Bosonic and Fermionic Entropy of (2 1)-Dimensional Charged Black Hole

From resolving Klein-Gordon equation and Dirac equation in (2 1)-dimensional charged black hole spacetime and using ‘t Hooft‘s boundary condition and “quasi-periodic“ boundary condition in the thin film brick wall model of black hole, which is introduced by LIU Weng-Biao and ZHAO Zheng, we obtain the bosonic and fermionic entropy of (2 1)-dimensional charged black hole, and find that the bosonic entropy is three times of fermionic entropy.     

中能重离子反应中对称势对熵的影响

基于同位旋相关的量子分子动力学模型,研究了对称势、束流能量、对称能强度系数对中能重离子碰撞反应系统的熵的影响。研究发现,对称势对熵有一定影响,且对熵的影响大小与反应系统中质比有关。另外发现在40Ca+40Ca和40Si+40Si反应系统中对称能强度系数对熵也有影响,当对称能强度系数c=32 MeV时,对这两个系统来说其对熵的影响最大。通过实验上对熵的测量可以得到对称势的形式和大小。Based on the isospin-dependent quantum molecular dynamics model,effects of the symmetry potential,incident beam energy and different symmetry energy strength coefficients on the entropy of reaction system are studied.The results show that the symmetry potential affects the entropy,and the effect changes with the neutron-proton ratio of the reaction system.Besides,in 40Ca+40Ca and 40Si+40Sireaction systems,the symmetry energy strength coefficient also has effect on the entropy when the symmetry energy strength coefficient c=32 MeV,the effect on the entropy is largest for the two systems.Therefore the form and size of symmetry potential could be obtained by comparison of the model calculation and the experiments on the measurement of entropy.     

A New Formulation of the Maximum Entropy Formalism to Model Liquid Spray Drop‐Size Distribution

Considering the differences and disagreements involving the previous application of the Maximum Entropy Formalism to modeling the drop‐size distribution of liquid sprays, a new formulation is suggested. The constraints introduced in this formulation are based on characteristic features common to any liquid atomization process, i. e., the production of large and small drops is always limited. These limitations are a consequence of the action of both destabilizing and stabilizing forces such as aerodynamic and surface tension forces, respectively. The solution resulting from this approach, which makes use of statistical mechanics, is a three‐parameter Generalized Gamma Distribution, which can treat any type of distribution. It is shown that this solution is identical to a Nukiyama‐Tanasawa distribution that should no longer be regarded as an empirical distribution. Although this new formulation clearly answers the question concerning the amount of information required to describe a spray drop‐size distribution, it raises the problem of the mathematical form to be given to this information, and is discussed here.     

Effect of Magnetic Field on Internal Energy and Entropy of a Parabolic Cylindrical Quantum Dot

In the present work, the entropy and internal energy of a GaAs cylindrical quantum dot in the presence of an applied magnetic field is studied. For this purpose, the Tsallis formalism is applied to obtain internal energy and entropy. It is found that entropy and internal energy are continuous function and they are zero at special temperatures. Entropy maximum increases with increasing dot radius. Internal energy increases by increasing magnetic field.     

Medical Image Authentication Method Based on the Wavelet Packet and Energy Entropy

The transmission of digital medical information is affected by data compression, noise, scaling, labeling, and other factors. At the same time, medical data may be illegally copied and maliciously tampered with without authorization. Therefore, the copyright protection and integrity authentication of medical information are worthy of attention. In this paper, based on the wavelet packet and energy entropy, a new method of medical image authentication is designed. The proposed method uses the sliding window to measure the energy of the detail information. In the time–frequency data distribution, the local details of the data are mined. The complexity of energy is quantitatively described to highlight the valuable information. Based on the energy weight, the local energy entropy is constructed and normalized. The adjusted entropy value is used as the feature vector of the authentication information. A series of experiments show that the authentication method has good robustness against shearing attacks, median filtering, contrast enhancement, brightness enhancement, salt-and-pepper noise, Gaussian noise, multiplicative noise, image rotation, scaling attacks, sharpening, JPEG compression, and other attacks.     

