浮升力和流动加速对超临界CO2管内流动传热影响

基于单相流体的概念,超临界流体的异常传热行为已经被研究很多年了,但是关于其流动传热机理仍没有统一的认识.本文通过理论分析和实验研究了超临界二氧化碳在竖直管内向上流动过程中,浮升力和流动加速效应对其流动结构和传热过程的影响.结果表明,没有确凿的实验证据表明超临界流体的异常传热行为是浮升力和流动加速直接导致的,存在的估计浮升力和流动加速效应准则均是在常物性流体的基础上,做了大量假设得出的,不同的研究者采用浮升力和流动加速准则分析超临界流体的传热恶化得出的结论不一致.最后,基于拟沸腾理论分析超临界流体的传热恶化过程,提出超临界沸腾数区分了超临界流体正常传热与恶化传热的转换边界,为超临界流体流动传热研究提供新思路,超临界沸腾数对建立用于不同技术的超临界流体动力循环的最佳运行条件具有重要意义.     

基于拟沸腾理论的超临界CO2管内传热恶化量纲分析

超临界流体广泛应用于工程技术领域,其流动传热特性对工程设计具有重要意义,但是,由于超临界流体的物理微观和宏观行为的机理尚不清晰,所以其异常的流动传热特性并未得到很好的解决.普遍认为超临界流体在分子尺度上可分为类气和类液两种不同的特性,直到最近通过实验在宏观上监测到超临界水类液和类气之间的转变,且这一过程与拟沸腾理论一致...     

超临界二氧化碳在突扩管中对流换热的流动特性研究

对流动分岔后的超临界二氧化碳在平面对称突扩管中进行强迫对流换热进行了数值模拟,研究了热流密度在流体发生流动分岔现象后流动特性的影响。计算结果表明:随着热流密度的增加,临界雷诺数和转换雷诺数减小,流动稳定性遭到削弱;对应于相同的雷诺数,由于流动分岔引起的不对称压力分布随着热流密度的增加对应于突扩管上、下半部有不同变化规律,这使得对应回流区的大小分别减小和增大。     

Experimental Investigation of Transient Forced Convection of Liquid Methane in a Channel at High Heat Flux Conditions

Transient heat transfer of liquid methane under forced convection in a 1.8 mm × 1.8 mm asymmetrically heated square channel was investigated. This study is aimed at understanding the heat transfer behavior of cryogenic propellant in cooling channels of a regeneratively cooled rocket engine at the start-up condition. To simulate high heat load conditions representative of regeneratively cooled rocket engines, a high heat flux test facility with cryogenic liquid handing capabilities was developed at the Center for Space Exploration Technology Research. The time history of inlet and outlet fluid temperatures and test section channel wall temperatures were measured at high heat flux conditions (from 1.19 to 3.80 MW/m²) and a Reynolds number (Re) range of 1.88 × 10⁵ to 3.45 × 10⁵. The measured wall temperature data point toward possible film boiling within the test section during certain tests, particularly with higher heat fluxes and lower Reynolds number conditions that resulted in higher wall temperatures. The transient average Nusselt numbers (Nu_L) of the channel obtained from the experimental measurements are lower than those calculated from the Sieder–Tate correlation (Nu_O); however, the ratio (Nu_L/Nu_O) increases with the increase in Reynolds number. The ratio is around 0.25 at the lower end of Re and then increases to 0.7 at the maximum Re studied in the present investigation.     

竖直直管和螺旋管内超临界CO2换热特性对比研究

采用SST k-ω湍流模型对比研究了在q=20.5~40 kW.m^-2,G=205.92~262.51 kg·m^-2·s^-1,p=8~10 MPa边界条件下超临界CO2在加热竖直直管和螺旋管内的换热差异。结果表明,在相同工况下,由于离心力引起的二次流的作用使得螺旋管相比于直管对换热有一定的强化作用,并能有效地抑制换热恶化的发生。但在拟临界点区域螺旋管的换热系数反而低于直管,主要原因是在拟临界点附近物性对换热起主导作用,离心力对管外侧的强化作用有限,而由于离心力和浮升力的弱化作用使内侧会出现显著的局部换热恶化(湍动能被抑制),从而使得截面上平均换热系数低于直管。     

超临界R134a水平圆管内冷却换热模拟研究

采用增强壁面函数的标准k-ε模型对超临界R134a水平圆管内冷却换热进行了模拟研究.分析了管内不同截面上流体温度、速度和湍动能的分布情况及对应关系。研究了质量流量和浮升力对换热系数的影响。结果表明,流体速度随着温度的降低而减小,并且最大速度处对应着最高温度和最小湍动能.换热系数随着质量流量的增加而增大,其峰值出现在准临界温度附近。浮升力在似液体区的影响较大,对流体换热起到增强的效果。     

