Effect of Spatial Frequency on Equal-Luminance Point for the Mechanism of Shape from Shading

We examined 1) whether the perception of shape from shading is based on luminance or brightness by testing the additivity law, and 2) whether the spatial frequency contents in the stimulus affect on the spectral sensitivity. We measured the relative radiance at which shading disappeared in a simple shading figure. Results showed that 1) the additivity law holds for shading disappearance settings and that 2) the sensitivity for green to white decreased as higher spatial frequencies in the figure decreases. These results suggest that the perception of shape from shading is based on a luminance type additive mechanism and that the spectral sensitivity of the mechanism varies depending on spatial frequency.Presented at the International Commission of Optics Topical Meeting, Kyoto, 1994.     

基于图像内容视觉感知的图像质量客观评价方法

图像质量客观评价在图像和视频传输、编解码以及服务质量中起着非常重要的作用.然而现有的方法往往没有考虑图像内容特征及其视觉感知,使得其质量客观评价与主观感知结果存在一定的差距.基于此,本文结合图像内容的复杂性特征和人眼的掩蔽特性、对比敏感度特性以及亮度感知的非线性特性,提出了一种基于人眼对图像内容感知的图像质量客观评价方法.该方法首先结合亮度感知的非线性模型将图像进行转换,得到人眼感知强度图;再分别以人眼对比敏感度值和图像局部平均对比度值作为权重因子对强度求和,以求和的数据信息作为人眼感知图像的内容,并构建图像感知模型;最后以此模型分别模拟人眼感知参考图像和失真图像,并计算二者的强度差,以强度差为评价分数的基础构建图像质量客观评价模型.采用LIVE,TID2008和CSIQ三个数据库中的共47幅参考图像和1549幅测试图像进行仿真实验,且与SSIM,VSNR,FSIM和PSNRHVS等典型的图像质量客观评价模型进行对比分析,同时探讨影响图像质量评价的因素.结果表明:所提方法的评价分数与主观评价分数的Pearson线性相关性系数和Spearman秩相关系数值比SSIM的评价结果均有一定程度的提高,提高幅度分别平均为9.5402%和3.2852%,比PSNRHVS和VSNR提高幅度更大.综合以上表明:所提方法是一种有效可行的图像质量客观评价方法;同时,在图像质量客观评价中,考虑人眼对图像内容的感知和复杂度的分析有助于提高图像质量主客观评价的一致性,评价精度可得到进一步的提高.     

Luminance and Chromaticity Conditions of a Bichromatic Cross Pattern for Chromatically-Uniform Transparency

We can perceive a surface through another surface. This perception is called transparency. It is known that transparency can be perceived even if the stimulus conditions are not consistent with physical conditions for a real transparent surface. In this study, we measured the ranges of luminance and chromaticity of the overlapping area of two crossed layers at which a surface was perceived as chromatically-uniform transparent. As the results, the luminance range of the overlapping area existed around or near the luminance of the inducing area. The upper and lower limits of the luminance range were higher for the dark background than for the light background. Moreover, the chromatic range existed around the additive colormixture line between two chromaticities of the inducing areas for both dark and light backgrounds. This indicates that the perceptual transparency mechanism would divide the color of an additive color mixture into the original colors that exist in the inducing areas. We noticed that the perceptual appearance of the stimulus changed greatly depending on the luminances of the overlapping area and the background. These differences in perceptual appearance would be a factor explaining individual difference and deciding the luminance conditions for transparency.     

Room Illuminance rather than Immediate Surrounding Luminance Determines Natural to Unnatural Color of an Object Border

The color of an object placed in a room goes through various modes of color appearance if its luminance is increased independently from the room illumination; from the natural object color to an unnatural object color, and to the light source color having two borders. We were interested in investigating the determining factor for the first border as it is useful in lighting design. It has been thought without a specific theory that it is the surrounding luminance that determines the border. According to a new concept of the recognized visual space of illumination (RVSI), the border is solely determined by the room illumination, and not by the luminance of the immediate surroundings of the object. In the first experiment of the present paper the border of a test stimulus was determined for various room illuminance while keeping the luminance of the immediate surroundings constant. It was shown that the border luminance was roughly proportional to the room illuminance, confirming the prediction based on the RVSI theory. In the second experiment the border was determined for varying luminance of the immediate surroundings while maintaining constant room illuminance. The border did not change, again confirming the prediction based on this theory.     

