氯铝酸室温离子液体中缩醛和缩酮反应

以取代硫酸等无机酸，实现清洁合成为目的，在1－烷基吡啶和1－甲基－3－ 烷基咪唑季胺盐与无水AlCl_3构成的室温离子液体为催化剂和反应介质中，尝试了 醛和酮与甲醇的缩合反应。醛与甲醇反应，产物以缩醛为主，酮与甲醇反应则有相 当量的Aldol缩合产物。依反应底物不同，可获得中至高的转化率和选择性。同时 ，一些产物因不溶于离子液体中而分层，便于产物分离。     

氯铝酸室温离子液体系中HCl促进的苯的烷基化反应研究

研究了少量HCL调变的氯铝酸室温离子液体超强酸催化体系中，苯与碳-12烯以及氯甲烷的烷基化反应，对于前一反应，以溶有HCL的氯铝酸室温离子液体为催化剂与没有HCL的相比，反应的产物分布不同，而后一反应过程中有HCL生成，与纯ALCL3作催化剂相比，催化活性显著提高，实验结果还表明，生成的烷基化产物不溶于离子液体，因而易于分离，催化剂可以重复使用。     

氯铝酸离子液体介质中醚化反应的研究

 在1－烷基吡啶、1－甲基－3－烷基咪唑季铵盐或盐酸三甲铵与无水AlCl3构成的室温离子液体反应介质中，尝试进行了叔丁醇的醚化反应．结果表明，在中性或碱性氯铝酸离子液体中，叔丁醇与甲醇、乙醇、丙醇、丁醇或戊醇在80～140℃反应6～12h，可以得到较高的醇转化率和醚选择性，而且产物叔丁基醚和离子液体系分层，便于分离．     

超强酸性室温离子液体反应介质中烷烃羰化研究

在卤化1-烷基吡啶和1-甲基-3-烷基咪唑季胺盐与无水AlCl_3组成的超强酸性 氯铝酸室温离子液中，首次实现了烷烃与CO的直接羰化反应。2，2，4-甲基戊烷可 直接与CO反应，产物为酮。     

氯铝酸室温离子液体介质中正碳十二烯选择环化反应

 在氯化1－丙基－3－甲基咪唑（PMImCl）、氯化1－丁基－3－甲\r\n基咪唑（BMImCl）、氯化1－丁基吡啶（BPCl）和溴化1－乙基吡啶（E\r\nPBr）季铵盐与AlCl3构成的室温离子液体介质中，首次发现正十二碳烯\r\n（简称十二烯）可以高选择性地发生环化反应生成环十二烷．依次在反\r\n应管中加入氯铝酸室温离子液体、乙醇和十二烯，其中AlCl3的量为0．\r\n01mol，AlCl3与季铵盐的摩尔比为2，乙醇为10ml，十二烯为2ml（9．\r\n3mmol）．当反应体系中不添加乙醇时，十二烯转化率和环十二烷选择\r\n性仅分别为4．2％和73．1％．这是由于十二烯和氯铝酸离子液体形成\r\n两相体系而不易充分接触，故十二烯转化率和环十二烷选择性较低．当\r\n反应体系中加入乙醇时，十二烯和氯铝酸离子液体体系变为单相，使得\r\n十二烯和氯铝酸离子液体可以充分接触，十二烯转化率和环十二烷选择\r\n性可分别达到12．4％和82．9％．压力对提高十二烯转化率和环十二烷\r\n选择性有很大的影响．p（N2）＝3．0～6．0MPa下反应12h，十二烯转\r\n化率和环十二烷选择性可分别达到27．2％和93．8％．反应结束后加热\r\n除去乙醇，产物自动与离子液体分层，便于分离，且离子液体介质可重\r\n复使用．     

室温离子液体中乙酸钠和氯苄催化合成乙酸苄酯

在多种1,3-二烷基咪唑和烷基吡啶室温离子液体中考察了较温和条件下乙酸 钠和氯化苄作用合成乙酸苄酯反应。在反应温度下（60 ℃）,熔融的三水合乙酸 钠与离子液体相混溶,氯苄同乙酸钠作用得到乙苄酯,它与四氟硼酸1-乙基-3-甲 基咪唑离子液体不溶而分层。反应结束后产物乙酸苄酯可直接倾析得到,乙酸苄酯 产率达到90%,纯度超过99%。此离子液体催化体系简化了产物分离,离子液体可以 重复使用。     

