Selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene over Ce-promoted Ru catalysts

Ru-Ce catalysts were prepared by a co-precipitation method.The effects of Ce precursors with different valences and Ce contents on the catalytic performance of Ru-Ce catalysts were investigated in the presence of ZnSO4.The Ce species in the catalysts prepared with different valences of the Ce precursors all exist as CeO2 on the Ru surface.The promoter CeO2alone could not improve the selectivity to cyclohexene of Ru catalysts.However,almost all the CeO2 in the catalysts could react with the reaction modifier ZnSO4 to form(Zn(OH)2)3(ZnSO4)(H2O)3 salt.The amount of the chemisorbed salt increased with the CeO2 loading,resulting in the decrease of the activity and the increase of the selectivity to cyclohexene of Ru catalyst.The Ru-Ce catalyst with the optimum Ce/Ru molar ratio of 0.19 gave a maximum cyclohexene yield of 57.4%.Moreover,this catalyst had good stability and excellent reusability.     

The partial hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene by nanoscale ruthenium catalysts in imidazolium ionic liquids

The controlled decomposition of an Ru(0) organometallic precursor dispersed in 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMI.PF(6)), tetrafluoroborate (BMI.BF(4)) or trifluoromethane sulfonate (BMI.CF(3)SO(3)) ionic liquids with H(2) represents a simple and efficient method for the generation of Ru(0) nanoparticles. TEM analysis of these nanoparticles shows the formation of superstructures with diameters of approximately 57 nm that contain dispersed Ru(0) nanoparticles with diameters of 2.6+/-0.4 nm. These nanoparticles dispersed in the ionic liquids are efficient multiphase catalysts for the hydrogenation of alkenes and benzene under mild reaction conditions (4 atm, 75 degrees C). The ternary diagram (benzene/cyclohexene/BMI.PF(6)) indicated a maximum of 1 % cyclohexene concentration in BMI.PF(6), which is attained with 4 % benzene in the ionic phase. This solubility difference in the ionic liquid can be used for the extraction of cyclohexene during benzene hydrogenation by Ru catalysts suspended in BMI.PF(6). Selectivities of up to 39 % in cyclohexene can be attained at very low benzene conversion. Although the maximum yield of 2 % in cyclohexene is too low for technical applications, it represents a rare example of partial hydrogenation of benzene by soluble transition-metal nanoparticles.     

纳米Ru-Mn/ZrO2催化剂上苯选择加氢制环己烯

采用共沉淀法制备了一系列不同Mn含量的纳米Ru-Mn催化剂,考察了纳米ZrO₂作分散剂时它们催化苯选择加氢制环己烯的反应性能,并采用X射线衍射、透射电镜、N₂物理吸附、X射线荧光、原子吸收光谱和俄歇电子能谱等手段对催化剂进行了表征.结果表明,Ru-Mn催化剂上Mn以Mn₃O₄存在于Ru的表面上.在加氢过程中,Mn₃O₄可以与浆液中ZnSO₄发生化学反应生成一种难溶性的(Zn(OH)₂)₃(ZnSO₄)(H₂O)₃盐.该盐易化学吸附在Ru催化剂表面上,从而在提高Ru催化剂上环己烯选择性起关键作用.当催化剂中Mn含量为5.4%时,环己烯收率为61.3%,同时具有良好的稳定性和重复使用性能.     

Selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene on Ru-based catalysts promoted with Mn and Zn

Ru-based catalysts promoted with Mn and Zn were prepared by a co-precipitation method. In liquid-phase hydrogenation of benzene, the Ru-Mn-Zn catalysts exhibited superior catalytic performance to the catalysts promoted with Zn or Mn alone. The optimum Mn/Zn molar ratio was determined to be 0.3. With the addition of 0.5 g NaOH, the Ru-Mn-Zn-0.3 catalyst, which was reduced at 150 ? C, afforded a cyclohexene selectivity of 81.1% at a benzene conversion of 60.2% at 5 min and a maximum cyclohexene yield of 59.9%...     

