Fast electron transfer and enhanced visible light photocatalytic activity by using poly-o-phenylenediamine modified AgCl/g-C3N4 nanosheets

Exfoliation of bulk graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) into two-dimensional (2D) nanosheets is one of the effective strategies to improve its photocatalytic properties so that the 2D g-C₃N₄ nanosheets (CN) have larger specific surface areas and more reaction sites. In addition, poly-o-phenylenediamine (PoPD) can improve the electrical conductivity and photocatalytic activity of semiconductor materials. Here, the novel efficient composite PoPD/AgCl/g-C₃N₄ nanosheets was first synthesized by a precipitation reaction and the photoinitiated polymerization approach. The obtained photocatalysts have larger specific surface areas and could achieve better visible-light response. However, silver chloride (AgCl) is susceptible to agglomeration and photocorrosion. The PoPD/AgCl/CN composite exhibits an extremely high photocurrent density, which is three times that of CN. Obviously enhanced photocatalytic activities of PoPD/AgCl/g-C₃N₄ are revealed through the photodegradation of tetracycline. The stability of PoPD/AgCl/CN is demonstrated based on four cycles of experiments that reveal that the degradation rate only decreases slightly. Furthermore, ?O₂^? and h⁺ are the main active species, which are confirmed through a trapping experiment and ESR spin-trap technique. Therefore, the prepared PoPD/AgCl/CN can be considered as a stable photocatalyst, in which PoPD is added as a charge carrier and acts a photosensitive protective layer on the surface of the AgCl particles. This provides a new technology for preparing highly stable composite photocatalysts that can effectively deal with environmental issues.     

Photocatalytic activity under visible light illumination of organic dyes over g-C3N4/MgAl2O4 nanocomposite

Using a grinding method, nanocomposites of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and magnesium aluminate (MgAl₂O₄) spinel were successfully synthesized for the photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO). Variously formulated g-C₃N₄/MgAl₂O₄ nanocomposites were characterized by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and surface area and micropore analysis (BET surface area). The g-C₃N₄ powder exhibited a nanosheet structure whereas the MgAl₂O₄ spinel comprised agglomerated nanoparticles. The optical properties of the g-C₃N₄/MgAl₂O₄ nanocomposites were investigated by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). As the g-C₃N₄ loading content increased from 0 to 30%, the optical band gap energy of the nanocomposite decreased from 3.84 to 2.86 eV, the specific surface area decreased from 153.78 to 114.45 m²/g, and the porosity decreased from 0.447 to 0.347 cm³/g. A 20%g-C₃N₄/MgAl₂O₄ nanocomposite proved to be the most effective photocatalyst and degraded MB faster and more completely than MO. The degradation rates of both MO (0.0107 min^?1) and MB (0.0386 min^?1) in a mixed MO-MB system were greater than the degradation rates in their single systems. The key factor that improved the photocatalytic degradation of MO was the synergistic effect whereas the synergistic effect and photosensitization were the key factors that enhanced the photocatalytic degradation of MB. The g-C₃N₄/MgAl₂O₄ nanocomposite is suitable for the photocatalytic degradation of mixed dyes because its point of zero charge is neutral and it is stable and recyclable.     

氧化石墨烯量子点修饰氧掺杂多孔g-C3N4在光催化降解和抗菌中的应用（英文）

偶氮类合成色素具有遗传毒性、致癌性和致泻性,而食源性致病菌易引发细菌性感染和食物中毒事件,食品加工过程中产生的色素废水和致病菌废水若未经妥善处理就排入水体,会对水体及环境造成污染,废水中的偶氮类色素和致病菌还会通过食物链对人体健康产生威胁.因此,寻求更为高效、绿色、安全的处理技术和净化材料有效去除食品废水中高污染性和毒害性的偶氮类色素和致病菌显得尤为迫切.g-C3N4是一种具有可见光响应的有机半导体光催化材料,广泛应用于降解污染物、杀灭致病菌、催化有机反应等领域.然而,g-C3N4本身存在着比表面积小、光吸收性能差、光氧化能力低以及光生载流子迁移效率低等缺点,限制了其光催化性能.针对上述问题,我们对g-C3N4的空间和电子结构进行了设计,将形貌调控、元素掺杂和助催化剂修饰三种改性方法相结合,以获得兼具大比表面积、优异光吸收性能、强氧化能力以及快速光生载流子迁移能力的高活性g-C3N4基光催化体系.本文通过水热法制备了氧掺杂多孔氮化碳(PCNO),通过酸剥离法制备了氧化石墨烯量子点(ox-GQDs),最后通过自组装法将助催化剂ox-GQDs修饰到PCNO上,制备了ox-GQDs/PCNO复合光催化剂.零维的ox-GQDs可以通过氢键、π-π作用和化学键作用,与二维的PCNO实现紧密接触,均匀地分散在PCNO的表面和内部孔道上.由于ox-GQDs独特的上转换特性、电子捕获能力和过氧化物酶活性,ox-GQDs/PCNO复合光催化剂具有比PCNO更佳的光吸收性能、更高的电荷转移效率以及更强的光氧化能力.因此,ox-GQDs/PCNO复合材料在降解偶氮类色素和杀灭致病菌方面均表现出更为优异的可见光催化性能,活性最佳的复合材料ox-GQDs-0.2%/PCNO降解偶氮类色素苋菜红的速率常数约是PCNO的3.1倍,并且该材料能在可见光照射4 h内杀灭99.6%的大肠杆菌,远超过PCNO 31.9%的抗菌活性.另外,光生空穴、超氧自由基和羟基自由基被证实是ox-GQDs/PCNO体系在光催化反应中产生的活性物种,可以彻底矿化偶氮类色素并有效杀灭致病菌.本研究可以拓展g-C3N4基光催化剂在环境净化领域的应用前景,并为阐明ox-GQDs在复合光催化体系中的作用提供新的见解.     

