弱磁场对水和冰性质的影响

绝大多数关于磁场影响水性质的论文都是在大范围地磁场中、在湍流通过非均匀磁场的条件下提出的.在这样的处理中,杂质对水性质的改变起主导作用.报道的最新结果是研究交变磁场、稳恒磁场以及旋转试管对水的一系列物理性质的影响,如交流电导率k、声速v声、热导率X、过冷度△T、复介电常数ε*、损耗因数tgδ、折射率n、表面张力σ和吸附作用等. 在与频率f处有关的交变磁场强度H不同但确定的条件下,进行水和冰性质的研究时,我们发现了某些极值现象1).作为例子,图1表示tgδ和k的数据;图2表示过冷度(△T)和结晶的动力学数据. 在给定磁场数值H条…     

超高密度的冰

英国伦敦工学院和英国 Innsbruck 大学 John Finney 教授与他的同事们制作出了一种超高密度的非晶态冰,简称为 VHDA(very high density amorphous) 冰,它的密度在标准状态下为 1.25g/cm3.众所周知,在标准状态下,普通冰的密度为0.92 g/cm3,而水的密度为 1.0g/cm3.这些数据告诉我们 ,VHDA 冰将会沉入水中,而不是漂浮在水面上.大多数物质固态的密度都要比它们处在液态时的密度要高,但只有水是例外.而正是水的这个性质对地球上的气象、化学以及生物起着非常重要的影响.为了了解为什么水会有这种反常的性质,物理学家们花费了很多时间,用了各…     

很高密度的非晶态冰

水是日常生活中最普通的物质 ,然而它又具有一系列违反常规的物理性质 .对于一般物质 ,固态的密度总是高于液态 .对于水 ,常压下的晶态冰 (普通冰 )其密度仅仅是液态水的约90 % .按照热力学温标 ,水的三相点 (t =0 .0 1℃ ,p =6 0 0Pa)被定义为 2 73 16K ,于是 1大气压下水的冰点 (t=0℃ ,p =0 1MPa)便是 2 73.15K .在进行热力学温度与摄氏温度转换时 ,一些学生由于没有从根本上弄懂上述规律 ,往往在考试时丢分 .水冰的性质甚至更加复杂 ,迄今科学家已经发现了 13种不同形态的冰 .普通冰具有六方对称晶态结构 ,此外还有立方冰 ,铁电冰以…     

关于磁单极子的探索

磁单极子的概念自狄拉克提出以来,科学家一直都在努力寻找。虽然在理论上进行了深入的研究,但是在实验中,迄今仍然没能找到它们存在的确凿证据。文章从麦克斯韦方程组的对称性及电荷量子化的角度介绍了磁单极子的提出,磁单极子的单位及性质。并介绍了关于磁单极子的实验探索,除了历史上著名的两次实验外,科学家还在自旋冰中观察到磁单极子的“准粒子”。     

基于光纤Bragg光栅的冰与水交界面附近的温度场分布检测研究

通过研究冰与水交界面附近温度场分布情况为找到冰情检测新方法及研究冰水转化提供理论指导。在水域投入冰后,对冰-水热传导影响冰水交界面附近温度变化进行了检测。对离冰水交界面在5~9cm、-4~0cm、0~4cm、-5~-9cm处温度分布研究拟合得到点距冰与水交界面距离与温度关系函数,数据验证,拟合值与监测值误差在±(0.1~0.3℃)。当冰与水交界面温度场引起附近温差越大,冰水转化越快,易引发冰情。     

关于太阳能热水器的物理研究

太阳能热水器具有安全、节能、经济、环保等优点，可以改善和提高人们的居住条件与生活水平．为了让大家了解太阳能热水器，使太阳能热水器走人普通百姓生活中，特对太阳能热水器的有关问题进行了研究．     

Molecular Dynamical Simulation of Ice Phase Transition： Ice Ih to High-Density Amorphous

We put 5kbar and 12kbar on perfect ice Ih lattice at 77K and 180K. After 30000 simulation steps （in units of 10^-15 s）, high-density amorphous ice is formed. Four-site simple-pair potential TIP4P is used for molecular interactions and the rigid molecular model is employed. Phase transition processes are fitted by an exponential function, and different phase transition times τ are obtained from O-O radial distribution functions （366 and 359fs for 77K and 180K） and O-O-O angle distribution functions （126 and 116fs for 77K and 180K）.     