离子液体中1—苯基—1—二甲苯基乙烷的清洁催化合成

研究了在1-甲基-3-烷基咪唑、1-烷基吡啶及盐酸三甲胺季胺盐与无水AlCl3组成的室温离子液体系中,二甲苯与苯乙烯的烷基化反应制1-苯基-1-二甲苯基乙烷及其衍生物。对离子液体催化剂量和反应条件对产物组成级副产物数量的影响进行了考察。结果表明,离子液反应体系中存在着烷基化与异构化两个不同的反应阶段。该体系具有很好的催化性能,反应可在常温下进行,且产物易于分离、纯度高,催化剂可以重复使用。     

氟烷基化和氟烷氧基化的研究 23: 锌单电子转移引发全氟烷基碘与吡咯的反应

在二甲亚砜或二甲基甲酰胺中, 锌能迅速引发全氟烷基碘(1)与吡咯的反应, 生成2-氟烷基吡咯(3); 在二氧六环中, 主要生成全氟烷基碘的偶合产物5; 在乙腈、二乙二醇二甲醚或苯等溶剂中, 则同时生成3和5, 反应能被二硝基苯阻止. 加入二烯丙基醚能得到氟烷基取代的四氢呋喃衍生物. 反应可能经锌单电子转移引发的自由基机理. 对溶剂效应作了讨论.     

功能化离子液体室温催化合成乙酸苄酯

制备了N-甲基-N′-磺酸烷基-咪唑阴离子型功能化室温离子液体,研究了功能化室温离子液体(TSILs)于室温下催化乙酸和苯甲醇反应合成乙酸苄酯的新方法,考察了多种TSILs的催化性能。结果表明,所合成的TSILs具有很高的催化活性,乙酸和苯甲醇的摩尔比为1:1．3,在室温下反应2．5 h,乙酸苄酯的产率可达92％,选择性超过99％。由于生成的乙酸苄酯不溶于催化体系,反应产物与催化体系分层,通过简单的倾析便可实现产物分离,简化了分离过程。离子液体可以循环使用,而其催化活性没有明显降低。     

离子液体催化邻二甲苯氯甲基化反应

制备了8种不同链长的溴化烷基咪唑盐和4种丁基类甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐、四氟硼酸盐、全氟丁基磺酸盐及氯化盐离子液体,研究了咪唑盐类离子液体催化邻二甲苯、氯化氢、多聚甲醛为起始原料的氯甲基化反应. 考察了离子液体类型、催化剂用量、反应温度及反应时间对反应的影响. 反应产物采用气相色谱法进行定量分析;采用GC-MS测试技术进行了定性分析. 结果表明,[C12mim]Br(溴化1-十二烷基-3-甲基咪唑盐)是最适合的催化剂. 其最佳反应条件是:离子液体摩尔分数为4%(与邻二甲苯的摩尔比),温度70 ℃,反应时间10 h,产物收率可达89.8%,TON数达到22.4.     

壳聚糖在4种咪唑型离子液体中溶解性的研究

研究、比较了壳聚糖在4种咪唑型离子液体氯化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([BMIM]Cl)、1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸盐([ BMIM] Ac)、1-乙基-3-甲基咪唑醋酸盐([EMIM] Ac)和氯化1-烯丙基-3-甲基咪唑([AMIM] Cl)中的溶解性,提出了可能的溶解机理,并利用红外光谱(FTIR)、热重分析(TGA...     

Improved preparation and use of room-temperature ionic liquids in lipase-catalyzed enantio- and regioselective acylations.