新颖CdMoO4/g-C3N4复合材料的制备及其可见光增强的电荷分离和光催化活性（英文）

半导体光催化技术因其能够完全矿化和降解废水以及废气中的各种有机和无机污染物而受到越来越多研究者关注.尽管TiO2作为光催化剂显示了良好的应用前景,但其只对紫外光响应,该部分能量大约仅占太阳光谱的5%,从而限制了其实际应用.因此,开发新型可见光响应光催化剂成为光催化领域的研究焦点之一.石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)作为一种光催化材料,由于具有良好的热和化学稳定性以及可见光响应而备受关注.然而,单纯的g-C3N4由于光生电荷载流子易复合,光催化效果并不理想.为进一步提高g-C3N4的光催化活性,构建g-C3N4基异质结复合光催化材料被认为是增强g-C3N4光生电子-空穴分离效率的有效方法.CdMoO4作为一种光催化材料,与g-C3N4匹配的能带有利于光生电子-空穴的分离,从而提高g-C3N4的光催化活性.本文通过便利的原位沉淀-煅烧过程,制备了新颖的CdMoO4/g-C3N4异质复合光催化材料.复合材料的晶相构成、形貌、表面化学组分和光学特性等通过相应的分析测试手段进行表征.光催化活性通过可见光下催化降解罗丹明B水溶液来评价.结果显示,将CdMoO4沉积在g-C3N4表面形成复合材料可明显提高光催化活性,且当CdMoO4含量为4.8 wt%时达到最佳的光催化活性.这种显著增强的光催化活性可能是由于CdMoO4/g-C3N4复合物能够有效地传输和分离光生电荷载流子,从而抑制了光生电子-空穴的复合.电化学阻抗、瞬态光电流和稳定荧光光谱测试结果证实,通过CdMoO4与g-C3N4复合可有效增强电荷分离效率.此外,活性物捕获实验表明,在光催化过程中空穴(h+)和超氧自由基(?O2?)是主要活性物种.根据莫托-肖特基实验并结合紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱,得到了单纯g-C3N4和CdMoO4的能带结构,提出了形成的II型异质结有助于增强光催化活性的机理.     

Novel PtPd alloy nanoparticle-decorated g-C3N4 nanosheets with enhanced photocatalytic activity for H2 evolution under visible light irradiation

PtPd bimetallic alloy nanoparticle (NP)-modified graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) nanosheet photocatalysts were synthesized via chemical deposition precipitation. Characterization of the photocatalytic H₂ evolution of the g-C₃N₄ nanosheets shows that it was significantly enhanced when PtPd alloy NPs were introduced as a co-catalyst. The 0.2 wt% PtPd/g-C₃N₄ composite photocatalyst gave a maximum H₂ production rate of 1600.8 μmol g^–1 h^–1. Furthermore, when K₂HPO₄ was added to the reaction system, the H₂ production rate increased to 2885.0 μmol g^–1 h^–1. The PtPd/g-C₃N₄ photocatalyst showed satisfactory photocatalytic stability and was able to maintain most of its photocatalytic activity after four experimental photocatalytic cycles. In addition, a possible mechanism for the enhanced photocatalytic activity was proposed and verified by various photoelectric techniques. These results demonstrate that the synergistic effect between PtPd and g-C₃N₄ helps to greatly improve the photocatalytic activity of the composite photocatalyst.     

