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从噪声来源出发,基于入射光子、暗电流、偏置信号的涨落均近似满足泊松分布的条件,得到了更为精准的信噪比表达式。实验设置CCD增益、读出速率、冷却温度分别为3、100k Hz、?25°C,得出光子转移曲线。通过设置不同实验条件,分别探讨了暗电流、读出速率和系统增益对该科学级光学CCD信噪比的影响。实验结果与理论预期吻合得很好,为科学级光学条纹相机的设计以及弱光标定实验室自动化平台的搭建提供了良好的实验依据。     

Fourier变换光谱仪信噪比测量方法研究

对一种测量计算Fourier变换光谱仪信噪比的方法进行了修正.讨论了该方法与传统信噪比测量方法之间的关系,发现采用本修正方法计算的信噪比较传统方法计算的信噪比高约1.5倍,并通过计算机模拟和理论分析给予证明.讨论了Fourier变换光谱仪的主要误差源,特别提出在设计Fourier变换光谱仪时,为了避免零光程差采样位置的变化引起的复原光谱强度失真,采样频率应适当高于Nyquist频率.     

电荷耦合器件光电响应特性标定研究

 电荷耦合器件(CCD)光电输入输出响应特性是其用于光束远近场能量分布测量的重要参数,介绍一种新的标定方法——小孔衍射方法：即利用小孔衍射图像的零级谱的能量相对分布作为CCD能量的标准参考输入,依据最小二乘拟合准则,根据CCD的灰度输出标定其响应特性。介绍了数据处理方法并完成了校核实验及误差分析。     

模拟增益对电荷耦合器件信噪比与动态范围影响的实验研究

电荷耦合器件(CCD)是遥感成像系统的核心部件,为了在低照度、低量化位数的情况下获得高信噪比与大动态范围的遥感图像,首先根据CCD的结构与噪声物理性质给出了模拟增益、量化位数与CCD信噪比的关系,接着搭建了CCD的积分球标定系统,依据实验数据建立了散粒噪声、光子响应非均匀性噪声以及基底噪声的数学模型,然后着重分析了低照度情况下模拟增益与信噪比之间的关系,最后搭建了实际成像系统,获取了低照度情况下不同模拟增益系数的遥感图像.结果表明理论分析、实验室积分球标定数据与实际成像图像符合良好,即模拟增益提高1至2倍 关键词： 电荷耦合器件 模拟增益 信噪比 遥感成像系统     

Effect of charge transfer efficiency on image quality in CCD line scan-based web inspection

Charge transfer efficiency limits the performance of a CCD line scan-based imaging system. Even though the degradation of the image quality due to the inefficiency in the charge transfer is often neglected in practical work it may have considerable effect on the system performance in applications where high resolution and uniform image quality are needed. In this paper the relationship between the charge transfer efficiency and the image quality in paper web inspection and, especially, in streak detection is discussed. A simple method for the estimation of the charge transfer efficiency is proposed. The method is based on the imaging of a square wave test pattern. The degradation of the image quality due to the charge transfer is analysed both theoretically and with practical imaging experiments. The results show clearly the variation in the system performance along the CCD scan. This is emphasised in the case of small and low-contrast surface defects on the web.     

电子清刷对微通道板增益及输出信噪比的影响

电子清刷是微通道板生产流程中常用的除气方法,会引起微通道板其他性能参量的变化.为研究电子清刷对微通道板输出信噪比及增益的影响,根据信噪比及增益的定义讨论了微通道板性能参量的测试方法,研制了微通道板参量测试系统.应用微通道板参量测试系统对微通道板进行了电子清刷处理,测试清刷过程中不同阶段微通道板的信噪比及增益变化.实验表明:微通道板增益随清刷时间增加而降低,同时增益稳定性提高;电子清刷过程中微通道板的输出信号及噪音的变化率与微通道板增益的变化率基本相同,输出信噪比基本不变.增益变化是影响清刷过程中信号及噪音变化的主要因素,并且电子清刷对微通道板输出信噪比影响较小.     

含负折射率介质的一维光子晶体构成的相干热辐射源的辐射特性及控制

电子清刷是微通道板生产流程中常用的除气方法,会引起微通道板其他性能参量的变化.为研究电子清刷对微通道板输出信噪比及增益的影响,根据信噪比及增益的定义讨论了微通道板性能参量的测试方法,研制了微通道板参量测试系统.应用微通道板参量测试系统对微通道板进行了电子清刷处理,测试清刷过程中不同阶段微通道板的信噪比及增益变化.实验表明:微通道板增益随清刷时间增加而降低,同时增益稳定性提高;电子清刷过程中微通道板的输出信号及噪音的变化率与微通道板增益的变化率基本相同,输出信噪比基本不变.增益变化是影响清刷过程中信号及噪音变化的主要因素,并且电子清刷对微通道板输出信噪比影响较小.     