Color correction for tiled projection with irregularly shaped,overlapping region

In this Letter, a new, constrained color-matching algorithm that removes the color variations is presented, in which all the color gamut of the projectors is mapped into a common gamut that can be produced by all the devices in the system. The smoothness constraints on the difference between two adjacent pixels are taken into account to calculate the luminance attenuation map of each pixel in the overlapping region to achieve luminance seamlessness. The experimental results demonstrate the validity and superiority of this correction algorithm.     

Failure of color constancy for high luminance of a test patch that appears unnatural as an object in a space

The theory of the recognized visual space of illumination (RVSI) is that the color appearance of objects in a space is determined in relation to its recognition axis RX whose direction is determined by the brain action to adapt to the illumination in the space. Thus the color constancy holds. RX is applicable to objects in the space but not to an object or a portion that does not belong in the space in terms of illumination, that is to say, the luminance of which is too high based on the illumination for that space. In that case the color appearance would be determined in relation to the fundamental axis FX and the color constancy would not hold. In the present paper the chromaticity points were measured for a test patch that appeared achromatic for various luminance of the patch. The points were close to the color of illumination to indicate the color constancy when the luminance was low enough to assure its appearance as the object color, but they departed from the color of illumination and approached the colorimetrically achromatic color. The color constancy gradually failed for the test patch with the high luminance when the color mode became an unnatural object color and then a light color.     

Limit of the Surface-Color Mode Perception under Non-Uniform Illuminations

A series of experiments were conducted to find the effects of non-uniform illumination on the surface-color mode perception. Two patterns of the illumination, one-sided illumination and a spotlight, were simulated. Observers adjusted the luminance of the test stimulus so that it just started to appear partially as an aperture-color mode. We found that the upper-limit luminance was significantly lower for all test colors when the directions of the gradient between the test stimulus and the surrounds did not match. On the other hand, in the spotlight conditions the upper-limit luminances changed only when it was contained in the spotlighted area. Our results suggest that the brightest stimulus in the scene does not work as a cue, and that the visual system takes the influence of illumination into account in order to set a criterion for the judgment for the color appearance of the mode.     

Color Appearance of a Patch Explained by RVSI for the Conditions of Various Colors of Room Illumination and of Various Luminance Levels of the Patch

Whenever we enter a space illuminated differently from a previous space whether in color or in illuminance, we can quickly adapt to the new atmosphere and can again perceive white for the originally white object; this is known as color constancy. This phenomenon is explained by rotation of the recognition axis of the recognized visual space of illumination (RVSI) toward the illumination color. The explanation then predicts that the color appearance of a test patch changes radically toward the opposite direction from the color of illumination when the physical property of the test patch is kept unchanged at a neutral white. This prediction was confirmed by Experiment 1, where eight different colors of illumination were employed. The test patch appeared very vivid in color and shifted toward the opposite direction from the color of the illumination. In RVSI theory the light source color mode is explained by the release of the test patch from the restriction of RVSI. The release can be achieved by increasing the luminance of the test patch and the color appearance of the patch should then return to its own color as it is no longer controlled by RVSI. In Experiment 2 these predictions were investigated by increasing the luminance of the test patch to a much higher level than that of the objects in the lit room fixed at an illuminance of about 1001x. The color appearance of the test patch indeed became the light source color and returned to the original neutral white. Emphasis was given in the course of the experiments that the subjects were observing the test patch presented in a real 3D space where the subjects also stayed inside so that they could properly construct RVSI for the space.     

基于光源相对光谱功率分布的颜色真值获取方法

嫦娥三号全景相机具有彩色成像模式,在发射前需先进行彩色定标,样本真值的获取是彩色定标的前提。传统方法获取的颜色真值在色差值和视觉感知上都与实际值存在明显的偏差。若直接采用该颜色值作为真值进行彩色定标,影响定标后的色差大小和定标校正后颜色的人眼视觉感知效果。为探索更好的颜色真值获取方法,利用实验室内测得的D65定标光源的相对光谱功率分布,重新定义了转换矩阵中的白点坐标,然后基于CIE颜色计算公式,根据格拉斯曼颜色混合定律,对XYZ与sRGB颜色空间之间的转换矩阵进行了修正,提高了样本真值获取的准确度。另外利用修正后的转换矩阵对sRGB空间的三刺激值曲线进行了重新计算,对标准转换值偏离实际值的原因进行了分析。通过地面试验验证,相对于传统样本真值获取方法,利用该真值获取方法定标后A,B两相机的色差值分别降低了0.8和0.73;定标矩阵校正在轨图像时,色差分别降低了26.50%和34.47%,且校正后的颜色与人眼的视觉感知效果更接近。     