石墨相氮化碳可见光下活化过一硫酸盐氧化降解光惰性邻苯二甲酸二甲酯的机理研究（英文）

近几年过一硫酸盐(PMS)活化技术备受关注,其中利用太阳能活化PMS具有可持续和环保的优势,但PMS本身不吸收可见光.因此,本文提出利用具有可见光响应的石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)激发产生光电子进而活化PMS.首先利用三聚氰胺前驱体通过热缩聚法制备g-C3N4,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外-可见光漫反射(UV-Vis)、荧光光谱(PL)、透射电镜(TEM)、N2吸附脱附测试(BET)、电化学等一系列方法对g-C3N4进行表征,研究其表面性质及光学性能.结果显示, g-C3N4具有典型的片层结构和可见光活性,禁带宽度为2.7 e V.本文选取光惰性的内分泌干扰物邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)为目标污染物,系统地研究了其降解动力学和降解机理.研究发现,在短波紫外光(254和300nm)照射下,直接光解和·OH参与的反应机理能实现DMP的光降解,而在可见光照射下g-C3N4介导的光催化过程不能使DMP分解;但当添加PMS时,体系主导自由基由·O2–转化为SO4·–和·OH,从而实现DMP的有效降解和矿化.研究还发现,高浓度的PMS和高剂量的g-C3N4均可以提高PMS的活化量和相应的DMP降解效率,但提高催化剂剂量的方式能更充分的利用PMS.尽管高浓度的DMP阻碍了PMS和光催化剂g-C3N4的有效接触,但可以提高PMS的利用率.当p H低于零电荷点(5.4)时, DMP的降解效率较高.此外,使用两种淬灭剂(乙醇和叔丁醇)与DMP进行竞争性实验,结合电子自旋共振检测,表明SO4·–和·OH都是体系主要的自由基.此外,还对g-C3N4的可持续性能进行考察,四次循环实验结果显示,该催化剂具有良好的可重复利用性.对DMP降解进行总有机碳测定,发现降低了19%.最后,利用液相色谱质谱联用对DMP降解产物进行定性定量分析,发现DMP主要通过SO4·–和·OH对苯环的攻击以及脂肪族链的氧化断键这两种途径进行降解.综上可见,利用可见光激发g-C3N4产生的光电子能有效活化PMS降解顽固型有机污染物,可为实现太阳能活化PMS技术提供有力的技术参考.     

热聚合硫氰酸铵制备多孔 g-C3N4纳米片及其可见光催化分解水制氢性能

二维层状半导体材料与其体相堆积结构相比表现出独特的性质,有望在纳米材料科学领域取得新的突破.基于对太阳能利用的研究,二维半导体光催化材料引起了研究者的广泛关注.诸多半导体材料已被设计合成二维纳米片结构应用于光催化领域,如 MoS2, WS2, SnS2和TiO2等.石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)是一种典型的非金属二维聚合物半导体.二维层状结构的组成使得 g-C3N4纳米片能够表现出优异的光电性质.然而,其合成目前仍然存在很大困难.目前已报道的单层或多层 g-C3N4的制备主要有超声辅助溶剂剥离法、热处理法、插层法和电化学合成法等.但这些方法存在合成复杂和引入结构缺陷等不足.另外,在体相组成中插入孔结构也能够提高 g-C3N4的光催化活性.目前常用的方法主要是模板法.然而,在这些生孔过程中往往引起聚合度降低,增加长程无序度,不利于光生载流子的传输.因此,如果将多孔结构引入 g-C3N4纳米片,同时提高其聚合度结构,将在很大程度上提高其光催化性能.本文利用直接氨气热聚合的方法,将硫氰酸铵进行高温热处理,一步法合成出较高聚合度的多孔 g-C3N4纳米片,在可见光照射下表现出较高的产氢活性和稳定性.采用 X射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、荧光光谱(PL)和电子顺磁共振(EPR)等方法对多孔 g-C3N4纳米片结构进行了详细表征.在助催化剂 Pt存在下,采用可见光照射(>420 nm)分解水产氢的方法评价了其光催化性能.结果表明,热处理温度对产物结构及性能具有较大影响. XRD结果表明,在450oC热处理,硫氰酸铵未完全聚合,与前期氮气热处理的结论不同.当热聚合温度上升至500oC,石墨相结构形成.至600oC时,石墨相的层间距缩小,且聚合度没有明显下降.这表明氨气气氛抑制了原料分解,提高了分解聚合温度,同时增加了产物的聚合度. FTIR结果表明,热聚合温度对产物 C–N共轭结构改变不大,但在810 cm–1处的峰位向长波数移动,表明七嗪环单元含量增加,再次证明高的热聚合温度没有造成明显的结构分解,反而促进了聚合结构的形成.扫描电镜与氮气吸脱附分析表明,随着聚合温度升高,产物粒子尺寸变小,形貌呈现层状分布,并伴随多孔状的产生,因此比表面积和孔体积显著增大,吸收带边发生蓝移. PL和 EPR结果表明,聚合温度从500增至600oC,样品光生载流子的复合速率下降,导带离域电子密度增加,从而有利于光催化性能的提高.光解水产氢性能测试表明,聚合温度升高有利于催化剂产氢速率提高;600oC所得样品的产氢速率达340μmol/h.进一步分析表明,产氢速率与比表面积基本成正相关关系,说明层状多孔结构的形成是影响产氢性能的重要因素.经过多轮循环测试,其产氢性能保持稳定而没有显著下降,表明其活性稳定性良好.     