天文观测相机低噪声CCD视频处理电路的分析与设计

在讨论天文观测相机低噪声视频处理电路的基础上,对前置放大、差分放大、可编程增益放大、相关双采样及16bit模数转换等关键组成部分进行了分析,给出各组成部分的设计方法。对所设计的低噪声视频处理电路进行了PSPICE仿真和实验测试,仿真和实验结果表明,该视频处理电路在本身引入噪声较小的同时,有效地抑制了CCD的复位噪声和1/f等低频噪声,使天文观测相机的整机噪声<15e-,达到了指标要求。     

热导传感器的信噪比改善方法研究

针对如何改善热导传感器的信噪比问题,以煤中氮元素的测试为载体,研究了采用热导传感器在测量煤中含氮百分比过程中改善测量精度的方法。对测量中存在的问题：热导池的不稳定性、温度对试验结果的影响、电源稳定性的影响以及滤波电路的选频特性对对试验结果的影响等进行了原因分析,并逐个进行了相应的方法优化和设计改进,最后通过对测氮系统的输出信号进行对比,结果显示信噪比有较大提高。     

Mechanism of electron multiplication due to charging for a SiO2 sample with a buried microstructure in SEM: A simulation analysis

This study investigates the mechanism of electron redistribution and multiplication for a SiO₂ sample with a buried structure in scanning electron microscopy by numerical simulation. The simulation involved electron scattering and internal charge transport in the sample, the tracking of emitted secondary electrons (SEs), and the generation of tertiary electrons (TEs) produced by returned SEs due to charging of the sample. The results show that a buried grounded structure causes a non-uniform distribution of surface potential, and an electric field above the surface. As a result, although the number of escaped SEs above the margin of the buried structure decreases, the number of generated TEs increases more, leading to a final current of electrons that include escaped SEs and increased TEs. This multiplication of SEs might make a crucial contribution to the abnormal negative-charging contrast in SEM. During the electron beam irradiation, the variation in the number of total escaped electrons presents an obvious increase after an initial slight decrease, which corresponded to the transient characteristics of gray levels in SEM images from dark to abnormally bright.     

基于Boxcar滤波器的荧光检测二氧化硫信号的去噪研究

荧光法以物质发射的荧光强度与浓度之间的线性关系进行定量分析。当采用荧光法检测大气中的二氧化硫等有害气体时,由于光电探测器等光电元件在无荧光时,仍会产生暗电流噪声,使得本底噪声信号对测量结果有直接的影响。在分析Boxcar滤波算法的基础上,运用小波滤波、EMD滤波和Boxcar滤波三种算法对淹没在本底噪声中的荧光信号进行有效提取和恢复,较之前两种滤波方法,Boxcar滤波效果更佳,对本底噪声的抑制更强,并验证了取样次数影响着荧光信号的信噪比。     

高能X光照相CCD成像系统的模糊效应

 指出了景深、可见光衍射、辐射输运是CCD图像接收系统模糊效应的3个影响因素。用MCNP方法研究了转换屏内的辐射输运,给出了不同入射光子能谱和转换屏厚度下转换屏内能量沉积随半径的变化关系。结果表明:能量沉积随转换屏厚度的增加而线性增加;辐射输运引起的模糊与光子能谱有关,但硬化谱引起的模糊随转换屏厚度的变化小于非硬化谱;转换屏内的辐射输运是CCD图像接收系统模糊效应的主要影响因素;辐射输运引起的模糊和高斯模糊是不同的。     

Performance analysis of wavelength conversion using a light-injected laser diode based on improved rate equations

The extinction and signal to noise ratios, the two main figures-of-merit for a wavelength converted signal are analyzed on the basis of the improved rate equations. The model accurately considers the mutual coupling parameter β_m which indicates the efficiency of the wavelength conversion. A simple relationship among extinction ratio, signal to noise ratio and the mutual coupling parameter β_m is given. With the simulation results, we find that the high extinction and signal to noise ratios depends on higher pump (i.e. original) power, optimum probe (i.e. converted) power and less wavelength spacing between them, which is in accordance with the analysis of mutual coupling parameter β_m.     