Ru/ZrO_2催化剂在苯部分加氢反应中的粒径效应

采用多元醇还原法将2.4~5.4 nm范围内粒径均一、尺寸可控的Ru纳米粒子负载在ZrO2上,研究了Ru的粒径对Ru/ZrO2催化剂上苯部分加氢性能的影响.采用紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、N2物理吸附、H2化学吸附、H2-程序升温脱附(H2-TPD)、粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对催化剂进行了系统的表征.研究表明,用于还原的醇的种类及添加剂乙酸钠的浓度对Ru粒径有显著影响.在苯部分加氢反应中,Ru/ZrO2催化剂有明显的粒径效应.随着Ru粒径的增大,苯的转换频率(TOF)提高,环己烯初始选择性(S0)则呈火山型变化趋势,选择性最高时的Ru粒径为4.4 nm.1,2-丙二醇还原得到的Ru/ZrO2催化剂上S0及环己烯得率最高,分别可达82%和39%.结合催化剂的表征和加氢结果,讨论了Ru粒径影响苯部分加氢活性和选择性的原因.     

苯选择加氢制环己烯Ru-Co-B/ZrO2催化剂的研究

对苯选择加氢制环己烯催化剂的研究,关键是选择性,这方面已经有不少文献报道[1,2],但具有工业应用价值的甚少。此外,载体也是影响环己烯选择性的一个重要因素。本文用化学还原法制备了Ru Co B/ZrO2催化剂,研究了助剂Co和载体ZrO2含量及还原剂对苯选择加氢制环己烯催化性能的影响。1　实验部分1 1　催化剂制备分别用KBH4和甲醛作还原剂,采用化学还原法制备出Ru Co B/ZrO2和Ru Co/ZrO2催化剂。其中RuCl3·xH2O和过渡金属Co盐分别作为活性组分和助剂的前体,纳米级ZrO2作分散剂,所得催化剂为黑色固体粉末。1 2　催化剂性能测试F…     

Kinetics of liquid-phase benzene hydrogenation on Rh/C

Liquid-phase hydrogenation of benzene was studied over Rh catalyst supported on a carbon carrier sibunit between 13 and 100°C and in a hydrogen pressure range of 20–100 bar. Kinetic data were obtained under mass transfer-free conditions. Similar to gas-phase hydrogenation activity, a maximum with temperature was observed. A kinetic model consistent with thermodynamics was applied for numerical parameter estimation. Good correspondence between the experimental and calculated data was achieved.     

Influence of methanol addition during selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene

The addition of a certain methanol concentration during benzene hydrogenation on Ru/Al₂O₃ improves the selectivity to cyclohexene because of a preferential adsorption of methanol on the most active Ru sites.This revised version was published online in December 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effect of pretreatment in benzene hydrogenation on Pt/nylon catalyst

Benzene hydrogenation on Pt/nylon catalyst produced cyclohexene and cyclohexane, in contrast to Pt/SiO₂ on which only cyclohexane was detected. Higher selectivity to cyclohexene was found at higher temperature and after air pretreatment. It is suggested that an oxidized platinum species is responsible for cyclohexene formation.

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Pt/ , Pt/SiO₂, . . , .

     

Crystallite size effect of Pd/charcoal catalysts for benzene hydrogenation

The dispersity, calculated from the particle size distribution functions obtained by Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) measurements, when related to the chemical behavior of Pd/charcoal catalysts in benzene hydrogenation, points out that this reaction is mildly structure-sensitive below the range of 40 Å, whereas no dependence on particle size is observed above this limit.

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, , (SAXS), Pd/ , , 40 Å .

     

Preparation, characterization, activity and selectivity of highly loaded oxide promoted ruthenium catalysts for selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene

Summary The influence of promoters and precipitants of the catalyst precursor on the activity and selectivity of the hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene catalyzed by highly loaded oxide-promoted Ru/ZrO₂catalysts, carried out in a tetraphase reactor (in the presence of an aqueous solution of ZnSO₄), at 423 K and 5 Mpa, was studied. The effect of hydrogen diffusion on the reaction kinetics and on the selectivity has been taken into consideration, the internal pore diffusion being actually the limiting step. Hydrogen chemisorption measurements indicate that the catalyst activity is not influenced by the Ru dispersion, but rather by weakly chemisorbed species.     