Fabrication of Bi2WO6 quantum dots/ultrathin nanosheets 0D/2D homojunctions with enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation

A novel visible light-responsive homogeneous catalyst based on Bi₂WO₆ quantum dots (QDs-BWO)/Bi₂WO₆ nanosheets (N-BWO) was successfully fabricated through a simple hydrothermal method. A variety of techniques were employed to investigate the morphology, structure, and electronic properties of the samples. The photocatalytic performance of the QDs/N-BWO materials was investigated by monitoring the degradation of 4-chlorophenol and rhodamine B under visible light irradiation. The as-fabricated QDs/N-BWO materials showed higher photocatalytic activity than both QDs-BWO and N-BWO. The results reveal that the incorporation of the QDs improved the separation efficiency of electron-hole pairs, leading to enhanced photocatalytic activity. Moreover, the results of quenching experiments show that ·O₂^– species played a major role in the degradation process. This work provides an important reference for the fabrication of homogeneous catalysts with high performance in the degradation of different types of pollutants.     

Photoactivation by visible light of CdTe quantum dots for inline generation of reactive oxygen species in an automated multipumping flow system

Quantum dots (QD) are semiconductor nanocrystals able to generate free radical species upon exposure to an electromagnetic radiation, usually in the ultraviolet wavelength range. In this work, CdTe QD were used as highly reactive oxygen species (ROS) generators for the control of pharmaceutical formulations containing epinephrine. The developed approach was based on the chemiluminometric monitoring of the quenching effect of epinephrine on the oxidation of luminol by the produced ROS. Due to the relatively low energy band-gap of this chalcogenide a high power visible light emitting diode (LED) lamp was used as photoirradiation element and assembled in a laboratory-made photocatalytic unit. Owing to the very short lifetime of ROS and to ensure both reproducible generation and time-controlled reaction implementation and development, all reactional processes were implemented inline by using an automated multipumping micro-flow system. A linear working range for epinephrine concentration of up to 2.28 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹ (r = 0.9953; n = 5) was verified. The determination rate was about 79 determinations per hour and the detection limit was about 8.69 × 10⁻⁸ mol L⁻¹. The results obtained in the analysis of epinephrine pharmaceutical formulations by using the proposed methodology were in good agreement with those furnished by the reference procedure, with relative deviations lower than 4.80%.     

活性氧自由基生成及传输对g-C_3N_4上NO光催化去除的影响:原位红外光谱与计算模拟结合法（英文）

石墨相氮化碳(g-C_3N_4)具有独特的二维层状结构和合适的能带结构,因而在可见光催化领域广受关注.尤其是在可见光去除环境污染物领域,得到了较为充分的研究与应用.然而g-C_3N_4去除环境污机理的反应机理尚不明确.因此,本文采用理论计算与实验高度结合的研究方法,以光催化NO去除为例,深入阐述了光照下g-C_3N_4表面活性氧物种(ROS)的生成及转化过程,及其介导下的NO光催化氧化机理.X射线衍射结果表明,g-C_3N_4是三嗪环层内聚合后层层堆叠而成,并由红外光谱确定了其表面的官能团类型.该结构经扫描电镜和透射电镜得到了进一步的验证.采用光致激发谱和紫外可见漫反射光谱等实验表征与密度泛函理论计算结合的光电性质分析,我们发现,g-C_3N_4在可见光下具有一定的响应,这为其在光催化去除NO中奠定了基础.同时,其价带位置过高,无法自行产生氧化性较强的羟基自由基(.OH).电子自旋共振技术结果表明g-C_3N_4在光照下能捕获到·O_2~-和·OH两种活性自由基.采用反应路径计算发现,·OH是由·O_2~-在导带上逐步得到电子被还原而生成,其中的速率控制步骤是H_2O_2的解离.因此,促进O_2分子的吸附和活化和克服H_2O_2解离的反应活化能是产生·OH和提升g-C_3N_4光催化氧化活性的关键.采用原位红外光谱技术对g-C_3N_4上NO的氧化去除过程进行了表征,发现其主要中间产物为NO_2,主要终产物为NO_2~-和NO_3~-,采用反应路径计算对该反应过程进行了理论模拟,发现在·O_2~-介导下,最高反应活化能为0.66 eV,而在·OH介导下,该活化能降低至0.46 eV,表明·OH的氧化性要明显强于·O_2~-.总之,本文采用一种可行的、高度结合的实验与计算手段研究了g-C_3N_4上ROS的生成及转化过程及其对NO去除的反应历程,在原子尺度揭示了该反应的机理,加深了对ROS在光催化环境污染物降解过程中作用的理解.     