彩色遥感影像阴影颜色特性分析

为了获得具有标识性且易于获取的阴影特征,总结了彩色图像常见的颜色模式,分析和研究了遥感影像中阴影的亮度、色调、饱和度以及阴影区B通道与G通道强度之间的关系等颜色特性.通过系列实验和分析可知:1)彩色遥感影像色调通道中的高亮值对阴影区域的位置具有一定程度的指示作用;2)低亮度是遥感影像中阴影的重要特征;3)同一幅遥感影像阴影区的饱和度在整体上具有一致性;4)同一幅遥感影像上,阴影区像素B通道强度与G通道强度的大小关系具有一定程度上的一致性.利用这四种特征进行自动阴影识别的初步结果,验证了这四种特征在对遥感影像阴影区的综合标识上是有效的,可以作为计算机阴影自动检测方法的建模基础.     

Spatial frequency channels for stereoscopic depth perception

We investigated spatial frequency tuning of the mechanisms for stereoscopic depth perception, using a masking technique, and compared these tunings with those for luminance pattern detection. Observers discriminated depth direction in random-dot stereograms with various contrasts of a masking pattern, which was dichoptic stimulus of uncorrelated random dots. The strength of masking effect as a function of spatial frequency (i.e., masking function) was measured: masking function approximates the spatial frequency tuning of the mechanism that detects the depth in the test pattern. The masking functions for stereoscopic depth were found to be similar to either of the three of the six spatial frequency channels proposed by Wilson and Gelb (1984) for the detection of luminance patterns.     

New color-enhancing discharge mode using self-erasing discharge in AC plasma display panel

A new color-enhancing discharge mode using a self-erasing discharge is proposed based on an analysis of the Ne emission mechanism in a Ne-Xe gas mixture. The effects of the new color-enhancing discharge mode produced by a ramped-square sustain waveform on improving the color reproducibility are examined in an alternate current plasma display panel (ac-PDP) filled with a Ne-Xe gas mixture. When the ramped-square sustain pulses are applied at 150 kHz, the color purities of the blue and green visible emissions are both improved, thereby expanding the color gamut area by about 5.4% without reducing the luminance.     

Sensitivity of auditory-nerve fibers to changes in intensity: a dichotomy between decrements and increments

Adaptation of auditory-nerve responses was investigated by applying increments and decrements in intensity to an ongoing tonal background. The change in firing rate produced by a change in intensity was obtained as a function of the time delay from the onset of the background to the onset of the change in intensity. The initial change in firing rate was measured using both small (1 ms) and large (10 ms) time intervals in order to evaluate properties of rapid and short-term adaptation, respectively. Consistent with previous results, the incremental and decremental responses measured with large windows were independent of time delay and the amount of prior adaptation. A similar additivity was observed for the incremental response measured with a small time window. In contrast, the decremental response measured with a small window decreased with increasing time delay and in proportion to the decrease in firing rate produced by the background. A similar decrease was observed in the response modulation produced by sinusoidal amplitude modulation. It was concluded that sensitivity to decrements in intensity decreases during adaptation, so that this response component does not reflect the additivity inherent in other aspects of adaptation.     

单幅彩色条纹投影的不连续物体表面三维形貌测量

提出了基于单幅彩色条纹投影的不连续物体及动态三维形貌的测量方法。该方法利用计算机产生一幅正弦条纹图和两幅单一强度图分别通过红蓝绿三个通道合成为一幅彩色条纹图,由液晶投影仪投影到被测物体表面,彩色CCD采集变形条纹图并保存在计算机中。通过三色分离,同时获得正弦条纹图和反映表面反射率分布及背景信息图,通过图像除法运算及亚像素精度归一化处理实现物体三维形貌的恢复。对于表面形貌不连续的物体,利用蓝色分量的灰度图像进行二值化处理定位阴影或暗背景,从而引导正确的相位求解。实验验证了该方法对不连续物体动态测量方面的可行性。     

Static Wiener spectrum of a thin film of polymer-encapsulated ferroelectric liquid crystals

Results of computer simulation of the shading effect in systems of opaque spherical particles scattering light in accordance with the Lambert law are presented. Two types of systems are studied: a semi-infinite medium and statistically uniform clusters of a finite number of particles. The simulation makes it possible to obtain photometric characteristics of systems with an accuracy better than 1%. The phase dependence of the shading effect is shown to become steeper as the packing density of particles in clusters decreases and their number increases. For statistically uniform media, the following relation takes place: The lower the packing density, the more pronounced the shadow decrease in brightness with an increasing phase angle.     