超临界CO2-丙烷混合物管内传热特性数值研究

采用SST k-w湍流模型对超临界CO₂/丙烷混合工质水平管内的传热特性进行数值模拟研究。管径d=4 mm,加热段L₂=800 mm;混合工质浓度配比为100/0、95/5、90/10、85/15、80/20、75/25;质量流速为150～250 kg·m^?2·s^?1;热流密度为30～40 kW·m^?2,入口温度293 K,入口压力7.5～30 MPa。随着丙烷浓度的增加,CO₂/丙烷二元混合工质的临界压力降低,临界温度升高,丙烷浓度从5%增加到25%,换热系数峰值降低6.19%～31.45%,但增加丙烷浓度可提高拟临界温度后的换热效果。P=7.5～8.5 MPa,换热系数有明显峰值;P=20～30 MPa,换热系数变化规律无明显峰值,并随压力的升高而减小。混合工质的换热系数随质量流速的增大而增大。同一流体温度所对应的换热系数,随着热流密度的增加而减小。     

圆管内自由固体相变材料定热流接触熔化

针对水平圆管内自由固体相变材料储能时的吸热熔化,运用接触熔化理论建立定热流圆管热源接触熔化模型.运用Nusselt液膜理论,建立熔化控制方程,并求解得到无量纲熔化方程组.分析讨论不同工况下熔化速度、液膜层厚度和压力分布等熔化参数的变化规律,探讨各影响因素对熔化的影响,并与温差熔化结果进行比较,研究第二类热边界条件下的接触熔化规律.发现,熔化过程中随着固体高度的减小,接触熔化液膜厚度逐渐增大,使熔化速度降低;热流密度较小时,其变化对熔化影响显著.     

超临界CO2-丙烷混合物管内传热特性数值研究

采用SST k-w湍流模型对超临界CO₂/丙烷混合工质水平管内的传热特性进行数值模拟研究。管径d=4 mm,加热段L₂=800 mm;混合工质浓度配比为100/0、95/5、90/10、85/15、80/20、75/25;质量流速为150～250 kg·m^?2·s^?1;热流密度为30～40 kW·m^?2,入口温度293 K,入口压力7.5～30 MPa。随着丙烷浓度的增加,CO₂/丙烷二元混合工质的临界压力降低,临界温度升高,丙烷浓度从5%增加到25%,换热系数峰值降低6.19%～31.45%,但增加丙烷浓度可提高拟临界温度后的换热效果。P=7.5～8.5 MPa,换热系数有明显峰值;P=20～30 MPa,换热系数变化规律无明显峰值,并随压力的升高而减小。混合工质的换热系数随质量流速的增大而增大。同一流体温度所对应的换热系数,随着热流密度的增加而减小。     

Theoretical and Experimental Heat and Mass Transfer Analysis for a Falling Film Outside a Grooved Tube

The heat and mass transfer from a grooved tube is investigated experimentally for a falling-film flow. The experiments are conducted on a helical trapezoidal grooved tube at three temperatures of the feeding water: 30°C, 35°C, and 40°C. The Reynolds number (Re) of the air ranges between 1,500 and 3,500. Nusselt number (Nu) is expressed as a function of the Prandtl number (Pr), Re for air (Re_a), Re for water (Re_w); Sherwood number (Sh) is expressed as a function of the Schmidt number (Sc), Re_a, and Re_w, and the correlation coefficients are determined.     

煤颗粒热解的传热传质分析

采用分布活化能模型及能量守恒方程对煤颗粒热解的传热传质过程建立数学模型,模型考虑煤热解的吸热效应及挥发分逸出时对流换热的影响.与有关煤粉和大颗粒煤热解的实验数据对比,对模型进行验证.针对煤颗粒的温度变化过程和煤热解过程进行数值分析,研究煤热解的吸热效应、挥发分气体逸出的对流效应、颗粒尺寸等参数的影响.     

中空纤维膜换热器传热传质性能的实验研究

中空纤维膜换热器可同时实现传质传热, 该换热器可应用于吸收式制冷系统以改善制冷性能. 为探究该膜换热器在溴化锂吸收式制冷系统的运行工况下的传热传质特性, 搭建中空纤维膜换热器性能测试实验台, 采用控制变量法探究在热侧不同入口溶液流速、温度下该换热器的传热量及膜通量变化规律特性. 结果表明: 在热流体其它参数保持不变的情况下, 中空纤维膜换热器热侧溶液的入口流速由3.05 m/s 增至3.30 m/s 时, 换热器总传热量与膜通量均随之加大, 增幅分别为16.0%和2.2%; 该膜换热器的总传热量在冷侧溶液与热侧溶液入口温差10°C 至15°C 内, 增幅达到18.9%, 而膜通量受膜两侧溶液的入口温差变化影响较小, 增幅仅3.1%. 研究表示: 温度的变化对中空纤维膜换热器的传热传质性能影响更为显著, 而流速的变化对水分子的运动影响较小.     

An Experimental Study on Heat Transfer Coefficients of a CO2-Filled Thermosyphon

Abstract

Because carbon dioxide is ozone friendly and has negligible global warming potential, it has received renewed interest in recent years as an important alternative refrigerant. In this article, the heat transfer characteristics of a carbon dioxide-filled two-phase closed thermosyphon were investigated experimentally, and the empirical heat transfer correlations are reported. The heat transfer data were analyzed, and heat transfer coefficients were compared with conventional heat transfer correlations. The results represent that heat transfer correlation of the heated section can be expressed with Kutatelatze's correlation, and heat transfer coefficients of the condenser section are found to be in reasonable agreement with the Nusselt equation.     