Visible light induced efficient activation of persulfate by a carbon quantum dots (CQDs) modified γ-Fe2O3 catalyst

In this study, a carbon quantum dots modified maghemite catalyst (CQDs@γ-Fe₂O₃) has been synthesized by a one-step solvothermal method for efficient persulfate (PDS) activation under visible light irradiation. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV–vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–vis DRS) characterization indicated that the formation of heterojunction structure between CQDs and γ-Fe₂O₃ effectively reduced the catalyst band gap (E_g), favoring the separation rate of electrons and holes, leading to remarkable efficient sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation as compared to the dark-CQDs@γ-Fe₂O₃/PDS and vis-γ-Fe₂O₃/PDS systems. The evolution of dissolved irons also demonstrated that CQDs could accelerate the in-situ reduction of surface-bounded Fe³⁺. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and radical scavenging experiments demonstrated that both OH and SO₄⁻ were generated in the reaction system, while OH was relatively more dominant than SO₄⁻ for SMX degradation. Finally, the reaction mechanism in the vis-CQDs@γ-Fe₂O₃/PDS system was proposed involving an effective and accelerated heterogeneous-homogeneous iron cycle. CQDs would enrich the photo-generated electrons from γ-Fe₂O₃, causing efficient interfacial generation of surface-bond Fe²⁺ and reduction of adsorbed Fe³⁺. This visible light induced iron cycle would eventually lead to effective activation of PDS as well as the efficient degradation of SMX.     

Metal-free activation of H2O2 by g-C3N4 under visible light irradiation for the degradation of organic pollutants

Semiconducting carbon nitride materials were successfully prepared via a thermal poly-condensation of dicyandiamide as a precursor at >500 °C. The resulting materials were investigated as metal-free catalysts for the activation of H(2)O(2) with visible light under mild conditions, using the decomposition of Rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solution as a model reaction. Results revealed that carbon nitride catalysts can activate H(2)O(2) to generate reactive oxy-radicals under visible light irradiation without employment of any metal additives, leading to the mineralization of the dye. Factors affecting the degradation of organic compounds are pH values and the concentration of H(2)O(2). Recycling of the catalyst indicated no obvious deactivation during the entire catalytic reaction, indicating good (photo)chemical stability of metal-free polymeric carbon nitride photocatalysts for environmental purification. This study demonstrated a promising approach for the activation of green oxidant, hydrogen peroxide, by the newly-developed polymer photocatalysts for environmental remediation and oxidation catalysis.     

基于掺Zn氮化碳和BiVO4构建Z型光催化系统实现完全分解水

随着现代工业的迅猛发展和化石燃料的过量使用, 全球范围内能源和环境问题日益严峻, 因此利用丰富的太阳光能分解水来直接制取清洁的氢气具有诱人的应用前景. 目前, 聚合物半导体石墨相氮化碳(g-C3N4)因其廉价、稳定、不含金属组分和独特的电子能带结构已被广泛应用于光解水产氢研究. 然而, 氮化碳具有结晶度差、光生载流子易复合的缺点.众所周知, Z型体系可以很好地减少电子和空穴的复合问题. 同时, 催化剂只需分别满足光解水过程的一端, 这使得半导体光催化剂的选择非常丰富, 可以大大拓宽材料体系. 因此, 将g-C3N4运用到Z型体系中的研究得到了广泛关注. 然而, 这些研究多集中在如何增强g-C3N4的产氢能力方面, 对实现水的完全分解的研究鲜见报道.本实验设计了这样一种Z型体系: 使用掺Zn的g-C3N4作为产氢端, BiVO4作为产氧端, Fe3+/Fe2+作为氧化还原对. 实验结果表明, 该体系可以在全波段下实现水的完全分解(氢氧比为2:1), 并且保持相当高的稳定性.实验所使用的氮化碳为固相法烧结尿素制得, Zn的掺杂采用浸渍法, 同时通过水热法合成BiVO4, 使用Pt作为助催化剂. 通过搭建含有不同组成成分的Z型体系, 将它们的性能和表征结果进行比较分析.通过XRD, UV-Vis, SEM和XPS等测试手段对催化剂进行表征. XRD分析结果表明成功合成了掺杂Zn的石墨相氮化碳. UV-Vis则显示随着Zn浓度的提高, 吸收边发生变化. 通过改变掺杂Zn的浓度, 得到了能够实现完全分解水的Z型体系,其最佳掺杂比例为: ZnCl2和氮化碳的质量比为1:10. 为了排除单催化剂和Pt颗粒对完全分解水性能的影响, 分别作了单独产氢端、单独产氧端、预负载Pt和光沉积Pt的性能测试. 从SEM中没有发现g-C3N4和BiVO4的异质结结构. 这些结果表明所搭建的是典型的利用氧化还原离子对为中间电子传输载体的Z型体系, 经长达12 h的持续测试证明其具有较高的稳定性.为了研究Zn在构建Z型中所起的作用, 分别采用文献中报道的原位和浸渍法实现Zn的掺杂. 对这两种掺杂方式的性能测试表明, 只有采用浸渍法时, 所构建的Z型体系具有完全分解水的能力. 对这两种方法得到的掺Zn氮化碳进行表面化学组成和价态(XPS)的分析. 结果显示, 两种掺杂方法都可以通过形成Zn=N键的形式实现Zn的掺杂, 但浸渍法使Zn在g-C3N4表面分布更均匀, 同时对氮化碳原本三嗪环的破坏较小, 因此具有更好的还原能力, 可以与BiVO4匹配以构成Z型体系.实验通过采用掺杂Zn的氮化碳作为产氢催化剂, BiVO4作为产氧催化剂, Fe3+/Fe2+作为氧化还原中间体, 构建了典型的Z型体系. 该体系在Zn的掺杂浓度为10%时能够实现长时间稳定的完全分解水.     

