复合粒子涂膜表面疏水性能分形评价

采用接枝法和非均相乳液聚合与溶胶-凝胶法相结合技术,制备了不同形状的复合粒子,经低表面能的物质修饰后,其涂膜表面具有超疏水性。采用分形理论对涂膜表面疏水性进行评价,用分形维数表征涂膜表面微观形貌与疏水性能之间的关系,结果表明对于粗糙结构表面,分形维数较粗糙度因子能更好地反映表面形貌对水接触角的影响。     

超疏水涂膜的研究进展

超疏水涂膜以其独特的性能,在国防、工农业生产和日常生活中有着广泛的应用前景。但目前的制备技术制约了其在建筑外墙涂料等大型设施方面的应用。探索如何采用简单有效的方法构造和调控涂膜的双微观结构,从而获得性能持久优异的超疏水性涂膜,并有效应用于生产和生活的各个方面是这一领域研究的最终目标。本文就超疏水材料表面理论的发展和近几年来超疏水膜制备技术取得的新成果进行了概括,并指出制备超疏水涂膜存在的问题和发展方向。利用表面能极低的含氟材料,将溶胶－凝胶、相分离技术和自组装梯度功能等技术有机结合,获得适宜的表面粗糙度和微观构造,是实现超疏水涂膜工业化生产的可行途径。     

POSS基杂化含氟丙烯酸酯共聚物涂膜的表面相分离与疏水性研究

采用自由基溶液聚合法成功合成了多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷(POSS)基杂化含氟丙烯酸酯共聚物,并采用核磁共振仪(NMR)和凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC)表征了共聚物,其中POSS和含氟单体分步加入到反应中.首先将共聚物溶解到三氟三氯乙烷(F113)和乙酸乙酯的混合溶剂中配制成溶液,然后通过直接在玻璃片上滴落共聚物溶液制备了共聚物涂膜.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和接触角测量仪考察了F113和乙酸乙酯的配比对共聚物涂膜表面形貌、表面元素组成、表面粗糙度以及表面疏水性的影响.实验数据表明POSS在表面能够聚集成纳米颗粒并能极大增强涂膜表面粗糙度和疏水性.共聚物表面同时存在POSS聚集与有机相微相分离两类相分离行为,并形成了复合粗糙结构.虽然POSS和含氟段竞争迁移到表面,但是随着混合溶剂中F113的增多,涂膜表面含氟量越来越多,同时POSS在表面的聚集体越来越少,表面平均粗糙度越来越小,最终涂膜的疏水性越来越强,这说明F113有助于提升氟的趋表迁移能力,使涂膜表面含氟链段占据较多的表面空间,从而抑制了POSS在表面聚集分布.当使用纯F113作为溶剂时,共聚物涂膜的表面氟含量为45.25%,平均粗糙度为93.4 nm,此时静态水接触角最大为135.0?,表现出优异的疏水性.     

乐果涂膜表面增强拉曼光谱研究

通过蒸发乐果饱和水溶液在磁控溅射银膜上形成乐果涂膜,利用表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)技术研究了乐果涂膜的分子振动特性,并与乐果固体拉曼谱进行比较。研究结果表明,乐果晶体结构长程有序性的破坏造成涂膜SERS体系中υ(P—S)和υ(PS)振动峰的展宽和蓝移,水解引起乐果δ(SPOC)和δs(COPOC)振动模式强度降低,OC—N键中的O原子和N原子以及水解质子化的O在银表面吸附造成υ(OC—N)、υ(OC)、δ(N—H)、υ(CN)、δ(C—N—C)、δ(OPO)和υ(P—O)等振动模式显著增强。这为利用SERS技术研究乐果溶液以及乐果在植物体、食品中的残留提供了实验和理论依据。     

复合SiO2粒子涂膜表面结构及超疏水性能

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备不同粒径SiO₂粒子，通过表面改性得到不同形状复合粒子，并利用氟硅氧烷的表面自组装功能制备了具有“荷叶效应”的超疏水涂膜。通过原子力显微镜、扫描电镜和水接触角的测试对膜结构及性能进行了表征，探讨了SiO₂粒子的粒径和形状与表面微观结构、表面粗糙度和表面疏水性能的关系。结果表明含单一粒径粒子涂膜表面水接触角符合Wenzel模型，而复合粒子构成了符合Cassie模型的非均相界面;单纯的粗糙度因子不能反映水接触角的变化，复合粒子在膜表面的无规则排列赋予涂膜表面不同等级的粗糙度，使得水滴与涂膜表面接触时能够形成高的空气捕捉率和较小的粗糙度因子;其与在涂膜表面能形成自组装分子膜的氟硅氧烷共同作用赋予了涂膜超疏水性能，而这种超疏水性能与复合粒子的粒径大小和形状基本无关。     

