EMD时频分析拉曼光谱和近红外光谱

用时频方法分析拉曼光谱和近红外光谱。经验模态分解光谱成为特征模态分量,模态分量比重计算显示拉曼光谱能量均匀分布于各个分量,而近红外光谱的低阶特征模态分量只承载了较少的原光谱有效信息。真实光谱和数值实验均显示,经验模态分解视拉曼光谱为调幅信号,具有高频能量吸附特性; 视近红外光谱为调频信号,在一阶特征模态分量中可以较好实现高频窄带解调。一阶特征模态分量希尔伯特变换显示,经验模态分解拉曼光谱时易出现模态混叠现象。进一步在时频域分析玉米叶片近红外光谱,经验模态分解后截掉低能量的一、二阶分量,用剩余特征模态分量重构光谱信号,均方根误差为1.001 1,相关系数为0.981 3,两个指标反映出重构精度较高; 分解趋势项表明在近红外光波段,吸光度随着波长的减小呈现递增趋势; 特征模态分量的希尔伯特变换显示,657 cm-1是碱胁迫光谱特有频率,可作为碱胁迫光谱特征频率来辨识。     

EEMD自适应去噪在拉曼光谱中的应用

二代小波是公认较好的降噪手段,但是降噪效果依赖于基函数、分解层数和阈值等参数设置。经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition, EMD)无需参数设定,按照频率特性将信号分解成本征模函数(intrinsic mode function, IMF),对IMF滤波,实现了信号自适应去噪。拉曼光谱中信号和噪声交叠集中在极高频段,EMD产生模态混叠问题,影响去噪效果。应用总体平均经验模态分解(ensemble empirical mode decomposition,EEMD)拉曼光谱克服了模态混叠,有效区分出高频信号和噪声,获得了与小波函数相似去噪效果。文中首先对一段非线性非平稳豆油脂拉曼光谱EMD分解,可见模态混叠,EEMD分解出清晰模态的特征分量。然后分别用快速傅里叶变换(fast Fourier transform,FFT)、小波变换(Wavelet)、EMD和EEMD处理含噪光谱,信噪比、均方根误差、相关系数三个方面指标表明FFT高频去噪效果最差,其次是EMD,恰当的Wavelet同EEMD效果相当,EEMD的优势是降噪过程的自适应。最后提出光谱时频分析方法和IMF噪声属性判别准则研究趋势。     

基于复数据经验模态分解的噪声辅助信号分解方法

集成经验模态分解(EEMD)在一定程度上减轻了经验模态分解(EMD)中的模态混叠,但集成平均会带来新的模态混叠、频谱丢失和运算量增大等问题,影响到对信号物理特征的分析与提取.因此,本文提出一种基于复数据经验模态分解(CEMD)的噪声辅助信号分解方法,在CEMD中以白噪声分解的内禀模态函数(IMF)在指定方向上的投影为基函数来辅助观测信号分解过程中的极值选取,从而减小模态混叠,同时利用噪声投影的影响在求包络质心时被消除的特性,减小EEMD因集成平均带来的相关问题.仿真结果表明,本文方法在进一步降低模态混叠效应的同时,明显提高了运算速度,并且在一定程度上减轻了频谱丢失问题.     

近红外“3R”法双谱自适应去噪

针对近红外透射和吸收双光谱提出一种自适应的去噪方法。同步采集样品的近红外透射谱和吸收谱,在相同分解原则下总体经验模态法分解两组光谱,得到单组分特征模态分量。计算特征模态分量与原透射谱、吸收谱之间相关性,以及两组特征模态分量之间相关性,相关性最小模态分量初判为噪声分量。分析该分量在光谱中点处自相关性,若中点处很大,其他点几乎为零或很小,可以判断该分量为噪声。这种基于模态分量相关性的噪声判别方法称为“3R”法则。剔除噪声分量,重构光谱信号,循环上述分解过程,直到不满足“3R”法则,降噪过程结束。构造理想光谱,叠加噪声,“3R”法降噪效果优于EMD和EEMD低通滤波器,略逊于小波分解。真实光谱实验中,经过上述方法降噪处理过的玉米叶片光谱采用3层BP神经网络建立与叶绿素之间预测模型,“3R”法处理模型具有最大校正相关系数和预测相关系数,最小校正标准差和预测标准差。在四种降噪方法中,“3R”法对光谱谱峰位置和峰高的影响最小。实验表明,“3R”双谱去噪方法无需预设迭代次数,不用考虑分解层数,没有基函数,是自适应的,该方法适合近红外光谱去噪。     

