Novel single-mode and polarization maintaining photonic crystal fiber

In this paper, we present and propose a novel structure for improved birefringence and single-mode propagation condition photonic crystal fiber (PCF) in a broad range of wavelength. The birefringence of the fundamental mode and single mode property in such a PCF is numerically estimated by employing full vector finite element method (FVFEM) and anisotropic perfectly matched layers (APML). The simulation results illustrate that we can achieve a high birefringence and perfect single-mode condition by employing silica-filled into one-line elliptical air holes parallel to x-axis and rotated by an angle. Obviously, the proposed PCF is quite useful for optical devices.     

The scalability of photonic switches

The photonic switch deployed in optical cross connects promises transparency and ultra high switch capacity at a per port price that might be competitive to electronic switches in the future. An important factor for cost effectiveness of photonic switches is given through the scaling behaviour of switches at increasing port numbers with respect to insertion loss, footprint and complexity. The well known strictly nonblocking waveguide based switch architectures are compared to the novel single stage crossbar freespace switches and the three dimensional beamsteering switches. New design rules and analytical models based on Gaussian beam propagation theory are given. To cite this article: G. Blau, K. Loesch, C. R. Physique 4 (2003).     

硅基光波导开关技术综述

硅基光波导开关技术是公认的低成本光交换技术,在电信网络、数据中心和高性能计算领域中都具有非常广泛的应用前景.本文系统综述了近年来硅基光波导开关技术研究取得的主要进展,首先对马赫-曾德尔干涉仪型、微环谐振型和微电子机械系统驱动波导型三种硅基光波导开关技术进行了介绍,并对不同原理的光开关技术的应用场景进行了总结;然后讨论了影响大端口光开关性能的关键技术,特别着重于拓扑架构、无源器件和光电封装等方面;最后对硅基光波导开关技术的技术挑战和研究方向进行了展望,其对未来硅基全光交换技术的实用化具有指导性意义.     

Novel modal interferometer based on ring-core photonic crystal fiber

An original design of ring-core photonic crystal fiber （RPCF） is proposed. By splicing a section of the homemade RPCF between two segments of single mode fibers （SMFs）, a simple modal interferometer is presented and experimentally demonstrated. Owing to the effects of the collapsed region, the ring modes in RPCF can be effectively activated. To our knowledge, it is the first time to demonstrate the modal interferometer based on the interference between the ring modes, which is different from the previously reported interferometers based on the interference between core modes or cladding modes. The temperature and strain characteristics of the interferometers with different lengths of RPCF are investigated.     

新型三角芯抗弯曲大模场面积光子晶体光纤

提出了一种新型三角芯抗弯曲大模场面积光子晶体光纤.该结构采用单一尺寸的圆形空气孔, 降低了制作难度.在波长1.064 μm处, 在平直状态和弯曲半径为30 cm时, 模场面积分别为1386 μm²和1153 μm², 弯曲带来的模场面积减少量仅为16.85%. 当弯曲半径为30 cm时, 基模的损耗为0.087 dB/m, 二阶模的损耗大于1.5 dB/m, 大的损耗差有效保证了光纤单模运转.此外, 弯曲半径30 cm时, 弯曲方向角扩展至±180°, 光纤弯曲不再受弯曲方向的限制. 所设计的光纤结构具有大模场面积、小的模场面积减少量、 低的弯曲损耗以及低的弯曲方向敏感度等优势, 为小型化、集成化高功率激光传输及光纤激光器和放大器的研究奠定了基础. 关键词： 光子晶体光纤 大模场面积 抗弯曲 弯曲方向角     

Broadrange tunable slow and fast light in quantum dot photonic crystal structure

Slow and fast light processes, based on both structural and material dispersions, are realized in a wide tuning range in this article. Coherent population oscillations(CPO) in electrically tunable quantum dot semiconductor optical amplifiers lead to a variable group index ranging from the background index(nbgd) to ～ 30. A photonic crystal waveguide is then dispersion engineered and a group index of 260 with the normalized delay-bandwidth product(NDBP) of 0.65 is achieved in the proposed waveguide. Using comprehensive numerical simulations, we show that a considerable enhancement of slow light effect can be achieved by combining both the material and the structural dispersions in the proposed active QDPCW structure. We compare our developed FDTD results with analytical results and show that there is good agreement between the results, which demonstrates that the proposed electrically-tunable slow light idea is obtainable in the QDPCW structure.We achieve a total group index in a wide tuning range from nbgdto ～ 1500 at the operation bandwidth, which shows a significant enhancement compared with the schemes based only on material or structural dispersions. The tuning range and also NDBP of the slow light scheme are much larger than those of the electrically tunable CPO process.     