基于Ce:YAG单晶的白光发光二极管性能研究

以Ce:YAG单晶取代传统Ce:YAG荧光粉用于制备白光发光二极管(LED),研究了Ce:YAG单晶厚度及驱动电压的变化对其发射光谱、色坐标、亮度、光视效能和色温的影响。研究结果表明,在基于Ce:YAG单晶的白光LED中,发射光的色坐标以及蓝光与黄绿光之间的相对强度可通过对Ce:YAG单晶片厚度的改变进行调整。在恒定电压驱动下,白光LED样品的亮度、光视效能和色温均随单晶片厚度的减小而增加。当Ce:YAG单晶厚度为0.6mm时,可获得较纯的白发射光,并且其色坐标具有较高的可靠性和稳定性,基本不受驱动电压变化的影响。研究结果表明Ce:YAG单晶是一种可用于新型白光LED的理想荧光材料。     

三波长分光光度法同时测定芴、氧芴和苊

从洗油中分离出来的芴在新材料、医药、催化剂等领域取得广泛应用.实验研究表明芴、氧芴、苊各物质的吸光度在一定浓度范围内服从朗贝-比耳定律且具有良好的加和性.根据芴、氧芴、苊紫外吸收光谱图,选择参比波长为227nm、261nm、281nm较为合适,采用三波长分光光度法可以同时对芴、氧芴、苊进行测定.基于三波长分光光度法的方程组特点,运用MATLAB软件编写程序,建立求解三波长分光光度法的方程组.为了验证该方法的可行性,进行了加标回收实验,结果表明相对误差可以控制在0.33％-2.5％之间,回收率在97.5％以上,此方法具有快速、简便、检测费用低、准确度高的特点,能够满足分析多组分样品的要求.     

LED光学参数测试方法研究

通过分析LED（发光二极管）发光机理和封装特点，选择了LED需要测试的光学参数：光通量、亮度、发光强度、空间光强分布、相对光谱功率分布及色度，进而研究了每个光学参数的特点。根据其特点，制定了每个光学参数的测试原理以及相应的计算公式，最终确定了各参数的测试方法。设计了LED光通量测量系统、亮度和发光强度测量系统、发散角及空间光强分布测量系统、相对光谱功率分布及色度测量系统。实际应用表明：这些系统均能满足目前工作需要。     

Haftstellenfüllung bei Feldanregung elektrolumineszenter Zinksulfidphosphore

Traps of electroluminescent ZnS-phosphors can be filled by field excitation at low temperatures as is indicated by thermoluminescence. Shape and light sum of the resulting glow curves are similar to those produced after very feeble UV-excitation. Regarding the same luminance of the phosphor the efficiency of the trap filling by field excitation was found to be only a small fraction of that by UV-excitation. The time dependence of field induced trap filling can be expressed by an exponential law. The voltage as well as the frequency dependence of the trap filling differs from that of the luminescence intensity. The results can be explained by the fact that electroluminescence excitation only occurs in small parts of the crystallites. It is supposed that the saturation of trap filling in these areas is achieved within a short time whereas trap filling in the bulk is performed by a slow diffusion process.     

基于BRDF理论的散射光谱加和性研究

依据双向反射分布函数理论,推导出散射光谱的加和性原理。散射光谱加和性是指对于材质质点之间无相互作用的平面漫反射体系,在光源与入射面材质不存在干涉、衍射、荧光、光谱上转换和光谱下转换等相互转换作用,且无光化学现象及非线性效应发生的前提下,且符合能量守恒定律的同时,由单光源或多光源照射的材料的散射光谱,等于该材料中每种材质的散射光谱的线性叠加。实验上,以几种材料的散射光谱为例,通过改变探测条件、照明条件和材质比例,进行了散射光谱加和性的实验验证,并且针对实验结果进行了误差分析。单光源条件下的最大实验误差为2.64%,多光源条件下则为2.35%,加和计算偏差均在实验误差允许范围内。由此证明了材料的散射光谱具有加和性,不受组成的材质差异性、材质的面积比例组合多样性、以及实验条件多变性影响。散射光谱加和性的首次提出,不仅为基于散射光谱的复杂结构体的特征提取及识别研究提供了确切的理论依据和有效的分析方法,而且对相关的实验分析和应用研究有着重要的借鉴和参考意义。