基于集合经验模态分解的拉曼光谱信号特征研究

拉曼光谱信号是一种基于分子振动的散射信号,拉曼光谱仪的激光源波长一般为纳米级,考虑到散射频移,拉曼光谱有效信息主要集中在较高频段。拉曼信号是典型的非平稳信号,并且由于拉曼散射比较弱,信号很容易被高频噪声和荧光背景干扰,想获取较为全面的拉曼信息,需要对信号进行处理,小波变换对拉曼信号的分析结果取决于小波基的选择,不同小波基处理结果有差异;经验模态分解(EMD)方法可以自适应的分析信号,不需要设置参数,但存在模态混叠的问题;集合平均经验模态分解(EEMD),有效的解决了EMD方法中存在的模态混叠问题,能更加清晰的将信号中的不同频率成分划分开来,因此更加适合频率成分丰富的拉曼信号的特征分析和处理。采集了市面上常见的大豆油、花生油、玉米油和葵花籽油样本,通过拉曼光谱仪获得了各自的拉曼光谱信号。使用集合经验模态分解对食用油拉曼光谱信号进行自适应分解和处理,一共获得了10阶固有模态函数(IMF),根据信号的能量分布以及幅值特性, IMF1和IMF2表征为信号中的噪声部分, IMF3-IMF7表征为拉曼特征信号部分,最后一阶IMF10表征为荧光背景成分, IMF8和IMF9为其他物理意义的频率成分。通过对有效信号段的特征增强并重构拉曼信号,使拉曼信号的信噪比获得了2～5倍的提升,其中,难以探测的酯键羰基伸缩振动位于1 745 cm~(-1)的谱峰得到了显著的增强。最后,将原始信号和经过特征增强的信号通过基于连续小波变换的惩罚最小二乘法进行了二次处理,并将获得的信号进行主成分分析后,可知:没有增强的不同类数据样本相互有重叠,不存在明显的类间距,很难完整的区分类型;基于特征增强的数据样本各自聚集,每种类型都可以相互鉴别,可为拉曼光谱信号处理提供一种新的途径。     

激光雷达信号的可变间隔阈值经验模式分解去噪法

针对采用经验模式分解直接阈值(EMD-DT)和经验模式分解间隔阈值(EMD-IT)在激光雷达回波信号的去噪应用中会产生的模态混叠现象,采用一种可变间隔阈值的经验模式分解(EMD-SIT)的去噪方法。首先,对信号进行经验模式分解。然后,采用过零率方法将分解出的含有噪声的固有模态函数分离。最后,应用过零点阈值,设立一个新的可变阈值,将EMD-IT和EMD-DT有效融合对信号进行去噪。通过与多种阈值的仿真对比以及激光雷达的回波信号去噪实验,结果表明该方法可以有效地去除噪声,抑制模态混叠,较EMD-IT和EMD-DT更具有优越性,因此有着很好的应用前景。     

基于EEMD方法的火花光谱信号处理研究

基于电荷耦合器件(CCD)的火花光谱仪是一种用于元素成分分析的光谱仪,其输出信号是高频的CCD有效信号和低频的背景噪声叠加在一起的复合信号,火花光谱的有效信息主要集中在信号的较高频段,很容易被背景噪声淹没和干扰,因此获取完整有效的光谱信息,需要对信号进行有效处理。经验模态分解(EMD)方法可以自适应分析信号,不需要设置参数,但存在模态混叠的问题,信号中不同频率的成分可能会混淆;集合平均经验模态分解(EEMD)成功地解决了EMD方法中模态混叠的问题,能更加清晰地将信号中的不同频率成分分解出来,因此更加适合光谱信号的研究。使用火花光谱仪对不锈钢标准样品(选取短波段、中波段和长波段代表性元素碳C、锰Mn、镍Ni、铬Cr和铝Al)进行采集,获得了标准样品的火花光谱原始信号。通过EEMD方法进行自适应的分析和处理,每个CCD信号均获得了11阶固有模态函数(IMF),根据信号的幅频特性, IMF1—IMF2表征为特征信号部分,最后一阶IMF11为背景噪声成分。通过重构上述处理信号,结合基于连续小波变换的惩罚最小二乘法进行了二次处理,获得了最终处理后的信号。将处理后的信号导入仪器处理软件中,获得了碳、锰、镍、铬和铝元素的含量梯度曲线,结果显示采用EEMD方法处理的信号和原处理方法效果相当,但省去了额外采集空白噪声段的环节,大大节省了分析的时间,从而提高了仪器的运行效率。     

