Dictatorship from majority rule voting

Majority rule voting in a multi-level system is studied using tools from the physics of disorder. We are not dealing with nation-wide general elections but rather with hierarchical organisations made of small committees. While in theory, for a two candidate election, the critical threshold to absolute power is , the usual existence of some local and reasonable bias makes it asymmetric, transforming a democratic system in effect to a dictatorship. The underlying dynamics of this democratic self-elimination is studied using a simulation which visualizes the full process. In addition the effect of non-voting persons (abstention, sickness, apathy) is also studied. It is found to have an additional drastic effect on the asymmetry of the threshold value to power. Some possible applications are mentioned. Received 21 July 2000     

Community structure and ethnic preferences in school friendship networks

Recently developed concepts and techniques of analyzing complex systems provide new insight into the structure of social networks. Uncovering recurrent preferences and organizational principles in such networks is a key issue to characterize them. We investigate school friendship networks from the Add Health database. Applying threshold analysis, we find that the friendship networks do not form a single connected component through mutual strong nominations within a school, while under weaker conditions such interconnectedness is present. We extract the networks of overlapping communities at the schools (c-networks) and find that they are scale free and disassortative in contrast to the direct friendship networks, which have an exponential degree distribution and are assortative. Based on the network analysis we study the ethnic preferences in friendship selection. The clique percolation method we use reveals that when in minority, the students tend to build more densely interconnected groups of friends. We also find an asymmetry in the behavior of black minorities in a white majority as compared to that of white minorities in a black majority.     

Minority persistence in agent based model using information and emotional arousal as control variables

We present detailed analysis of the behavior of an agent based model of opinion formation, using a discrete variant of cusp catastrophe behavior of single agents. The agent opinion about a particular issue is determined by its information about the issue and its emotional arousal. It is possible that for agitated agents the same information would lead to different opinions. This results in a nontrivial individual opinion dynamics. The agents communicate via messages, which allows direct application of the model to ICT based communities. We study the dependence of the composition of an agent society on the range of interactions and the rate of emotional arousal. Despite the minimal number of adjustable parameters, the model reproduces several phenomena observed in real societies, for example nearly perfectly balanced results of some highly contested elections or the fact that minorities seldom perceive themselves to be a minority.     

民族高校物理实验教学中虚拟仿真实验研究与实践

大连民族大学隶属于国家民族事务委员会,是以工科和应用学科为主要特色的综合性民族高等学校。因此,不论是教学模式,还是教学方法,都要从实际出发充分考虑民族高等教育的特点。文章以大学物理实验教学中心为依托,针对我校大学物理实验教学模式中存在的问题,引入虚拟仿真实验教学平台,分析了虚拟仿真实验的特点和优势,探讨了虚拟仿真实验在大学物理实验教学中发挥的作用。实物实验与虚拟实验相结合的教学模式是未来民族高校大学物理实验教学的新方向。     

A Toom rule that increases the thickness of sets

Toom's north-east-self voting cellular automaton ruleR is known to suppress small minorities. A variant,R ⁺, is also known to turn an arbitrary initial configuration into a homogeneous one (without changing the ones that were homogeneous to start with). Here it is shown thatR ⁺ always increases a certain property of sets called thickness. This result is intended as a step toward a proof of the fast convergence toward consensus underR ⁺. The latter is observable experimentally, even in the presence of some noise.     

半导体断路开关输出预脉冲的产生机理及其参数影响规律

半导体断路开关的输出电压中的预脉冲现象,严重影响了整个系统的输出脉冲前沿陡度和重复频率。针对半导体断路开关在反向截断过程中预脉冲产生的过程和机理进行了研究。利用Silvaco Atlas仿真软件对半导体断路开关正反向泵浦过程中载流子的迁移和电场的变化过程进行了详细考察,发现预脉冲的产生是由双边截断过程中N-N+结截断所引起的脉冲前沿变缓现象,其长短主要取决于P型轻掺杂区内的少子电子的迁移率,而脉冲前沿的陡度则取决于双边截断过程中的PN结截断过程。同时,对具有不同基区长度的器件,对其在不同泵浦电流密度下的情况进行了模拟和对比,发现器件基区越窄,脉冲前沿越陡,而预脉冲基本相等;低电流密度条件下只发生N-N+结单边截断,大电流密度条件下则发生双边截断,而双边截断的延迟更长,但脉冲前沿拐点更陡,截断更快。     

Decline of minorities in stubborn societies

Opinion compromise models can give insight into how groups of individuals may either come to form consensus or clusters of opinion groups, corresponding to parties. We consider models where randomly selected individuals interact pairwise. If the opinions of the interacting agents are not within a certain confidence threshold, the agents retain their own point of view. Otherwise, they constructively dialogue and smooth their opinions. Persuasible agents are inclined to compromise with interacting individuals. Stubborn individuals slightly modify their opinion during the interaction. Collective states for persuasible societies include extremist minorities, which instead decline in stubborn societies. We derive a mean field approximation for the compromise model in stubborn populations. Bifurcation and clustering analysis of this model compares favorably with Monte Carlo analysis found in the literature.     