串联双釜连续反应装置中Ru-Co-B/ZrO2上苯选择加氢制环己烯

采用化学还原法制备了苯选择加氢制环己烯催化剂Ru-B/ZrO₂,考察了Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu和Zn等过渡金属的添加对Ru-B/ZrO₂催化剂性能的影响.结果表明,这些过渡金属的添加均可提高Ru-B/ZrO₂催化剂中的B含量.B的修饰及第二种金属或金属氧化物的集团效应和配位效应导致Ru-B/ZrO₂催化剂活性降低和环己烯选择性升高.当Co/Ru原子比为0.06时,Ru-Co-B/ZrO₂催化剂上反应25min苯转化率为75.8%时,环己烯选择性和收率分别为82.8%和62.8%.在双釜串联连续反应器中和优化反应条件下,Ru-Co-B/ZrO₂催化剂使用419h内苯转化率稳定在40%左右,环己烯选择性和收率分别稳定在73%和30%左右.     

Liquid-phase hydrogenation of 1-alkenes over Rh/AlPO4 and Rh/sepiolite catalysts

The catalytic activity of Rh (1 wt.%) catalysts supported on AlPO₄ and sepiolite has been studied in the liquid-phase hydrogenation of linear 1-alkenes. The reaction orders with respect to 1-alkene concentration are negative but are first order with respect to hydrogen, indicating that 1-alkene adsorbs very strongly on Rh sites and alkene and H₂, compete for adsorption sites on the surface. The initial hydrogenation rates increase in the order 1-hexene < 1-heptene < 1-octene, and furthermore, on going from 1-hexene to 1-octene the steric effects (through ΔS^≠) are activating, while electronic effects (from ΔH^≠) deactivate the reaction process. A cis-concerted mechanism taking place in a single step on a Rh site with three coordinative unsaturations which can simultaneously adsorb hydrogen and a π-bonded alkene is suggested.     

Selective hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene on Ru-basecatalysts promoted with Mn and Zn

Ru-based catalysts promoted with Mn and Zn were prepared by a co-precipitation method. In liquid-phase hydrogenation of benzene, the Ru-Mn-Zn catalysts exhibited superior catalytic performance to the catalysts promoted with Zn or Mn alone. The optimum Mn/Zn molar ratio was determined to be 0.3. With the addition of 0.5 g NaOH, the Ru-Mn-Zn-0.3 catalyst, which was reduced at 150 ? C, afforded a cyclohexene selectivity of 81.1% at a benzene conversion of 60.2% at 5 min and a maximum cyclohexene yield of 59.9% at 20 min. Based on characterizations, the excellent performance of Ru-Mn-Zn catalyst was ascribed to the suitable pore structure, the appropriate reducibility and the homogenous chemical environment of the catalyst.     

Temperature dependence of benzene hydrogenation over sulfide catalysts

Non-Arrhenius temperature dependence of benzene hydrogenation was found for sulfide alumina-supported (Ni,Mo) and (Ni,W) catalysts under unsteady-state reaction conditions. It was shown that THE observed decrease in the catalyst activity at high temperature cannot be explained by the increasing role of the reverse reaction. The activity decrease was supposed to result from the catalyst reduction with the reaction mixture.     

Partial hydrogenation of benzene over platinum supported catalysts

Partial hydrogenation of benzene to cyclohexene has been studied on Pt/Nylon 66, Pt/MgO and Pt/TiO₂. An effect of the support on the selectivity to cyclohexene was observed, Pt/Nylon showing the highest selectivity, followed by Pt/MgO and Pt/TiO₂. An interaction of platinum with the more basic supports (Nylon, MgO) and a pretreatment under oxidizing conditions, results in a higher selectivity to cyclohexene.

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Pt/ 66, Pt/MgO PtTiO₂. , Pt/, Pt/MgO Pt/T,O₂. (, MgO) .

     

整体蜂窝催化剂Ru/Al2O3/Cordierite上循环式苯选择加氢制环己烯

苯选择加氢制环己烯,因工艺相对简单、副产物少、资源利用率高等优点而备受关注[1～3].当前以日本Asahi公司的苯选择加氢制环己烯专利技术最为成熟,并已于1989年实现了产业化生产,也是迄今为止,唯一实现产业化的苯选择加氢制环己烯工艺[4].