基于EMD的拉曼光谱去噪方法研究

经验模态分解(EMD)方法是一个以信号极值特征尺度为度量的时空滤波过程,它充分保留了信号本身的非线性和非平稳特征,在信号的滤波和去噪中具有较大的优势。文章在介绍EMD分解方法的基础上,结合EMD的多尺度滤波特性,提出了一种新的拉曼光谱去噪方法——EMD阈值去噪法。该方法首先对含噪的拉曼光谱信号做EMD分解,得到各阶本征模态函数(IMF),然后对高频的IMF分量用阈值法进行处理,把经过阈值处理后的高频IMF分量与低频IMF分量叠加得到重构的信号,即去噪信号。通过处理对二甲苯的拉曼光谱信号,分析了在不同噪声水平上不同去噪方法的处理效果。实验结果表明EMD阈值去噪法有效地去除了噪声,较好地保留了光谱的细节信息,与小波阈值去噪方法相比较具有自适应的优势,在拉曼光谱去噪中有很好的应用前景。     

超声辅助加工系统的刀具状态自感知算法

超声波振动台内含压电材料,可以拾取切削过程产生的振动信号,实现不借助外部传感器刀具工作状态的自感知。为了从刀具振动信号中获取有效信息,该文提出一种基于经验模态分解的时频域重构算法。首先,采用经验模态分解算法将原始信号分解,得到多个固有模态函数分量和残差分量;其次,计算原始信号与各分量之间的时频域互相关系数;再次,归一化时频域互相关系数作为权重值,将固有模态函数分量和残差进行重构;最后,通过数值仿真和超声辅助加工实验,验证了基于经验模态分解的时频域重构算法的去噪性能,提取了信噪比为5.03 dB的目标信号,从而实现了超声辅助加工系统的自感知功能。     

基于希尔伯特黄变换的自适应相位提取法

提出了一种基于希尔伯特黄变换的自适应相位提取法。该方法通过对条纹图信号进行经验模态分解得到一系列本征模函数(IMF)。对每个IMF进行希尔伯特谱分析,提出准则用以确定噪声IMF并判断是否存在模式混叠问题。若存在,根据该噪声IMF自适应设计新的“噪声”并将其添加到原信号中,然后对所形成的新信号再次分解,重复进行该过程直到相应的模式混叠问题不再存在。将最后一次分解所得的噪声IMF和背景分量从信号中去除,对所得的基频分量做希尔伯特变换即可得到条纹图的包裹相位分布。所提方法可有效克服模式混叠问题,可在有效去除噪声和背景分量的同时尽量保留细节相位信息,有较好的自适应性及稳健性,测量精度高。     

Low frequency acoustic signals associated with rock falls,thunderstorms, and wind turbulences in field environment

This paper characterized the observed low frequency acoustic signals generated by rock falls, thunderstorm, and wind turbulence in large rocky landslide. A digital infrasonic recording system was deployed on site to capture real-time low frequency acoustic signals associated with rock falls. An advanced non-stationary signal analysis method, i.e. Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), was applied to get insight to the characteristics of the low frequency acoustic signals induced by the hazards. Joint time–frequency distribution spectra technique was used to detect distinctive features of the events. The study shows that the low frequency acoustic signals can be excited by rock falls, thunderstorm and wind turbulence in the field environment, but the signal varies in both time domain and frequency domain with different patterns depending on the physical processes. The results demonstrated that the EMD-based signal processing technique is capable of extracting distinctive features to differentiate acoustic signals in real environment.     