关于半导体漂移三极管在饱和区工作时的储存时间问题

半导体三极管在饱和区工作时,其等效电路可以用一个三极管及一个由集电极及基极构成的二极管联成的电路表示出来,其中三极管在有源区工作,而二极管在正向偏压下工作。这样的等效电路具有比较明显的物理意义。利用这个电路来求漂移管在一个共基极电路中脉冲工作下的储存时间。解出非平衡少数载流子的连续性方程,求出二极管p-n结附近非平衡少数载流子密度的稳定态分量及暂态分量,从而得到决定储存时间的方程。计算结果表明,储存时间与基极区域及集电极区域中非平衡载流子的寿命及表面复合速度有关。减少寿命及增加表面复合速度就可以减少储存时间。     

电子辐照硅层中缺陷能级的研究

用12MeV电子辐照硅p⁺n结,在硅中除引入氧空位E₁(E_c-0.19eV),双空位E₂(E_c-0.24eV)和E₄(E_c-0.44eV)外,还引入缺陷E₃(E_c-0.37eV)。用DLTS方法和反向恢复时间测量研究了这些能级的退火行为,可以看到,E₃的退火温度最高(≈520℃)。由退火特 关键词：     

伪随机序列投影三维测量中的快速子序列匹配

提出了一种适用于伪随机序列投影三维测量技术的子序列匹配快速算法.首先根据源序列的内容及子串长度构造由多层子表组成的表格;然后根据子序列的内容,从首字符开始从左到右,依次从首层表格开始向下查找;最后得到子序列在源序列中的位置.即根据首字符在首层表格中查到对应的第二层表格地址,再在第二层表格中根据第二个字符,查找第三层表格地址.以此类推,查出最后一层表格的地址.在最后一层表格中,根据末字符查找到该子序列在源序列中的位置.给出了理论分析并进行了实验验证,结果表明,在目前主流的计算机上,对于典型场景采用查表法的子序列匹配速度较常用算法快60倍以上.     

Comparative study of sub-micrometer polymeric structures: Dot-arrays, linear and crossed gratings generated by UV laser based two-beam interference, as surfaces for SPR and AFM based bio-sensing

Two-dimensional gratings are generated on poly-carbonate films spin-coated onto thin gold-silver bimetallic layers by two-beam interference method. Sub-micrometer periodic polymer dots and stripes are produced illuminating the poly-carbonate surface by p- and s-polarized beams of a frequency quadrupled Nd:YAG laser, and crossed gratings are generated by rotating the substrates between two sequential treatments. It is shown by pulsed force mode atomic force microscopy that the mean value of the adhesion is enhanced on the dot-arrays and on the crossed gratings. The grating-coupling on the two-dimensional structures results in double peaks on the angle dependent resonance curves of the surface plasmons excited by frequency doubled Nd:YAG laser. The comparison of the resonance curves proves that a surface profile ensuring minimal undirected scattering is required to optimize the grating-coupling, in addition to the minimal modulation amplitude, and to the optimal azimuthal orientation. The secondary minima are the narrowest in presence of linear gratings on multi-layers having optimized composition, and on crossed structures consisting of appropriately oriented polymer stripes. The large coupling efficiency and adhesion result in high detection sensitivity on the crossed gratings. Bio-sensing is realized by monitoring the rotated-crossed grating-coupled surface plasmon resonance curves, and detecting the chemical heterogeneity by tapping-mode atomic force microscopy. The interaction of Amyloid-β peptide, a pathogenetic factor in Alzheimer disease, with therapeutical molecules is demonstrated.     

利用激光光梯度力消除气溶胶雾霾粒子的机理研究

针对气溶胶雾霾粒子在大气流中所受力的平衡体系(旋转升力平衡重力, 粒子与粒子之间依靠斥力形成稳定的网状的力平衡体系)的问题, 提出了用激光光梯度力破坏力平衡进而消除雾霾的新机理. 首先, 根据牛顿第二定理, 得到了粒子所受力的非线性方程组, 应用Runge-Kutta 法积分求解了雾霾颗粒在大气流中所受的主要力(空气曳引阻力、范德瓦耳斯斥力、旋转升力)的数值, 成功验证了西安市2013年12月17-25日、2014年2月20-26日两次雾霾检测试验结论: 在雾霾过程中, 粒径在0.5-0.835 μm径段的粒子数浓度增加最明显. 其次, 在雾霾粒子形成的均匀介质中, 计算了激光光梯度力的大小. 研究发现, 激光光梯度力的数量级恒大于雾霾颗粒所受主要力的数量级, 激光光梯度力完全可以破坏雾霾颗粒所受力的平衡体系. 因此, 用激光光梯度力消除雾霾是可行的, 这种新的解决雾霾的方法对人们的实际生活、环保及创建美丽的蓝天具有非常重要的意义.     