三元磁性氮化碳复合光催化剂的制备和表征及其在可见光下去除四环素的应用

g-C3N4作为一种新型有机半导体材料,由于其良好的化学稳定性和可直接利用可见光等优点已经引起了人们的广泛关注,近年来已逐渐将其应用于光催化氧化环境污染物等方面.同时在实际应用中因其光能利用率低、难回收、电子-空穴易复合等缺点也受到了限制.研究发现将四氧化三铁与氮化碳相结合,可以有效提高复合催化剂的光催化活性,而且可回收再利用很大程度上降低成本.采用光催化氧化技术处理实际环境污染物废水时,将光催化剂投入到废水中后,环境及水体的温度往往会对催化剂的催化活性产生一定的影响,导致无法实现最佳的光催化处理效果.制备一种催化活性不受外界温度影响的智能光催化材料是当今面临的一项挑战.我们研究制备了一种具有温度响应的磁性复合光催化剂PNIPAM/Fe3O4/g-C3N4,其可根据外界温度的不同而表现出不同的光催化活性.温敏型聚合物PNIPAM是一类结构、性能和形态随温度变化而做出响应的功能材料,将光催化材料与温敏型PNIPAM智能高分子材料相结合,实现了智能催化的效果.PNIPAM温敏聚合物在水溶液中存在一个低临界溶解温度,其可以作为开关,通过改变温度实现对光催化过程的控制,达到过程智能化的效果.随着温度的改变,温敏聚合物的溶解状态在临界点附近会发生变化.不同温度对催化速率影响很大,当温度升高到临界值以上,催化反应速率降低很多;当温度降低到临界值以下,催化活性随之升高.这样不仅随时控制反应的进行,还可以通过改变温度控制反应速率.同时,温敏聚合层又相当于一个保护层,可以增强其抗腐蚀能力,提高对内部光催化材料的保护,进而提高其稳定性.众所周知四环素等抗生素类药物生产废水,属于高浓度有机废水,具有一定的毒性,一般较难处理.我们将制备的PNIPAM/Fe3O4/g-C3N4复合光催化材料用于四环素废水的处理取得了很好的效果.XRD,FT-IR、Raman等表征手段充分证明了我们所制备的三元复合材料PNIPAM/Fe3O4/g-C3N4的组成及各个组分的存在.并对PNIPAM/Fe3O4/g-C3N4复合光催化剂在不同温度(20和45°C)条件下处理四环素废水进行了系统的研究,从20和45℃的吸附曲线结果可以看出,低温时PNIPAM/Fe3O4/g-C3N4的吸附性较强,高温时吸附较差.同时PNIPAM/Fe3O4/g-C3N4低温时具有较高的催化活性,高温时催化活性较低.经过分析可知这种对温度响应的特殊性能与PNIPAM的亲水及疏水性密切相关.另外,通过对PNIPAM/Fe3O4/g-C3N4复合材料的VSM测试及5次循环实验测试可以看出,PNIPAM/Fe3O4/g-C3N4复合材料由于Fe3O4的引入而表现出较好的磁性,且在外加磁铁的作用下很容易实现分离回收.另外,PNIPAM/Fe3O4/g-C3N4在经过5次重复利用后其催化活性几乎没有减退,说明催化剂具有很好的稳定性.另一方面,说明我们的复合光催化剂在工业废水等污染治理方面有一定的潜在应用价值.     