Multi component LFM signal detection and parameter estimation based on EEMD–FRFT

This paper studied multi component LFM signal detection and parameter estimation under the noise circumstance of various signal-to-noise ratios. Based on the analysis of fractional Fourier transform detection and parameter estimation on simple component LFM signal, this paper proposed the method of multi component LFM signal detection and parameter estimation based on EEMD–FRFT (Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition–Fractional Fourier transform), and this method was that with the EEMD algorithm, from the frequency domain decompose the analyzable signal to narrow-bandwidth components, whose center frequency changed from high to low, then accurately estimate the parameter and detect the signal of each component out of the pseudo-component with FrFT. This method solved the problem of mode aliasing of signal decomposition; meanwhile, the problem of detecting the multi component LFM signal would be simplified as the problem of one-dimensional search in small scope, which could reduce the amount of operation and improved the detection accuracy. A simulation computation for multi component LFM signal of various SNR (signal-to-noise ratios) was made and the result showed that the error of parameter estimation was less than 5% in the case of SNR not less than −10 dB.     

EEMD与EFICA在单通道复合故障诊断中的应用

针对转子不对中和滚动轴承微弱损伤的复合故障诊断问题,提出了一种基于平均经验算法(Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition,EEMD)和高效快速独立分量分析(Efficient Variant of FastICA,EFICA)的盲源分离故障诊断方法。利用EEMD算法将单通路复合故障信号分解成多个不同信号特征的本征模函数(Intrinsic Mode Function,IMF),解决了盲源分离中的欠定问题。在此基础上利用EFICA算法对各个不同信号特征的IMF进行故障特征分离。通过仿真实验和转子实验台的实验结果,表明该算法可以有效分离出各个不同的故障特征。     

光电编码器单莫尔条纹测速方法

为了提高编码器的测速精度,研究了基于希尔伯特-黄变换的光电编码器单莫尔条纹测速方法。首先,利用AD采集编码器的单路莫尔条纹光电信号,并将信号序列通过EMD变换,滤除直流分量;然后,利用希尔伯特变换求出信号的相位变化,并通过差分运算求取信号的瞬时频率;最后,结合编码器的具体参数求取编码器的转速。实验结果表明:对某21位编码器进行测速实验,测速误差均方差由0.022 4 rad/s降低到0.013 4 rad/s。此方法测速稳定性高,抗干扰能力强,可用于速度精度要求较高的测速场合。     

改进的经验模态分解法分离超声多普勒血流与管壁信号

超声多普勒血流信号常包含管壁信号的干扰,准确分离二者对提高血流检测的精度具有重要作用。本文提出两种改进的经验模态分解(EMD)方法,先将含管壁信号的超声多普勒信号分解成多层本征模态函数(IMF),然后根据血流信号与管壁信号的不同特性,对既含管壁信号又含血流信号的IMF分量进行分离处理,最后将各层IMF分量中的管壁成分叠加得到管壁信号的估计,而血流信号可通过原信号减去估计的管壁信号而得到。将本方法用于计算机仿真信号和人体实测的超声多普勒信号,并与高通滤波器法、空间选择性降噪法和原EMD法进行比较,结果表明:本文提出的两种方法能在较大的管壁搏动速度范围内准确地分离血流信号和管壁信号,其平均相对误差比高通滤波器的结果降低了约52%和57%。可见,本文提出的两种方法有望用于血流信号与管壁信号的准确分离。      

Channel identification with Improved Variational Mode Decomposition

The identification of the type of wireless propagation channel (e.g., Line of Sight (LOS) or Non Line of Sight (NLOS)) is an important function in the wireless communication design and deployment especially in rich propagation environments. The wireless channel characteristics can be quite specific not only between Line of Sight (LOS) and Non Line of Sight (NLOS) wireless propagation conditions but also in different NLOS environments.In recent times, machine learning approaches have been increasingly used to differentiate and classify channel characteristics and this paper is part of this trend. In particular, this paper proposes the combination of machine learning with a recently proposed signal processing tool called Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD), which is a decomposition algorithm that decomposes a time series into several modes which have specific sparsity properties. VMD itself is a refinement of the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and demonstrated a superior performance to EMD for classification problems. One issue for the practical deployment of VMD in channel identification problems is the presence of hyper-parameters, which must be tuned for the applied context. The main contribution of this paper is to propose a novel approach for channel identification based on an improvement of VMD called Improved Variational Mode Decomposition (IVMD), where the optimal values of the hyper-parameters of VMD are automatically identified on the basis of the Shannon entropy of the signal output from the channel. Then, various features are extracted from the modes generated by IVMD and a sequential feature selection algorithm is applied to select the optimal features. This paper applies the proposed approach with IVMD to a data set generated by the authors with a wireless channel emulator, where 6 different propagation scenarios (including no fading conditions) are created for WiFi 802.11g signals, where only the preamble is used for channel identification. Even if channel identification based on the normalized preamble is a challenging classification problem, the proposed IVMD is able to outperform significantly the application of basic VMD, EMD and the time and frequency domain representations (as commonly done in literature) of the WiFi signals.     

