoid axes. The attenuation exhibits classic frequency dependence in those frequency limits. However, the dependence on the grain shape in the stochastic limits is unexpected: it is independent of the cross-section of the ellipsoidal grains and depends only on the grain dimension in the propagation direction. In the Rayleigh region attenuation is proportional to effective volume of the ellipsoidal grain and is independent of its shape. A complex behavior of attenuation on the grain shape/size and frequency is exhibited in the transition region. The results obtained reduce to the classic dependences of attenuation on parameters for polycrystals with equiaxed grains.     

使用共振多程光声池的CO_2和SF_6的无多普勒饱和吸收光谱

本文使用共振多程池的光声探测法对CO_2和SF_6分子的无多普勒饱和吸收光谱进行了实验研究.测量CO_2的吸收凹陷约为2.5MHz,实验中观察到5个SF_6的吸收凹陷、凹陷深率约为1.9MHz.两种情况的分辨率均大于10~7.     

Study on rectangular ultrasonic radiator of flexural resonant vibration in high modes

Based on the theory of coupling vibration and flexural vibration of thin rod of rectangular cross section, the fiexural vibration of rectangular thin plate was studied. The frequency equation was derived under the condition of freeboundaries. The normal modes and the relation between the normal modes and the resonant frequency were obtained. Experiments showed that the calculated resonant frequencies agree well with the measured results, and the rectangular thin plate in flexural vibration has abundant resonant frequencies. The radiator of flexural vibration used in ultrasonic cleaning and other techniques has the advantages of large acoustic radiating area, uniform acoustic field and easy adjustment of resonant frequencies, proving that it is a promising ultrasonic source.     

序列脉冲激光中的原子共振辐射

本文详细研究了序列脉冲激光与二能级原子共振作用的Bloch方程的解。在此基础上,结合数值计算,求出了序列脉冲作用下二能级原子的共振辐射谱;并得出如下结论:对满足K_1/K=1的原子(如仅受自然展宽的气体原子),序列脉冲差不多等效于一单色激光场;而对满足K_1/K(?)=1的原子(比如一些固体原子)序列脉冲场中边频成份也表现出较强的作用,辐射谱呈现出多边峰现象。     

Acoustic measurement of suspensions of clay and silt particles using single frequency attenuation and backscatter

The use of ultrasonic acoustic technology to measure the concentration of fine suspended sediments has the potential to greatly increase the temporal and spatial resolution of sediment measurements while reducing the need for personnel to be present at gauging stations during storm events. The conversion of high-frequency attenuation and backscatter amplitudes to suspended silt and clay concentration has received relatively little attention in the literature. In order to improve the state of knowledge, a laboratory investigation was undertaken by the National Center for Physical Acoustics in cooperation with the USDA-ARS National Sedimentation Laboratory. In these experiments, two immersion transducers were used to measure attenuation and backscatter from 20 MHz acoustic signals propagated through suspended clay (smectite and kaolinite) and silt particles. The resulting data includes attenuation values for a wide range of concentrations (0.3–14 g/L) and particle sizes (0.03–14 μm diameter). Attenuation curves for each particle were compared to the theoretical attenuation curves developed by Urick (1948) and Sheng and Hay (1988) for scattering as presented by Landers (2010) [5,11,12]. In addition, it was found that the backscatter signal could be used to discriminate between suspensions dominated by clay or silt.     

Universality in the critical dynamics of fluids: ultrasonic attenuation

In contrast to the binary liquids, the order-parameter relaxation rates in the pure fluids are greatly affected by a large non-critical component. With the appropriate crossover correction to dynamic scaling, we restore universality and demonstrate that the ultrasonic data for both the one- and two-component fluids fall on the same scaling plot.     

Characterization of TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> nanoparticle suspensions for electrophoretic deposition

The rheology of suspensions is critically important for the successful achievement of defect-free TiO₂ deposits by electrophoretic deposition (EPD). The rheological behaviour of TiO₂ nanoparticle suspensions in acetylacetone with and without iodine was investigated over a broad solid-concentration range (0.3–2.5 wt.%) and at different shear rates ( = 10–250 s⁻¹). The influence of these parameters on the quality of TiO₂ films obtained by EPD on stainless steel substrates was assessed. The pure solvent and the 1 wt.% TiO₂ nanoparticles suspension without iodine exhibited shear-thickening flow behaviour. For other concentrations, the suspensions showed shear-thinning behaviour followed by an apparent shear-thickening effect at a critical shear rate (100 s⁻¹). For the suspension with 1 wt.% TiO₂ containing iodine, a shear-thickening flow behaviour was observed over the whole shear rate range investigated. The maximum solids fraction (ϕ_m) was experimentally determined from a linear relationship between solid concentration and viscosity. The estimated value was ϕ_m = 7.94 wt.% for this system. Using a suspension with 1 wt.% concentration, good-quality TiO₂ deposits on stainless steel planar substrates were obtained by EPD at constant voltage condition. The influence of pH on suspension stability was determined in the range pH = 1–9, being pH ≈ 5 the optimal value for this system in terms of EPD results.     

On the validity and improvement of the ultrasonic pulse-echo immersion technique to measure real attenuation

A fundamental assumption embraced in conventional use of the ultrasonic pulse-echo immersion technique to measure attenuation in solid materials is revisited. The cited assumption relies on perfect and immutable adhesion at the water to sample interface, a necessary condition that allows calculating the reflection coefficient at any interface from elastic wave propagation theory. This parameter is then used to correct the measured signal and obtain the real attenuation coefficient of the sample under scrutiny. In this paper, cases in which the perfectly cohesive interfacial condition is not satisfied are presented. It is shown also that in those cases, the repeatability of the conditions at the interface is always uncertain. This implies that the reflection coefficients are unknown, even when density is known. A new method of simultaneously measuring the reflection coefficients for both exposed interfaces that are normal to the transducer, and the attenuation coefficient of the specimen is developed and is presented here. The robustness of the new method is proven, as we demonstrate that the proper value of attenuation is achieved independently of the continuously varying interfacial conditions of these non-ideal cases.     

Filamentary coagulation of heavy particles suspended in water in an ultrasonic field

A stable formation of long thin filaments involving heavy particles (heavier than water) suspended in water in an acoustic resonator was observed. The filaments consisted of regularly spaced thin disks formed by coalescent particles. The particles in the disks were tightly packed forming almost solid structures. The disks were arranged perpendicularly to the filament axis and were spaced at half-sound-wavelength intervals. The diameter of the disks was about half-wavelength. The length of the filaments was about hundreds of the sound wavelength. Experiments were performed with particles of different natures and sizes. The filaments were not destroyed under wide variations of sound frequency, acoustic power, length of resonator, size and configuration of the mirror, or its angle of rotation. The particles suspended in water not only visualized the acoustic field but also affected its configuration. The formation of filaments was explained by a nonthermal self-focusing of sound in the resonator, which was caused by the decrease in sound velocity in the region of maximum concentration of particles due to coagulation in the inhomogeneous sound field.     

Cavitation intensity of water under practical ultrasonic cleaning conditions

When measuring cavitation during cooling of thermally degassed water cavitation maxima are frequently observed at various temperatures. Relations between this phenomenon and frequency and power of ultrasounds as well as air content in water have been examined. It was found out that the secondary water regassing with air is the reason.