Numerical Study on Entropy Generation of the Multi-Stage Centrifugal Pump

The energy loss of the multi-stage centrifugal pump was investigated by numerical analysis using the entropy generation method with the RNG k-ε turbulence model. Entropy generation due to time-averaged motion and velocity fluctuation was mainly considered. It was found that the entropy generation of guide vanes and impellers account for 71.2% and 23.3% of the total entropy generation under the designed flow condition. The guide vanes are the main hydraulic loss domains and their entropy generation is about 9 W/K, followed by impellers. There are vortices at the tongue of the guide vane inlet as well as flow separations in the impellers, which lead to entropy generation. The fluid impacts the outer surface of the guide vanes, resulting in the increase in entropy generation. There are refluxes near the guide vane tongues which also increase the entropy generation of this part. The entropy generation distribution of the guide vanes and impellers was investigated, which found that the positive guide vane has more entropy generation compared with the reverse guide. The entropy generation of the blade suction surface is higher compared with the pressure surface. This study indicated that the entropy generation method has distinct advantages in the assessment of hydraulic loss.     

A Novel Blind Signal Detector Based on the Entropy of the Power Spectrum Subband Energy Ratio

In this paper, we present a novel blind signal detector based on the entropy of the power spectrum subband energy ratio (PSER), the detection performance of which is significantly better than that of the classical energy detector. This detector is a full power spectrum detection method, and does not require the noise variance or prior information about the signal to be detected. According to the analysis of the statistical characteristics of the power spectrum subband energy ratio, this paper proposes concepts such as interval probability, interval entropy, sample entropy, joint interval entropy, PSER entropy, and sample entropy variance. Based on the multinomial distribution, in this paper the formulas for calculating the PSER entropy and the variance of sample entropy in the case of pure noise are derived. Based on the mixture multinomial distribution, the formulas for calculating the PSER entropy and the variance of sample entropy in the case of the signals mixed with noise are also derived. Under the constant false alarm strategy, the detector based on the entropy of the power spectrum subband energy ratio is derived. The experimental results for the primary signal detection are consistent with the theoretical calculation results, which proves that the detection method is correct.     

Application of the Maximum Entropy Formalism on Sprays Produced by Ultrasonic Atomizers

A recent application of the Maximum Entropy Formalism on liquid atomization problems led to the development of a mathematical volume‐based drop‐size distribution. This function, which depends on three parameters, is a reduction of the four‐parameter generalized Gamma function. The aim of the present work is to investigate the relevance of the three parameters in the characterization of liquid atomization processes. To achieve this, a variety of experimental drop‐size distributions of ultrasonic sprays were analyzed with the mathematical function. Firstly, it is found that the mathematical drop‐size distribution is very suitable to represent the volume‐based drop‐size distribution of ultrasonic sprays. Furthermore, it is seen that when considering the three parameters introduced by the function, one of them is constant for all the situations investigated, and the other two are linked to a non‐dimensional group that includes the main parameters controlling the drop production. These results are very important, since they suggest a possible development of physical models of primary atomization based on the M.E.F., which would allow for the prediction of the spray drop‐size distribution. Thusfar, such a model does not exist.     

基于小波能量和光斑尺寸的干扰图像尺度分析

介绍了激光干扰对CCD成像系统的影响,从影响光电成像系统目标检测性能的角度阐述了激光干扰图像与背景杂波的相似性.针对激光干扰图像的频率特性,利用小波分析在图像处理中的优势,结合机器视觉中背景杂波的量化尺度,提出了基于小波能量和光斑尺寸的综合图像尺度.对典型激光干扰图像的小波分析显示,随着激光干扰功率的增大,干扰图像中的低频分量和高频分量会同时增加,图像中的光斑可被看作是低频分量,光斑周围“斑驳状”的散斑是高频分量,类似于盐噪音.激光视场内干扰实验及数值计算表明:激光干扰会降低Otsu算法分割准确度,增加相关检测虚警概率,该尺度将干扰图像的高频分量和低频分量结合起来,同时克服了单一光斑尺度和小波能量尺度的局限性,能够较好地评估视场内激光干扰CCD成像系统的效果.     