Novel scheme of ellipsometry utilizing parallel processing with arrayed photonic crystal

We propose a novel static parallel-processing ellipsometer consisting of arrays of photonic crystal polarizers and quarter-wave plates (QWP) having different orientations of the optical axes. On the basis of the autocloning technique, each array is monolithically integrated on a substrate in a single deposition process. The pattern of light transmitted through the two photonic crystals, a number of pairs of QWP, and polarizer with different axes is detected by an array of photodiodes, and the polarization is analyzed instantaneously from the image. No mechanical rotation or electrooptic modulation is necessary. Preliminary experiments of the ellipsometer are performed for the first time, and the principle of operation is confirmed. This type of ellipsometer is simple, compact, and robust, and therefore, will open up new applications for industrial use.     

新型超宽带双芯光子晶体光纤偏振分束器的研究

提出了一种新型超宽带双芯光子晶体光纤偏振分束器. 应用全矢量有限元法,系统地研究了光纤结构参数对偏振分束器带宽和偏振分束器长度的影响. 分析结果表明：增加掺氟区折射率,既能提高分束器带宽,也能减少分束器长度;增大光纤中空气孔的孔距及孔径与孔距比,可以增加分束器的带宽,但同时也会导致分束器的长度增大,使得器件尺寸增大. 因此,在设计中需兼顾分束器的带宽和长度来选取光纤的结构参数. 通过结构参数的优化,设计出一种短长度、高消光比和超宽带的偏振分束器,其长度为7.362 mm,消光比高于20 dB的带宽为600 nm. 关键词： 光子晶体光纤 偏振分束器 超宽带 全矢量有限元法     

Application of fast Pade approximation in simulating photonic crystal nanocavities by FDTD technology

The exact calculation of mode quality factor Q is a key problem in the design of high-Q photonic crystal nanocavity. On the basis of further investigation on conventional Pade approximation, FDM and DFT, Pade approximation with Baker’s algorithm is enhanced through introducing multiple frequency search and parabola interpolation. Though Pade approximation is a nonlinear signal processing method and only short time sequence is needed, we find the different length of sequence requirements for 2D and 3D FDTD, which is very important to obtain convergent and accurate results. By using the modified Pade approximation method and 3D FDTD, the 2D slab photonic crystal nanocavity is analyzed and high-Q multimode can be solved quickly instead of large range high-resolution scanning. Monitor position has also been investigated. These results are very helpful to the design of photonic crystal nanocavity devices.     

Single quantum dots for slow and fast light in a planar photonic crystal

We theoretically investigate slow and fast light propagation and pulse velocity control in a nanocavity containing a single quantum dot side-coupled to a planar-photonic-crystal waveguide. We demonstrate that low coupling strength (i.e., the weak coupling regime) between a cavity and a dot, under on-resonance condition, can lead to delays of about +90 ps for a pulse 1/e-width of 280 ps. The group delay dependence on the various coupling parameters suggests achievable delays of +300 ps and consequently very slow light speeds of around 5000 m/s in a 1.5 microm cavity-waveguide section. We also show that under off-resonant condition one can achieve significant pulse advancement of -60 ps.     

Dirac光子晶体

Dirac费米子作为粒子物理中的基本粒子之一,其理论在近年来蓬勃发展的拓扑电子理论领域中被广泛提及并用来刻画具有Dirac费米子性质的电子态.这种特殊的能态通常被称为Dirac点,在能谱上表现为两条不同能带之间的线性交叉点.由于Dirac点往往是发生拓扑相变的转变点,因而也被视为实现各种拓扑态的重要母态.作为可与拓扑电子体系类比的拓扑光子晶体因其独特的潜在应用价值也受到人们的广泛关注,实现包含Dirac点的光子能带已成为研究拓扑光子晶体的核心课题.本文基于电子的拓扑理论,简要地回顾了Dirac点在光子系统中的研究进展,特别介绍了如何在光子晶体中利用不同晶格对称性实现在高对称点/线上的Dirac点,以及由Dirac点衍生的Weyl点.     

Ultra compact and fast All Optical Flip Flop design in photonic crystal platform

In this work we present a heterostructure All Optical Flip-Flop configuration based on all optical switching with Kerr nonlinear photonic crystal. In this square-hexagonal structure, we propose three different schemes for the cavities in order to show the trade-off between switching time and triggering power. Loss in the system is reasonably low because of the perfect band gap matching at bending points where two lattices join. The proposed RS-Flip Flop has exceptional features, which make it one of the well optimized and most practical structures to be used in the all optical integrated circuits. The novel design has a fast switching action (on the order of a few picoseconds), and low input power (on the order of 100 mW). Furthermore, high contrast of the output signals for ON and OFF states, can help the easy detection or its coupling to the other devices. The structure is fascinatingly uncomplicated, which results in ultra small dimensions which make it suitable to be placed in an all optical integrated circuit. Besides, we provide a profound analytical view on the functioning of the system, as analyzed by the finite difference time domain (FDTD) method.     

