The norm theorem for semisingular quadratic forms

Let F be a field of characteristic 2. The aim of this paper is to give a complete proof of the norm theorem for singular F-quadratic forms which are not totally singular, i.e., we give necessary and sufficient conditions for which a normed irreducible polynomial of $F[x_1,\dots ,x_n]$ becomes a norm of such a quadratic form over the rational function field $F(x_1,\dots ,x_n)$. This completes partial results proved on this question in [8]. Combining the present work with the papers [1] and [7], we obtain the norm theorem for any type of quadratic forms in characteristic 2.     

Perfect squares representing the number of rational points on elliptic curves over finite field extensions

Let q be a perfect power of a prime number p and $E({\mathbb{F}}_q)$ be an elliptic curve over ${\mathbb{F}}_q$ given by the equation $y^2=x^3+Ax+B$. For a positive integer n we denote by $\mathrm{\#}E({\mathbb{F}}_{q^n})$ the number of rational points on E (including infinity) over the extension ${\mathbb{F}}_{q^n}$. Under a mild technical condition, we show that the sequence ${\{\mathrm{\#}E({\mathbb{F}}_{q^n})\}}_{n>0}$ contains at most 10²⁰⁰ perfect squares. If the mild condition is not satisfied, then $\mathrm{\#}E({\mathbb{F}}_{q^n})$ is a perfect square for infinitely many n including all the multiples of 12. Our proof uses a quantitative version of the Subspace Theorem. We also find all the perfect squares for all such sequences in the range $q<50$ and $n\le 1000$.     

Complete graphs and complete bipartite graphs without rainbow path

Motivated by Ramsey-type questions, we consider edge-colorings of complete graphs and complete bipartite graphs without rainbow path. Given two graphs $G$ and $H$, the $k$-colored Gallai–Ramsey number $g{r}_k(G:H)$ is defined to be the minimum integer $n$ such that $\left(\genfrac{}{}{0ex}{}{n}{2}\right)\ge k$ and for every $N\ge n$, every rainbow $G$-free coloring (using all $k$ colors) of the complete graph $K_N$ contains a monochromatic copy of $H$. In this paper, we first provide some exact values and bounds of $g{r}_k(P_5:K_t)$. Moreover, we define the $k$-colored bipartite Gallai–Ramsey number $bg{r}_k(G:H)$ as the minimum integer $n$ such that $n^2\ge k$ and for every $N\ge n$, every rainbow $G$-free coloring (using all $k$ colors) of the complete bipartite graph $K_{N,N}$ contains a monochromatic copy of $H$. Furthermore, we describe the structures of complete bipartite graph $K_{n,n}$ with no rainbow $P_4$ and $P_5$, respectively. Finally, we find the exact values of $bg{r}_k(P_4:K_{s,t})$ ($1\le s\le t$), $bg{r}_k(P_4:F)$ (where $F$ is a subgraph of $K_{s,t}$), $bg{r}_k(P_5:K_{1,t})$ and $bg{r}_k(P_5:K_{2,t})$ by using the structural results.     

Invariant polynomials on truncated multicurrent algebras

We construct invariant polynomials on truncated multicurrent algebras, which are Lie algebras of the form $\mathfrak{g}{?}_{\mathbb{F}}\mathbb{F}[t_1,\dots ,t_{?}]/I$, where $\mathfrak{g}$ is a finite-dimensional Lie algebra over a field $\mathbb{F}$ of characteristic zero, and I is a finite-codimensional ideal of $\mathbb{F}[t_1,\dots ,t_{?}]$ generated by monomials. In particular, when $\mathfrak{g}$ is semisimple and $\mathbb{F}$ is algebraically closed, we construct a set of algebraically independent generators for the algebra of invariant polynomials. In addition, we describe a transversal slice to the space of regular orbits in $\mathfrak{g}{?}_{\mathbb{F}}\mathbb{F}[t_1,\dots ,t_{?}]/I$. As an application of our main result, we show that the center of the universal enveloping algebra of $\mathfrak{g}{?}_{\mathbb{F}}\mathbb{F}[t_1,\dots ,t_{?}]/I$ acts trivially on all irreducible finite-dimensional representations provided I has codimension at least two.     

Learning from MOM’s principles: Le Cam’s approach

New robust estimators are introduced, derived from median-of-means principle and Le Cam’s aggregation of tests. Minimax sparse rates of convergence are obtained with exponential probability, under weak moment’s assumptions and possible contamination of the dataset. These derive from general risk bounds of the following informal structure $max\left(\text{minimax rate in the i.i.d. setup},\frac{\text{number of outliers}}{\text{number of observations}}\right).$In this result, the number of outliers may be as large as (number of data)$\times$(minimax rate) without affecting the rates. As an example, minimax rates $slog(ed∕s)∕N$ of recovery of $s$-sparse vectors in ${\mathbb{R}}^d$ holding with exponentially large probability, are deduced for median-of-means versions of the LASSO when the noise has $q_0$ moments for some $q_0>2$, the entries of the design matrix have $C_{0}log\left(ed\right)$ moments and the dataset is corrupted by up to $C_{1}slog(ed∕s)$ outliers.     

Decomposition of Schramm–Loewner evolution along its curve

We show that, for $\kappa \in (0,8)$, the integral of the laws of two-sided radial SLE${}_{\kappa }$ curves through different interior points against a measure with SLE${}_{\kappa }$ Green’s function density is the law of a chordal SLE${}_{\kappa }$ curve, biased by the path’s natural length. We also show that, for $\kappa >0$, the integral of the laws of extended SLE${}_{\kappa }(?8)$ curves through different interior points against a measure with a closed formula density restricted in a bounded set is the law of a chordal SLE${}_{\kappa }$ curve, biased by the path’s capacity length restricted in that set. Another result is that, for $\kappa \in (4,8)$, if one integrates the laws of two-sided chordal SLE${}_{\kappa }$ curves through different force points on $\mathbb{R}$ against a measure with density on $\mathbb{R}$, then one also gets a law that is absolutely continuous w.r.t. that of a chordal SLE${}_{\kappa }$ curve. To obtain these results, we develop a framework to study stochastic processes with random lifetime, and improve the traditional Girsanov’s Theorem.     

On invariant fields of vectors and covectors

Let ${\mathbb{F}}_q$ be the finite field of order q. Let G be one of the three groups $\mathrm{GL}(n,{\mathbb{F}}_q)$, $\mathrm{SL}(n,{\mathbb{F}}_q)$ or $\mathrm{U}(n,{\mathbb{F}}_q)$ and let W be the standard n-dimensional representation of G. For non-negative integers m and d we let $mW\oplus d{W}^{?}$ denote the representation of G given by the direct sum of m vectors and d covectors. We exhibit a minimal set of homogeneous invariant polynomials $\{{?}_1,{?}_2,\dots ,{?}_{(m+d)n}\}?{\mathbb{F}}_q{[mW\oplus d{W}^{?}]}^G$ such that ${\mathbb{F}}_q{(mW\oplus d{W}^{?})}^G={\mathbb{F}}_q({?}_1,{?}_2,\dots ,{?}_{(m+d)n})$ for all cases except when $md=0$ and $G=\mathrm{GL}(n,{\mathbb{F}}_q)$ or $\mathrm{SL}(n,{\mathbb{F}}_q)$.