Facile and efficient fabrication of g-C3N4 quantum dots for fluorescent analysis of trace copper(II) in environmental samples

The facile preparation of g-C₃N₄ QDs with high fluorescent performance has become an important direction in the last decade. Herein, we develop a facile, rapid approach to synthesize highly fluorescent QDs based on recrystallization and ultrasonic exfoliation. Size-controllable graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) QDs can be obtained from the precursor of recrystallized dicyandiamide, only 90 min is needed and the size of QDs is adjusted from 5 nm to 200 nm by controlling the ultrasonic time. Moreover, better fluorescent efficiency is also obtained comparing to traditional g-C₃N₄ QDs. The obtained g-C₃N₄ QDs responds to Cu(II) in the 0.5 nmol/L to 30 μmol/L concentration range, with a 0.3 nmol/L detection limit. The method was applied to the determination of Cu(II) in different environmental water samples.     

利用Ni(OH)x助催化剂修饰提高g-C3N4纳米片/WO3纳米棒Z型纳米体系的可见光产氢活性的研究

光催化技术是目前解决能源和环境问题最具前景的手段之一,因此寻找高效光催化剂已成为光催化技术的研究热点.而在众多半导体催化剂中,廉价、环保且性能稳定的g-C3N4光催化剂在太阳光开发利用方面尤其引人关注.然而,由于g-C3N4的比表面小,活性位点少,以及光生电子/空穴对易复合等不足,严重导致其较低的光催化量子效率.因此,构造Z型体系和负载助催化剂等策略被广泛应用于提高g-C3N4光催化效率.在过去几年中,TiO2,Bi2WO6,WO3,Bi2MoO6,Ag3PO4和ZnO已经被成功证实可以与g-C3N4耦合而构造Z型光催化剂体系.其中,WO3/g-C3N4光催化剂体系,具有可见光活性的WO3导带中的光生电子和g-C3N4价带中的光生空穴容易实现Z型复合,从而保留了WO3的强氧化能力和g-C3N4的高还原能力,最终大幅度提高了整个体系的光催化活性.在g-C3N4的各种产氢助催化剂中,由于常用的Pt,Ag和Au等贵金属的高成本和低储量等问题严重限制了它们的实际应用,所以近年来各种非贵金属助催化剂(包括纳米碳,Ni,NiS,Ni(OH)2,WS2和MoS2等)得到了广泛的关注.我们采取廉价且丰富的Ni(OH)x助催化剂修饰g-C3N4/WO3耦合形成的Z型体系,开发出廉价高效的WO3/g-C3N4/Ni(OH)x三元产氢光催化体系.在该三元体系中,Ni(OH)x和WO3分别用于促进g-C3N4导带上光生电子和价带的光生空穴的分离及利用,从而使得高能的g-C3N4的光生电子在Ni(OH)x富集并应用于光催化产氢,而高能的WO3的光生空穴被应用于氧化牺牲剂三乙醇胺,最终实现了整个体系的高效光催化产氢活性及稳定性.我们通过直接焙烧钨酸铵和硫脲制备出WO3纳米棒/g-C3N4,并采用原位光沉积方法将Ni(OH)x纳米颗粒负载到WO3/g-C3N4上.随后,我们采取X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)和比表面和孔径分布等表征手段来研究光催化剂的结构与形貌;采取紫外-可见漫反射表征方法来研究其光学性能;采取荧光光谱,阻抗和瞬态光电流曲线等表征手段来测试光催化剂的电荷分离性能;采取极化曲线和电子自旋共振谱等表征手段来证明光催化机理;采取光催化分解水产氢的性能测试来研究光催化剂的光催化活性与稳定性.XRD,HRTEM和XPS表征结果,表明WO3为有缺陷的正交晶系的晶体,直径为20–40纳米棒且均匀嵌入在g-C3N4纳米片上;Ni(OH)x为Ni(OH)2与Ni的混合物,其Ni(OH)2与Ni的摩尔比为97.4 : 2.6,Ni(OH)x粒径为20–50 nm且均匀分散在g-C3N4纳米片上,WO3/g-C3N4/Ni(OH)x催化剂界面之间结合牢固,其中WO3和Ni(OH)x均匀分布在g-C3N4上.紫外-可见漫反射表征结果表明,随着缺陷WO3的负载量增加,复合体系的吸收边与g-C3N4相比产生明显的红移,而加入Ni(OH)x助催化剂使得催化剂体系的颜色由黄变黑,明显地增加了可见光的吸收.荧光光谱,阻抗和瞬态光电流曲线结果表明,WO3和Ni(OH)x的加入能有效地促进光生电子/空穴的分离.极化曲线结果表明,掺入WO3和Ni(OH)x能降低g-C3N4的析氢过电位,从而提高光催化剂表面的产氢动力学.?O2?和?OH 电子自旋共振谱表明成功形成了WO3/g-C3N4 耦合Z 型体系.光催化分解水产氢的性能测试表明,20%WO3/g-C3N4/4.8%Ni(OH)x产氢效率最高(576 μmol/(g?h)),分别是g-C3N4/4.8%Ni(OH)x,20%WO3/g-C3N4和纯g-C3N4的5.7,10.8和230倍.上述结果充分证明,Ni(OH)x助催化剂修饰和g-C3N4/WO3 Z型异质结产生了极好的协同效应,最终实现了三元体系的极高的光催化产氢活性.     