Graphene-based photonic crystal

A novel type of photonic crystal formed by embedding a periodic array of constituent stacks of alternating graphene and dielectric discs into a background dielectric medium is proposed. The photonic band structure and transmittance of such photonic crystal are calculated. The graphene-based photonic crystals can be used effectively as the frequency filters and waveguides for the far infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum. Due to substantial suppression of absorption of low-frequency radiation in doped graphene the damping and skin effect in the photonic crystal are also suppressed. The advantages of the graphene-based photonic crystal are discussed.     

光子晶体中的磁控光子开关线路

提出了一个光子晶体中的磁控光子开关线路的理论模型,并利用平面波展开加超原胞方法计算了它的光学性质.这个模型由设置在空气中的介电柱子光子晶体构成,其中一排柱子被具有同样介电常数的铁氧体柱子替换.当外加磁场时,铁氧体柱子产生了不等于一的磁导率,这就会在光子带隙中产生波导模.当撤去外场,整个体系还原为完美光子晶体.由此便可形成磁控光子开关线路.具体选择了正方形柱子设置在正方形格点上,计算结果证明这种设想是可行的,并给出一些有价值的结果. 关键词： 光子晶体 传导模 磁导率     

Localized photonic modes in photonic crystal heterostructures

In this work, interface modes of two-dimensional photonic crystal heterostructures have been investigated by usage of the supercell method. The photonic crystal heterostructure is made of two photonic crystals with square symmetry in which one of them is composed of circular dielectric rods in air background and the other one is constructed by drilled square holes in dielectric. It is shown that using of a proper supercell plays an important role in obtaining the correct interface modes. We have also showed that the guided interface modes and single mode which is different from those reported in some published works are nearly dispersionless.     

Novel composite beam splitter with directional coupler and Y-junction using photonic crystal

We propose and analyze a novel multiway high efficiency composite beam splitter based on propagation properties of the light waves in directional coupler and Y-junction. The splitting properties of the beam splitter have been numerically simulated and analyzed using the PWE and FDTD methods. Then in order to obtain equal distribution of power, we place and adjust some additional rods in the output waveguides to optimize the devices. It was shown that a large separating angle, a high beam rate, high flexibility, has been extended to have more light output channels in the beam splitter.     

One-dimensional photonic crystal design

In this article we present a method to determine the band spectrum, band gaps, and discrete energy levels, of a one-dimensional photonic crystal with localized impurities. For one-dimensional crystals with piecewise constant refractive indices we develop an algorithm to recover the refractive index distribution from the period map. Finally, we derive the relationship between the period map and the scattering matrix containing the information on the localized modes.     

Reconfigurable photonic crystal circuits

We describe progress in the field of tuning, (re)configuration of Photonic crystal (PhC) based devices with a particular emphasis on our recent concepts and techniques that we have developed to tune and/or reconfigure the properties of photonic crystal nanocavities. We show how our hybrid approach based on photosensitive material and tapered silica fiber can tune the (Q, λ) properties of preexisting Photonic crystal cavities. We describe our alternative techniques to create ‘a posteriori’ spatially (re)configurable high‐Q cavities in a PhC platform. We show that optofluidics – the fusion of microfluidics with photonic devices – offers an unquestionable added value to the quest of a truly versatile, (re)configurable photonic crystal based photonic chip.     

Graphene-based one-dimensional photonic crystal

A novel type of one-dimensional (1D) photonic crystal formed by an array of periodically located stacks of alternating graphene and dielectric stripes embedded into a background dielectric medium is proposed. The wave equation for the electromagnetic wave propagating in such a structure is solved in the framework of the Kronig-Penney model. The frequency band structure of the 1D graphene-based photonic crystal is obtained analytically as a function of the filling factor and the thickness of the dielectric between the graphene stripes. The photonic frequency corresponding to the electromagnetic wave localized by a defect of the photonic crystal formed by an extra dielectric placed in the position of one stack of alternating graphene and dielectric stripes is obtained.     

Elliptical-hole photonic crystal fibers

We study the dispersive properties of photonic crystal fibers (PCF's) with elliptical air holes. The unusual guidance of PCF leads to novel behavior of the birefringence, group-velocity walk-off, and dispersion parameters, including the possibility of zero walk-off with high birefringence in the single-mode regime. A number of these effects are closely tied to the underlying radiation states of the air-hole lattice.