核子(质子)奇异性形状因子的实验进展

本文简要地介绍了为测量奇异性海夸克对核子电磁形状因子的贡献的实验的理论基础;详细地介绍了在各个实验室、各个实验时期的实验内容,包括奇异性形状因子的早期测量-MIT Bates设备上SAMPLE组测量奇异性磁形状因子的实验;最近JLab CEBAF设备上HAPPEX合作组对奇异性电和磁形状因子的组合测量;Mainz的MAMI上PVA4实验;HAPPEX的高精度实验及首次单个地测量出奇异性电形状因子;以及JLab的G0组的大接收度、奇异性形状因子对四动量转移平方的依赖关系实验。并介绍了各实验室的不同的实验方法,给出了世界上各实验室在不同的运动学量上的测量的结果,以及进一步可能的实验。     

外力驱动的混沌摆实验仪在研究混沌效用上的应用

依据非线性动力学混沌理论,采用受外力驱动的转动马达装置,依托PASCO系统的数据采集软件,开发了适应大学物理实验的受外力驱动的混沌摆实验。探讨了新型基于外力驱动的混沌摆实验仪在研究混沌效用上的应用,实验发现利用该装置可以直观的研究系统的初值敏感性,奇异子现象等,操作简单、直观、灵敏度高,实验除了具有实际应用价值外,同时适合在高等学校大学物理基础实验中开设出相应的实验教学内容。     

Comparison between thyroplasty type I andArytenoid rotation: a study of vocal fold vibration using excised human larynges

The purpose of this paper was to compare the vibration of the vocal fold submitted to Isshiki thyroplasty type I (TPI) to that of the contralateral one adducted by the arytenoid rotation (AR) technique. The vocal folds of ten human fresh excised larynges were medialized by TPI on one side and by rotation of the arytenoid on the contralateral side. Laryngeal vibration was artificially produced and was recorded by videostroboscopy. The images were subjectively and objectively analyzed. Subjective analysis included periodicity of vibratory cycles, features of the mucosal wave present on the TPI side, amplitude of vibration, and profile of free border of each vocal fold during the opening phase. Objective analyses were carried out on frame-by-frame digitalized images to determine amplitudes of vibrations and phase differences between the folds in three glottic regions (anterior, middle, and posterior). Subjective analysis revealed regular periodicity in 100% of the larynges, a decrease in the mucosal wave on the TPI side in 70%, reduction in amplitude in 30%, and a sigmoid profile of the free border on the TPI side in 80%. Objective analysis showed mean amplitude in the posterior glottic region on the TPI side significantly larger than that on the arytenoids rotation side and phase asymmetry in 90% of the larynges.     

Temperature dependence of the scattering cross-section of electrons by dislocations in metals

The temperature dependence of the additional electrical resistivity caused by the dislocations inserted into the metal has been measured on poly-and single copper, molybdenum and zinc specimens. In all the cases this dependence was found to have the shape of a step, the position of which on the temperature scale does not depend on the degree and type of deformation. The possibilities are discussed for such a dependence to be caused by the temperature variation of the scattering cross-section of electrons by dislocations either by joining of the non-elastic scattering on quasi-localphonon modes or by a change in the elastic part due to the filling of electron levels on dislocations.     

二苯基脲类化合物在银电极上吸附行为的SERS研究

利用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)方法分别研究了二苯基胍(DPGA)、二苯基脲(DPU)和二苯基硫脲(DPTU)在硫酸溶液中银电极表面上的吸附行为。结果表明:质子化的DPGA通过苯环的π电子作用吸附,吸附取向为平行吸附;DPU通过N原子上的p π电子作用吸附,吸附取向为倾斜吸附;DPTU通过苯环上的p π电子作用吸附,吸附取向为平行吸附。三种有机物的结构与吸附行为的关系也被讨论。     

Implementation of Positive Operator-Valued Measure in Passive Faraday Mirror Attack

Passive Faraday-mirror(PFM) attack is based on imperfect Faraday mirrors in practical quantum cryptography systems and a set of three-dimensional Positive Operator-Valued Measure(POVM) operators plays an important role in this attack.In this paper,we propose a simple scheme to implement the POVM in PFM attack on an FaradayMichelson quantum cryptography system.Since the POVM can not be implemented directly with previous methods,in this scheme it needs to expand the states sent by Alice and the POVM operators in the attack into four-dimensional Hilbert space first,without changing the attacking effect by calculation.Based on the methods proposed by Ahnert and Payne,the linear-optical setup for implementing the POVM operators is derived.At last,the complete setup for realizing the PFM attack is presented with all parameters.Furthermore,our scheme can also be applied to realize PFM attack on a plug-and-play system by changing the parameters in the setup.     

The adsorption of adenine on mineral surfaces: Iron pyrite and silicon dioxide

The adsorption of the nucleobase adenine on surfaces of the minerals iron pyrite and silica has been studied by photoemission and soft X-ray photoabsorption spectroscopy. Pyrite samples were prepared by fracture under nitrogen followed by transfer to ultrahigh vacuum, or by cleavage in vacuum. By comparing data with multilayer spectra, adenine was found to chemisorb on pyrite, with small changes in the valence band spectrum, and stronger changes in the NEXAFS spectrum. The molecules were bonded with the molecular plane at a steep angle to the surface plane. On silica the molecule was found to adsorb at a reduced angle to the surface. The C and N 1s photoemission spectra on this surface suggest chemisorption, although the nitrogen NEXAFS spectra are similar to multilayer spectra.