太阳对成像型天基激光告警系统的影响

针对成像型天基激光告警系统中的太阳背景辐射问题,通过理论分析和数值计算研究了太阳与系统探测器不同空间位置关系时直射太阳光和地球反射太阳光对系统成像信噪比、威胁激光检测、探测器自身安全的影响.结果表明:太阳光是天基激光告警系统的主要背景辐射,地球反射太阳光是系统红外探测器成像的主要背景光|反射太阳光辐照在探测器像面上的最大能量密度为0.97 mJ/cm2,反射太阳光背景下,攻击激光成像信噪比在103以上,信标激光信噪比小于1,反射太阳光对攻击激光检测没有影响,对信标激光成像是强背景干扰|直射太阳光辐照探测器是系统不可避免的情况,太阳成像光斑功率密度最大时约20 W/cm2,将导致探测器像元饱和甚至损坏|太阳成像光斑特征与入射激光相似,会造成系统严重虚警.     

Modeling and optimizing the pulse replicator based on the active recirculating optical loop

Signal to noise ratio (SNR) is an important parameter in the output signal of the pulse replicator. We propose a novel new method to improve this parameter. Instead of focusing on lowering the noise level of the optical amplifier and limiting the accumulation of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise in the loop, we consider the optimization of other system parameters. By modeling with a predefined implementation of the pulse replicator, an evaluation function of SNR is constructed, with variables such as the coupling ratio, the optical fiber length. In this paper, we will construct the quantitative function between SNR and the coupling ratio. According to the evaluation function, we can determine the optimal value of the coupling ratio for the coupler to obtain the best SNR within the predefined parameters. The experiment will prove that the SNR in the output signal of the pulse replicator has been increased while using the optimal coupling ratio. This will contribute greatly to future work on improving SNR of the pulse replicator.     

A study on the optimal English speech level for Chinese listeners in classrooms

Speech intelligibility in classrooms affects the learning efficiency of students directly, especially for the students who are using a second language. The speech intelligibility value is determined by many factors such as speech level, signal to noise ratio, and reverberation time in the rooms. This paper investigates the contributions of these factors with subjective tests, especially speech level, which is required for designing the optimal gain for sound amplification systems in classrooms. The test material was generated by mixing the convolution output of the English Coordinate Response Measure corpus and the room impulse responses with the background noise. The subjects are all Chinese students who use English as a second language. It is found that the speech intelligibility increases first and then decreases with the increase of speech level, and the optimal English speech level is about 71 dBA in classrooms for Chinese listeners when the signal to noise ratio and the reverberation time keep constant. Finally, a regression equation is proposed to predict the speech intelligibility based on speech level, signal to noise ratio, and reverberation time.     

Crystal orientation dependence of the SNR for signal beam amplification in photorefractive BaTiO3

In signal beam amplification by two-beam coupling in BaTiO₃ photorefractive crystals, beam fanning in the direction of the amplified signal reduces the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The dependence of the SNR and the signal beam gain on the crystal orientation are analysed using a HeNe laser. It is found that orientating the crystal for maximum gain gives poor signal-to-noise ratio. A compromise has to be made between the SNR and high gain for optimum signal amplification.     

调制不稳定性对级联放大光纤传输系统信噪比的影响

在考虑光纤损耗和级联放大器的情况下，推导了调制不稳定性的产生条件和增益的普适解析表达式，分析了调制不稳定性对信噪比的影响，给出了一个新的计算信噪比的表达式。     

种基于偏微分方程约束的闪光照相图像重建算法

 针对闪光照相图像信噪比低的特点,提出了一种基于偏微分方程基于非线性PDE的约束的图像重建算法,该算法在重建迭代过程中引入了基于非线性PDE的平滑约束来抑制图像噪声,同时保护图像边缘。数值试验结果表明:相比于Landweber和预优约束共轭梯度（PCCG）重建算法,新算法具有更强的抗噪能力和边缘保护能力,是一种更加有效的闪光照相图像重建算法。     

拉曼光谱中荧光抑制技术的研究新进展综述

拉曼光谱技术反映了物质的结构特征,可用于分析有机或者无机样品的化学组分。但由于某些被测物的荧光背景远远强于拉曼信号,这些物质的拉曼光谱测量有时十分困难,这限制了拉曼光谱的广泛应用。因此有必要在拉曼检测中对荧光采取抑制措施以准确获取高信噪比的拉曼光谱指纹信息。近些年来,很多的相关研究探讨及发展了多种荧光抑制的新方法。在目前的科研活动中,常用的技术有表面增强拉曼光谱技术、傅里叶变换拉曼光谱技术、共焦显微拉曼光谱技术和高温拉曼光谱技术等。这些技术解决了拉曼光谱早期存在的一些问题,如荧光干扰、灵敏度低等,极大地扩展了拉曼光谱技术在各个领域的应用。而这些新方法可大致归类为物理/化学方法,基于光学性质不同衍生的方法,计算处理方法和其他方法。文章概括性的介绍了上述方法的理论、实现方式,并分析比较了各自的特点。