冰水混合云对可见光的吸收和散射特性

根据Mie理论，分别计算了由纯水、纯冰和冰-水同心球形粒子构成的云层在可见光波段的单次散射特性. 根据辐射传输理论，利用叠加法数值计算了这三种不同构成的云层的反射函数，以及它们的平面反照率、透过率和吸收率. 结果表明，冰云和冰_水云的反射函数和平面反照率在大部分散射角下要略小于水云，而透过率却比水云的大. 通过具体的数值计算结果和理论分析，研究了水云的异常吸收现象. 关键词： 冰_水粒子 Mie理论 叠加法 光散射     

熟悉而又难以理解的水

水参与了地球上各种物理、化学和生命过程,对水的研究是理解自然的必然需求。水是一种独特的物质,具有极为复杂的结构和反常物性。水科学和水一样令人着迷。     

冰的熔解热实验中冰水质量比的探讨

冰与温水质量比对冰的熔解热实验的成败起着关键作用。文章对冰水质量比进行测量和分析,得出了冰的熔解热实验中最适合的冰水质量比的范围约为1／12-1／5。     

Dynamical Fracture in Ice Ih as Modeled by TIP4P/Ice and mW Water Potentials

Fracture in ice I_h is simulated with molecular dynamics utilizing two potential fields, TIP4P/Ice and mW, and in different temperature conditions. The simulations produce propagating crack speeds over a large range of fracture energies. Terminal crack speed simulated with TIP4P/Ice potential can reach more than 200 m/s befitting experimental results. On the other hand, for mW potential, crack speed is around 5 m/s. The TIP4P/ice model suggests a brittle ice while mW potential describes a much more ductile material. The computational simulations are designed to permit direct comparison with experiments which can be performed in the hereafter. This comparison could provide a sensitive test to interatomic potentials.     

Phytoremediation of Arsenic: Fundamental Studies,Practical Applications,and Future Prospects

Abstract

Arsenic is a toxic element that is naturally present but is also introduced through a variety of anthropogenic activities. Phytoremediation, which is the use of green plants to minimize the impact of toxic substances, has been widely used for arsenic. Phytoextraction employs plants to accumulate toxins into aboveground biomass. Pteris vittata, commonly known as the brake fern, was the first species used for phytoextraction and the most widely investigated, although other Pteris plants have been successfully employed. Several studies have investigated the accumulation of arsenic in food plants to assess possible impact upon human health. Phytostabilization, which involves the use of contaminant-immobilizing soil amendments with plants to reduce contaminant availability, has been successfully employed for arsenic. It is expected that phytoremediation will be employed in the future as a low-cost alternative for the remediation of arsenic in soil.     

Salty Water in KOH-Doped Hexagonal Ice: a Proton and Deuteron NMR Study

Water doped with 10^?2 mol of KOH was cooled to temperatures at which most of the solution freezes to form hexagonal ice. Using proton and deuteron spin–lattice relaxometry as well as static field gradient diffusometry, it was found that a liquid-like phase coexists with the crystal down to below 200 K. The ionic dopants are expelled from the crystalline phase and form a KOH-enriched aqueous solution probably in the form of inclusions within the ice crystal. Its self-diffusion coefficient is only slightly smaller than that of nominally pure water. Motional correlation times were determined on the basis of spin–lattice relaxation times and compared with previous electrical conductivity and calorimetry results.     