高温及超高温热管的启动特性和传热极限

根据局部高温、高热流加热等特殊场合的需求,设计、加工了钠高温热管及锂超高温热管,并对热管的启动和极限特性进行了研究。高温及超高温热管能够顺利启动,但启动时应注意可能到来的声速传热极限。端部加热启动时,端部附近管体部分会形成一段等效的加热段,可以将工质从启动时的固体状态到全部熔化形成相变传热及流动循环的时间确定为启动时间。热管的传热极限特性表明,超高温热管应工作在更高的温度和更大的热流密度。热管的结构和工艺优化有利于启动和运行。     

Convective Heat Transfer of a Cu/Water Nanofluid Flowing Through a Circular Tube

Abstract

Fluids in which nanometer-sized solid particles are suspended are called nanofluids. These fluids can be employed to increase the heat transfer rate in various applications. In this study, the convective heat transfer for Cu/water nanofluid through a circular tube was experimentally investigated. The flow was laminar, and constant wall temperature was used as thermal boundary condition. The Nusselt number of nanofluids for different nanoparticle concentrations, as well as various Peclet numbers, was obtained. Also, the rheological properties of the nanofluid for different volume fractions of nanoparticles were measured and compared with theoretical models. The results show that the heat transfer coefficient is enhanced by increasing the nanoparticle concentrations as well as the Peclet number.     

超临界CO2-DME混合物竖直圆管内传热特性数值研究

本文采用RNG k-ε湍流模型对超临界CO₂/DME(二甲醚)二元混合工质在竖直圆管内的传热特性进行了数值模拟研究。管径4 mm,管长为1000 mm;CO₂/DME浓度配比分别为97/3、95/5、92/8、90/10、85/15、以及70/30;质量流速为125～200 kg·m^-2.s^-1;热流密度为15～30 kW.m^-2,入口温度295～308 K,入口压力8～15 MPa。不同浓度配比的混合工质在各自临界压力下应用时,随着DME浓度的增加,换热系数的峰值逐渐减低,但在温度大于310 K时混合工质的换热系数会高于纯CO₂。压力相同时,随着DME浓度的增大,拟临界温度升高,换热系数峰值点也随之向温度升高的方向移动。混合工质的换热系数随质量流速的增大而增大。在拟临界点前,增大热流密度及降低压力对管内传热有利,而在拟临界点之后,换热系数随热流密度的升高以及压力的降低而降低。     

Heat Transfer and Pressure Drop Characteristics in Turbulent Flow Through a Tube

An experimental investigation has been carried out for turbulent flow through a tube with perforated strip inserts. Strips were of mild steels with circular holes of different diameters. Flow varies, with ranging Reynolds numbers from 15,000 to 47,000. Air velocity, tube wall temperatures, and pressure drops were measured for a plain and strip-inserted tube. The heat transfer coefficient and friction factor were found to be 2.80 times and 1.8 times, respectively, that of the plain tube. The heat transfer performance was evaluated and found to be 2.3 times that of the plain tube based on constant blower power.     

含不同形状内热源的圆管内纳米流体自然对流及换热数值研究

采用格子玻尔兹曼方法对有三种恒温热源(圆形、三角形、方形)参与的圆管内纳米流体(铜-水)自然对流进行数值研究.主要研究瑞利(Ra)数,纳米颗粒体积分数以及热源几何形状等控制参数对纳米流体的流动与传热的影响.结果发现纳米颗粒体积分数的增加有利于强化传热,且在Ra数较小时,平均努塞尔(Nu)数增加的幅度要优于Ra数较大的情...     

内置螺旋片的强化传热管的数值模拟研究

本文采用数值计算的方法,以水为流动介质,对内置螺旋片的强化传热管进行流动与传热特性的分析.结果表明,在管内插入螺旋片可以有效提高换热与流动的综合性能,雷诺数Re在300O～12000之间时,其PEC值在1.60～2.40之间.     

Heat Transfer Characteristics for Condensation of R134a in a Vertical Smooth Tube

In this study, condensation of pure refrigerant R134a vapor inside a smooth vertical tube was experimentally investigated. The test section was made of a copper tube with inside diameter of 7.52 mm and length of 1 m. Experimental tests were conducted for mass fluxes in the range of 20–175 kg/m²s with saturation pressure ranging between 5.8 and 7 bar. The effects of mass flux, saturation pressure, and temperature difference between the refrigerant and tube inner wall (ΔT) on the heat transfer performance were analyzed through experimental data. Obtained results showed that average condensation heat transfer coefficient decreases with increasing saturation pressure or temperature difference (ΔT). In addition, for the same temperature difference (ΔT), heat can be removed from the refrigerant at a higher rate at relatively low pressure values. Under the same operating conditions, it was shown that average condensation heat transfer coefficient increases as mass flux increases. Finally, the most widely used heat transfer coefficient correlations for condensation inside smooth tubes were analyzed through the experimental data. The best fit was obtained with Akers et al.'s (1959) correlation with an absolute mean deviation of 22.6%.