Hydrogen production and photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4/Co-MOF (ZIF-67) nanocomposite under visible light irradiation

Herein, cobalt (Co)-based metal–organic zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIF-67) coupled with g-C₃N₄ nanosheets synthesized via a simple microwave irradiation method. SEM, TEM and HR-TEM results showed that ZIF-67 were uniformly dispersed on g-C₃N₄ surfaces and had a rhombic dodecahedron shape. The photocatalytic properties of g-C₃N₄/ZIF-67 nanocomposite were evaluated by photocatalytic dye degradation of crystal violet (CV), 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and photocatalytic hydrogen (H₂) production. In presence of visible light illumination, the photocatalytic dye results showed that 95% CV degradation and 53% 4-CP degradation within 80 min. The H₂ production of the g-C₃N₄/ZIF-67 composite was 2084 μmol g⁻¹, which is 3.84 folds greater than that of bare g-C₃N₄ (541 μmol g⁻¹).     

Combination of Ag2CrO4 and AgI semiconductors with g-C3N4: Novel nanocomposites with substantially improved photocatalytic performance under visible light

Novel g-C₃N₄/Ag₂CrO₄/AgI nanocomposites with improved photocatalytic performance under visible light were synthesized by consecutive deposition of Ag₂CrO₄ and AgI semiconductors over g-C₃N₄ sheets by refluxing method. The synthesized g-C₃N₄/Ag₂CrO₄/AgI photocatalysts were fully characterized by XRD, EDX, SEM, TEM, UV–vis DRS, TGA, FT-IR, and PL instruments. Photocatalytic performance of g-C₃N₄/Ag₂CrO₄/AgI (30%) nanocomposite for degradation of RhB was 27.9, 4.0, and 3.1 folds greater than those of the g-C₃N₄, g-C₃N₄/Ag₂CrO₄ (20%), and g-C₃N₄/AgI (30%) photocatalysts, respectively. The substantially increased photocatalytic performance was related to efficient retardation of the charge carriers from recombination and more absorbing of visible light, due to the synergistic effects of Ag₂CrO₄ and AgI on g-C₃N₄. The photocatalytic performance of the ternary nanocomposite did not considerably change after several cycles, indicating that the ternary nanocomposite is stable and it could be reused in successive runs.     

Synergistic improvement of Cr(VI) reduction and RhB degradation using RP/g-C3N4 photocatalyst under visible light irradiation

The RP/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction photocatalyst was fabricated by a facile heat treatment strategy. The obtained composite has excellent light harvesting ability and charge separation performance. Compared to single RP and g-C₃N₄, the 50%-RP/g-C₃N₄ exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity for simultaneously removing Cr(VI) and RhB, and the removal rates can reach 92% and 99% in 25 min, respectively. The enhanced mechanism was revealed by active species capturing experiments, showing that electrons can reduce Cr(VI) and produce O₂^– in air and that holes can directly oxidize the dyes. The coexistence of Cr(VI) and RhB will lead to a synergistic improvement of Cr(VI) reduction and RhB degradation due to rapid surface reactions. This further improves the charge separation except for the heterojunction effect. In addition, the COD analysis demonstrates that organic dyes are mainly degraded into CO₂, H₂O and some intermediates.     

Surface plasmon resonance excited electron induction greatly extends H2 evolution and pollutant degradation activity of g-C3N4 under visible light irradiation

Energy crises and environmental pollution have sparked tremendous research work to handle their impacts. Herein, we fabricated Au/g-C₃N₄ nanocomposites to produce H₂ and degrade 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) under visible light and at different wavelengths. Interestingly, the optimized photocatalyst generated 114 μmol H₂ and degraded 25% 2,4-DCP in 1 hr as compared with 10 μmol H₂ generation and 8% 2,4-DCP degradation by pure g-C₃N₄. This improvement is credited to the extended light absorption and improved charge induction from gold to g-C₃N₄ even at 590 nm as confirmed from photoluminescence, surface photovoltage, and photoelectrochemical study of the samples. Moreover, the surface catalytic property of g-C₃N₄ was much improved after loading a proper amount of gold nanoparticles. We hope that this technique to photosensitize semiconductors with noble metal nanoparticles may provide a feasible way to construct surface plasmon resonance-assisted photocatalysts to cope with energy crises and environmental pollution simultaneously.