Coal and Rock Hardness Identification Based on EEMD and Multi-Scale Permutation Entropy

This study offers an efficient hardness identification approach to address the problem of poor real-time performance and accuracy in coal and rock hardness detection. To begin, Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition (EEMD) was performed on the current signal of the cutting motor to obtain a number of Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs). Further, the target signal was selected among the IMFs to reconstruct the current signal according to the energy density and correlation coefficient criteria. After that, the Multi-scale Permutation Entropy (MPE) of the reconstructed signal was trained by the Adaboost improved Back Propagation (BP) neural network, in order to establish the hardness recognition model. Finally, the cutting arm’s swing speed and the cutting head’s rotation speed were adjusted based on the coal and rock hardness. The simulation results indicated that using the energy density and correlation criterion to reconstruct the signal can successfully filter out noise interference. Compared to the BP model, the relative root-mean-square error of the Adaboost-BP model decreased by 0.0633, and the prediction results were more accurate. Additionally, the speed control strategy based on coal and rock hardness can ensure the efficient cutting of the roadheader.     

Enhanced Partial Discharge Signal Denoising Using Dispersion Entropy Optimized Variational Mode Decomposition

This paper presents a new approach for denoising Partial Discharge (PD) signals using a hybrid algorithm combining the adaptive decomposition technique with Entropy measures and Group-Sparse Total Variation (GSTV). Initially, the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) technique is applied to decompose a noisy sensor data into the Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs), Mutual Information (MI) analysis between IMFs is carried out to set the mode length K. Then, the Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) technique decomposes a noisy sensor data into K number of Band Limited IMFs (BLIMFs). The BLIMFs are separated as noise, noise-dominant, and signal-dominant BLIMFs by calculating the MI between BLIMFs. Eventually, the noise BLIMFs are discarded from further processing, noise-dominant BLIMFs are denoised using GSTV, and the signal BLIMFs are added to reconstruct the output signal. The regularization parameter λ for GSTV is automatically selected based on the values of Dispersion Entropy of the noise-dominant BLIMFs. The effectiveness of the proposed denoising method is evaluated in terms of performance metrics such as Signal-to-Noise Ratio, Root Mean Square Error, and Correlation Coefficient, which are are compared to EMD variants, and the results demonstrated that the proposed approach is able to effectively denoise the synthetic Blocks, Bumps, Doppler, Heavy Sine, PD pulses and real PD signals.     

基于经验模态分解的高光谱遥感数据去噪方法

经验模态分解(EMD)是一种新的时频分析方法,经EMD分解后的各个固有模态函数(IMF)突出了原始信号的局部特征,从而可以区分噪声和有用信号。基于此,结合高光谱遥感数据的光谱变化特征,提出了一种基于经验模态分解的高光谱遥感数据去噪方法。通过对理论数据的实验表明,数据中的噪声无论是高斯分布还是均匀分布,数据经EMD分解后,噪声都主要集中在前几个特定的IMF,对相应的IMF进行滤波处理后并与其他IMF分量进行重构就可得到去噪信号,与小波去噪结果相比较,这种方法效果更好。最后把该去噪方法应用于野外实测的油膜高光谱数据去噪,实验结果表明,该方法能准确、有效地去除高光谱遥感数据的噪声。     

基于经验模式分解的拖曳式声纳拖船噪声抵消研究

拖曳式线列阵声纳的拖船噪声具有多途角扩展等特点，并且是一个非平稳过程，使得对该噪声的消除或抑制是一大难点。经验模式分解是一种用于分析非线性非平稳信号的新方法，该方法自适应地将嵌于数据内部的多个固有模式函数逐一分解开来。本文尝试利用经验模式分解方法分离出水听器接收信号中的拖船干扰噪声，从而达到消除干扰的目的。海上试验数据的处理结果充分验证了这种方法的可行性。