The Law of Entropy Increase and the Meissner Effect

The law of entropy increase postulates the existence of irreversible processes in physics: the total entropy of an isolated system can increase, but cannot decrease. The annihilation of an electric current in normal metal with the generation of Joule heat because of a non-zero resistance is a well-known example of an irreversible process. The persistent current, an undamped electric current observed in a superconductor, annihilates after the transition into the normal state. Therefore, this transition was considered as an irreversible thermodynamic process before 1933. However, if this transition is irreversible, then the Meissner effect discovered in 1933 is experimental evidence of a process reverse to the irreversible process. Belief in the law of entropy increase forced physicists to change their understanding of the superconducting transition, which is considered a phase transition after 1933. This change has resulted to the internal inconsistency of the conventional theory of superconductivity, which is created within the framework of reversible thermodynamics, but predicts Joule heating. The persistent current annihilates after the transition into the normal state with the generation of Joule heat and reappears during the return to the superconducting state according to this theory and contrary to the law of entropy increase. The success of the conventional theory of superconductivity forces us to consider the validity of belief in the law of entropy increase.     

The thermodynamic functions of ferroelectric and paraelectric SbSI

A first-principle method is used to calculate phonon density of states, Helmholtz free energy, internal energy, and entropy for ferroelectric and paraelectric SbSI. Theoretical phase transition temperature was obtained using the difference of the Helmholtz free energy, internal energy, and entropy term between ferroelectric and paraelectric phases on temperature. The obtained value is in reasonable agreement with the experimental second-order phase transition temperature T_c2 = 233 K.     

Quantitative Identification of Internal and External Wire Rope Damage Based on VMD-AWT Noise Reduction and PSO-SVM

As a common load-bearing component, mining wire rope produces different types of damage during a long period of operation, especially in the case of damage inside the wire rope, which cannot be identified by the naked eye, and it is difficult to accurately detect such damage using the present technology. In this study we designed a non-destructive testing device based on leakage magnetism, which can effectively detect the internal defects of wire rope damage, and carried out simulation analysis to lay a theoretical foundation for the subsequent experiments. To address the noise reduction problem in the design process, a variational mode decomposition–adaptive wavelet thresholding noise reduction method is proposed, which can improve the signal-to-noise ratio and also calculate the wavelet energy entropy in the reconstructed signal to construct multi-dimensional feature vectors. For the quantitative identification of system damage, a particle swarm optimization–support vector machine algorithm is proposed. Moreover, based on the signal following the noise reduction step, seven different feature vectors, namely, the waveform area, peak value, peak-valley value, wavelet energy entropy classification, and identification of internal and external damage defects, have been determined. The results show that the device can be used to effectively identify internal damage defects. In addition, the comparative analysis showed that the algorithm can reduce the system noise and effectively identify internal and external damage defects with a certain superiority.     

Numerical Investigation into the Development Performance of Gas Hydrate by Depressurization Based on Heat Transfer and Entropy Generation Analyses

The purpose of this study is to analyze the dynamic properties of gas hydrate development from a large hydrate simulator through numerical simulation. A mathematical model of heat transfer and entropy production of methane hydrate dissociation by depressurization has been established, and the change behaviors of various heat flows and entropy generations have been evaluated. Simulation results show that most of the heat supplied from outside is assimilated by methane hydrate. The energy loss caused by the fluid production is insignificant in comparison to the heat assimilation of the hydrate reservoir. The entropy generation of gas hydrate can be considered as the entropy flow from the ambient environment to the hydrate particles, and it is favorable from the perspective of efficient hydrate exploitation. On the contrary, the undesirable entropy generations of water, gas and quartz sand are induced by the irreversible heat conduction and thermal convection under notable temperature gradient in the deposit. Although lower production pressure will lead to larger entropy production of the whole system, the irreversible energy loss is always extremely limited when compared with the amount of thermal energy utilized by methane hydrate. The production pressure should be set as low as possible for the purpose of enhancing exploitation efficiency, as the entropy production rate is not sensitive to the energy recovery rate under depressurization.     

Influence of Food Restriction and Compensatory Growth on Protein Synthesis and Breakdown in Growing Rats

The experiment was carried out with 24 male albino rats (5 weeks old, live weight 79 ± 5.1 g) divided into 2 groups. Gr. 1 (control group) was fed the commercial breeding food Ssniff with 22.4% crude protein ad lib., Gr. 2 (test group) for the first fortnight a mixture of the breeding food/cellulose 60/40 (restriction period) and subsequently for the second fortnight (compensatory period) also the breeding food ad lib. During both of these periods an 8 day N balance trial and a 4 day ¹⁵N tracer trial were included for estimation of growth rate and protein synthesis rate. Protein synthesis was ascertained by the endproduct method (oral application, single dose, mixture of 12 ¹⁵N-labelled amino acids); protein breakdown was calculated as the difference of protein synthesis rate and growth rate. The estimated rates were converted into fractional ones by referring to the body N content of corresponding animals. From the results of this experiment is concluded: The smaller N balance during moderate nutritional restriction can be attributed to a decrease of protein synthesis. The compensatory growth of the animals during the realimentation period is caused by an increase of protein synthesis and the enhanced protein conversion. Protein degradation is nearly unaffected.     