Planar Pyrochlore,Quantum Ice and Sliding Ice

We study quantum antiferromagnetism on the highly frustrated planar pyrochlore lattice, also known as the square lattice with crossings. The quantum Heisenberg antiferromagnet on this lattice is of interest as a two-dimensional analogue of the pyrochlore lattice magnet. By combining several approaches we conclude that this system is most likely ordered for all values of spin, S, with a two-fold degenerate valence-bond solid being the ground state for small S. We show next that the Ising antiferromagnet with a weak four-spin exchange, equivalent to square ice with the leading quantum dynamics, exhibits analogous plaquette order. As a byproduct of this analysis we obtain, in the system of weakly coupled ice planes, a sliding phase with XY symmetry; at intermediate couplings, long range “anti-ferroelectric” order is stabilized.     

Fundamental Studies of Photon Migration in Biological Tissues and Their Application to Optical Tomography

This paper reviews the studies of photon migration in biological tissues and its application to optical tomography which were conducted in the Mechanical Engineering Laboratory of Japan’s Ministry of International Trade and Industry. The research subjects range from theoretical and experimental studies of photon migration in random media to the development of image reconstruction algorithms and experiments for optical tomography. The most fundamental theoretical study of the photon diffusion equation has proved that the photon diffusion coefficient is independent of the absorption coefficient while the conventional one is dependent on the absorption coefficient. Experimental studies included the time-resolved spectroscopy and the fabrication of realistic human head phantoms which have five tissue types with different optical properties. Several types of reconstruction algorithms have been developed and verified experimentally. These investigations are pioneering work in the field of biomedical optics in Japan.     

Isotope Studies of Hydrogen and Oxygen in Ground Ice - Experiences with the Equilibration Technique

Abstract

Equilibration technique suitable for a large amount ofsamples is described for hydrogen and oxygen isotope analyses of ground ice, especially ice wedges, including the sampling strategy and the analytical procedure as well as the calibration of the Finnigan MAT Delta-S mass spectrometer in June, 1999. Since for future analyses of ice wedges, a higher sampling resolution with limited sample volume is required, the limit of the equliibration technique for small water samples size of between 0.05 and 5 ml was checked. For water samples smaller than 1ml, corresponding to a molar ratio [H₂O]/[H₂] of smaller than 0.994, a balance correction has to be applied. The experimental errors due to partial evaporation during evacuation, the balance calcultion of the isotope equilibration process, the linearity as well as memory effects of the mass spectrometer for smaples with large differences in δ¹⁸O and δD are tackled in this paper. In the polar regions of Northern Siberia without Late Pleistocene and Holocene glaciation, ground ice is used as an archive for paleoclimate studies. First results of stable isotope measurements on ice wedges clearly show a shift towards heavier isotopes and thus warmer winter temperatures as well as a change in the source of the precipitation between Late Pleistocene and Holocene. These results indicate the high potential of ground ice for paleoclimate studies.     

Fundamental Studies of Stimulated Raman Scattering and Adaptive Optics on the Basis of Stimulated Light Scattering

Some results associated with the fundamental investigations of stimulated scattering of light in various media are reported. A number of problems of adaptive optics based on stimulated scattering is studied. Concrete results of experimental investigations of physically important characteristics of conventional (spontaneous) and stimulated Raman scattering are presented and discussed. Among them are the scattering indicatrix and the relations between the phases of laser radiation incident on a substance and stimulated scattering. These results were first obtained in the G. S. Landsberg Optical Department of the P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Data on excitation sources and the radiation detection technique are systematized. The main characteristics of spontaneous Raman scattering and forward and backward stimulated Raman scattering (energy parameters, pulse duration, pulse shape, divergence, brightness, spectral width, far- and near-field intensity distributions) are presented. The results on dynamic holography, phase conjugation of light in stimulated scattering, and reconstruction and recording of information (images) with the help of amplifying dynamic holograms are presented. The physical mechanisms responsible for the interference field recording and the phase conjugation of pump radiation in stimulated light scattering are discussed. The data on phase conjugation for stimulated scattering excited by picosecond optical pulses and the results associated with the effect of excitation geometry on the optical phase conjugation in the case of stimulated scattering excited by nanosecond pulses are presented.