Polar organic solvents such as methanol or N-methylformamide inactivate lipases. Although ionic liquids such as 3-alkyl-1-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborates have polarities similar to these polar organic solvents, they do not inactivate lipases. To get reliable lipase-catalyzed reactions in ionic liquids, we modified their preparation by adding a wash with aqueous sodium carbonate. Lipase-catalyzed reactions that previously did not occur in untreated ionic liquids now occur at rates comparable to those in nonpolar organic solvents such as toluene. Acetylation of 1-phenylethanol catalyzed by lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia (PCL) was as fast and as enantioselective in ionic liquids as in toluene. Ionic liquids permit reactions in a more polar solvent than previously possible. Acetylation of glucose catalyzed by lipase B from Candida antarctica (CAL-B) was more regioselective in ionic liquids because glucose is up to one hundred times more soluble in ionic liquids. Acetylation of insoluble glucose in organic solvents yielded the more soluble 6-O-acetyl glucose, which underwent further acetylation to give 3,6-O-diacetyl glucose (2-3:1 mixture). However, acetylation of glucose in ionic liquids yielded only 6-O-acetyl glucose (>13:1 and up to >50:1).     

1-烷基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐系列离子液体的热力学性质

在293.15~343.15 K温度范围内,用MYX-1密度计测定了系列离子液体 1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐[C4mim]HSO4 (1-butyl-3-methylimdazolium hydrosulfate)、1-己基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐[C6mim]HSO4 (1-hexyl-3-methylimdazolium hydrosulfate)、1-辛基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐[C8mim]HSO4 (1-octyl-3-methylimdazolium hydrosulfate)、1-癸基-3-甲基咪唑硫酸氢盐[C10mim]HSO4 (1-decyl-3-methylimdazolium hydrosulfate)的密度。利用不同温度下的密度值计算得出了离子液体的热膨胀系数及分子体积。利用Glasser经验方程计算了离子液体的标准熵和晶格能,并进一步对其热力学性质进行了讨论。     

Intermolecular vibrations and fast relaxations in supercooled ionic liquids

Short-time dynamics of ionic liquids has been investigated by low-frequency Raman spectroscopy (4 < ω < 100 cm(-1)) within the supercooled liquid range. Raman spectra are reported for ionic liquids with the same anion, bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, and different cations: 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-butyl-1-methylpiperidinium, trimethylbutylammonium, and tributylmethylammonium. It is shown that low-frequency Raman spectroscopy provides similar results as optical Kerr effect (OKE) spectroscopy, which has been used to study intermolecular vibrations in ionic liquids. The comparison of ionic liquids containing aromatic and non-aromatic cations identifies the characteristic feature in Raman spectra usually assigned to librational motion of the imidazolium ring. The strength of the fast relaxations (quasi-elastic scattering, QES) and the intermolecular vibrational contribution (boson peak) of ionic liquids with non-aromatic cations are significantly lower than imidazolium ionic liquids. A correlation length assigned to the boson peak vibrations was estimated from the frequency of the maximum of the boson peak and experimental data of sound velocity. The correlation length related to the boson peak (～19 A?) does not change with the length of the alkyl chain in imidazolium cations, in contrast to the position of the first-sharp diffraction peak observed in neutron and X-ray scattering measurements of ionic liquids. The rate of change of the QES intensity in the supercooled liquid range is compared with data of excess entropy, free volume, and mean-squared displacement recently reported for ionic liquids. The temperature dependence of the QES intensity in ionic liquids illustrates relationships between short-time dynamics and long-time structural relaxation that have been proposed for glass-forming liquids.     

Partition coefficients of organic compounds in new imidazolium based ionic liquids using inverse gas chromatography

Partition coefficients of organic compounds in four ionic liquids: 1-ethanol-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, 1-ethanol-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, 1,3-dimethylimidazolium dimethylphosphate and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium diethylphosphate were measured using inverse gas chromatography from 303.3 to 332.55 K. The influence of gas–liquid and gas–solid interfacial adsorption of different solutes on ionic liquids was also studied. Most of the polar solutes were retained largely by partition while light hydrocarbons were retained predominantly by interfacial adsorption on the ionic liquids studied in this work. The solvation characteristics of the ionic liquids were evaluated using the Abraham solvation parameter model.     

Temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of imidazolium ionic liquids

The electrical conductivities of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquids and of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids with different anions were determined in the temperature range between 123 and 393 K on the basis of dielectric measurements in the frequency range from 1 to 10(7) Hz. Most of the ionic liquids form a glass and the conductivity values obey the Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann equation. The glass transition temperatures are increasing with increasing length of the alkyl chain. The fragility is weakly dependent on the alkyl chain length but is highly sensitive to the structure of the anion.     

High Electric Field Strengths in Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Electrophoresis with Ionic Liquids as Modifiers

Abstract

In this study, a method for the separation and determination of basic analytes in aqueous capillary electrophoresis (CE) was developed based on high electric field strengths and ionic liquids (ILs). The resulting electric field strengths ranged from 500 to 1000 V/cm. Trishydroxymethylaminomethane (Tris) and sodium cholate (SC) were used as main electrolytes. The ionic liquids 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazoium tetrafluoroborate (1E‐3MI‐TFB) and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazoium tetrafluoroborate (1B‐3MI‐TFB) were used as modifiers to improve the separation efficiency and selectivity. It was shown that increasing the applied electric field strengths not only caused short analysis time, but also did not induce excessive Joule heating in the capillary when ionic liquids were used as modifiers. The susceptibility to high electric field of separation efficiency in capillary electrophoresis, with the effect of ionic liquids, was subsequently discussed, and the developed method was used to analyze three model analytes in Sinacalia tangutica. The accurate results illustrated that high electric field strength with the ionic liquids was feasible in CE.     

Physical and electrochemical properties of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate for electrolyte

Three kinds of ionic liquids, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (n=2–4), were prepared and fundamental properties of ionic liquids and those mixed with industrially used organic solvents (PC, GBL and AN) were investigated compared to solid salts, TEMABF₄. It was found that degree of ionization of the ionic liquids were almost same as that of TEMABF₄ from the conductivity measurement in diluted system of PC. The ionic liquids and the organic solvents intermingle with each other. Some enhancement in conductivity was observed compared to TEMABF₄.     

Stability of Ag<Superscript>+</Superscript> Complexes with Cryptand 222 in Ionic Liquids

Stability constants of silver(I) complexes with cryptand 222 were measured in a number of ionic liquids, applying potentiometric titration. The ionic liquids were based on 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium, 1-butyl-1-methyl-pyrrolidinium and 1-methyl-1-propyl-pyrrolidinium cations, as well as on tetrafluoroborate, triflate and bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide. The stability constants, expressed in log K scale, were within the broad range of 8.4–17.2. The formation of the Ag⁺222 cryptates was not detected in ionic liquids based on halide anions. Free enthalpy of silver(I) transfer from dimethylsulfoxide as a reference molecular solvent to ionic liquids was calculated applying the cryptate assumption. The results were discussed in terms of the competition between silver(I) complexation by ion forming ionic liquid and its complexation by cryptand 222.in final form: 6 December 2004This revised version was published online in July 2005 with a corrected issue number.     

Recombination of Photogenerated Lophyl Radicals in Imidazolium‐Based Ionic Liquids

Laser flash photolysis is applied to study the recombination reaction of lophyl radicals in ionic liquids in comparison with dimethylsulfoxide as an example of a traditional organic solvent. The latter exhibits a similar micropolarity as the ionic liquids. The ionic liquids investigated are 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ( 1 ), 1‐hexyl‐3‐methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ( 2 ), and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium tetafluoroborate ( 3 ). The recombination of the photolytic generated lophyl radicals occur significantly faster in the ionic liquids than expected from their macroscopic viscosities and is a specific effect of these ionic liquids. On the other hand, this reaction can be compared with the macroscopic viscosity in the case of dimethylsulfoxide. Activation parameters obtained for lophyl radical recombination suggest different, anion‐dependent mechanistic effects. Quantum chemical calculations based on density functional theory provide a deeper insight of the molecular properties of the lophyl radical and its precursor. Thus, excitation energies, spin densities, molar volumes, and partial charges are calculated. Calculations show a spread of spin density over the three carbon atoms of the imidazolyl moiety, while only low spin density is calculated for the nitrogens.