PTR系统空间分辨率受光斑尺寸影响的理论和实验研究

给出光热辐射测量（ＰＴＲ）系统空间分辨率的定义。研究了入射光光斑尺寸对空间分辨率的影响，理论分析及实验研究表明，聚焦后的入射光能大大提高系统的空间分辨率。     

Partitioning Entropy with Action Mechanics: Predicting Chemical Reaction Rates and Gaseous Equilibria of Reactions of Hydrogen from Molecular Properties

Our intention is to provide easy methods for estimating entropy and chemical potentials for gas phase reactions. Clausius’ virial theorem set a basis for relating kinetic energy in a body of independent material particles to its potential energy, pointing to their complementary role with respect to the second law of maximum entropy. Based on this partitioning of thermal energy as sensible heat and also as a latent heat or field potential energy, in action mechanics we express the entropy of ideal gases as a capacity factor for enthalpy plus the configurational work to sustain the relative translational, rotational, and vibrational action. This yields algorithms for estimating chemical reaction rates and positions of equilibrium. All properties of state including entropy, work potential as Helmholtz and Gibbs energies, and activated transition state reaction rates can be estimated, using easily accessible molecular properties, such as atomic weights, bond lengths, moments of inertia, and vibrational frequencies. We conclude that the large molecular size of many enzymes may catalyze reaction rates because of their large radial inertia as colloidal particles, maximising action states by impulsive collisions. Understanding how Clausius’ virial theorem justifies partitioning between thermal and statistical properties of entropy, yielding a more complete view of the second law’s evolutionary nature and the principle of maximum entropy. The ease of performing these operations is illustrated with three important chemical gas phase reactions: the reversible dissociation of hydrogen molecules, lysis of water to hydrogen and oxygen, and the reversible formation of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen. Employing the ergal also introduced by Clausius to define the reversible internal work overcoming molecular interactions plus the configurational work of change in Gibbs energy, often neglected; this may provide a practical guide for managing industrial processes and risk in climate change at the global scale. The concepts developed should also have value as novel methods for the instruction of senior students.     

Conservation of Energy,Entropy Identity,and Local Stability for the Spatially Homogeneous Boltzmann Equation

For nonsoft potential collision kernels with angular cutoff, we prove that under the initial condition f ₀(v)(1+|v|²+|logf ₀(v)|)L ¹(R ³), the classical formal entropy identity holds for all nonnegative solutions of the spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation in the class L ([0, ); L ¹ ₂(R ³))C ¹([0, ); L ¹(R ³)) [where L ¹ _s (R ³)={ff(v)(1+|v|²) ^s/2L ¹(R ³)}], and in this class, the nonincrease of energy always implies the conservation of energy and therefore the solutions obtained all conserve energy. Moreover, for hard potentials and the hard-sphere model, a local stability result for conservative solutions (i.e., satisfying the conservation of mass, momentum, and energy) is obtained. As an application of the local stability, a sufficient and necessary condition on the initial data f ₀ such that the conservative solutions f belong to L ¹ _loc([0, ); L ¹ ₂₊ (R ³)) is also given.     

纳米二氧化钛的量子尺寸效应及掺杂氧化锡对其光吸收的影响

采用溶胶 -凝胶法制备了量子尺寸的纳米氧化钛和锡掺杂的纳米氧化钛 ,经过不同温度的热处理得到不同尺寸的粉末样品 .通过X射线衍射 (XRD)和电子衍射 (ED)表征了不同样品的物相组成和粒径 (3～ 12nm) ,通过反射谱 (RS)深入研究了纳米氧化钛的量子尺寸效应及掺杂氧化锡对于纳米氧化钛光吸收性质的影响 .实验结果表明纳米氧化钛有明显的光吸收量子尺寸效应 ,掺杂氧化锡促进了二氧化钛的锐钛矿向金红石相的转变 ,降低了相变起始温度 .由于相变和尺寸变化两方面相反的作用 ,掺杂氧化锡对于二氧化钛光吸收边的位移影响不大