自清洁超疏水涂膜的研究与应用

自清洁超疏水涂膜具有特殊的表面性质而受到广泛关注。本文综述了自清洁超疏水涂膜的最新研究进展。介绍了形成自清洁超疏水性涂膜的必要条件,即具有适宜的粗糙度和低的表面能。着重阐述了仿生"荷叶效应"型、有机硅型、有机氟型、氟硅型等自清洁超疏水涂膜的制备方法、特性以及在建筑、交通运输、纺织、防腐蚀等领域的应用,并展望了今后的研究方向。     

POSS基杂化含氟丙烯酸酯共聚物涂膜的表面相分离与疏水性研究王鹏金云皮丕辉文秀芳徐守萍程江

采用自由基溶液聚合法成功合成了多面体低聚倍半硅氧烷(POSS)基杂化含氟丙烯酸酯共聚物,并采用核磁共振仪(NMR)和凝胶渗透色谱仪(GPC)表征了共聚物,其中POSS和含氟单体分步加入到反应中.首先将共聚物溶解到三氟三氯乙烷(F113)和乙酸乙酯的混合溶剂中配制成溶液,然后通过直接在玻璃片上滴落共聚物溶液制备了共聚物涂膜.采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)、原子力显微镜(AFM)和接触角测量仪考察了F113和乙酸乙酯的配比对共聚物涂膜表面形貌、表面元素组成、表面粗糙度以及表面疏水性的影响.实验数据表明POSS在表面能够聚集成纳米颗粒并能极大增强涂膜表面粗糙度和疏水性.共聚物表面同时存在POSS聚集与有机相微相分离两类相分离行为,并形成了复合粗糙结构.虽然POSS和含氟段竞争迁移到表面,但是随着混合溶剂中F113的增多,涂膜表面含氟量越来越多,同时POSS在表面的聚集体越来越少,表面平均粗糙度越来越小,最终涂膜的疏水性越来越强,这说明F113有助于提升氟的趋表迁移能力,使涂膜表面含氟链段占据较多的表面空间,从而抑制了POSS在表面聚集分布.当使用纯F113作为溶剂时,共聚物涂膜的表面氟含量为45.25%,平均粗糙度为93.4 nm,此时静态水接触角最大为135.0?,表现出优异的疏水性.     

可剥离膜去除不锈钢表面铀污染的研究

退役的核设施中不锈钢制件表面附着的放射性污染物 ,必须经去污处理后才能回收利用。铀是核工业中最常见的污染放射性元素 ,而不锈钢是核设施中最常用的耐腐蚀金属材料 ,由于以ＵＯ2 +2 状态存在的铀 (Ⅵ ) ,在空气和自身的辐射作用下 ,将逐渐转变为不同的氧化物。采用酸性去污液对不锈钢表面铀污染进行浸泡和擦试去污的方法 ,可以有效的除去不锈钢表面铀污染[1] 。但因浸泡需大量的去污液 ,随之产生大量的带有放射性的废液 ,对这些废液还必须经进一步的浓缩———固化处理。擦试法虽产生固体废物 ,但去污操作麻烦 ,难以对大批量、形状复杂…     

壳糖胺在铝表面阴极电泳涂膜的形成及机理

研究了CS在铝阴极表面的电泳沉积行为和成膜机理 ,试验了槽压、CS浓度、溶液 pH值、温度、支持电解质品种等对成膜的影响 ,采用XRD、SEM等技术确证涂膜的生成 ,表征了膜层形貌 ,讨论CS电泳沉积的反应历程 .     

溶胶凝胶法制备超疏水二氧化硅涂膜及其表面润湿行为

采用溶胶-凝胶法以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和甲基三乙氧基硅烷(MTES)为前驱体制备超疏水SiO2涂层。红外光谱(FTIR)和热重分析(TGA)表征合成SiO2的化学组成,通过透射电镜(TEM)和扫描电镜(TEM)观察制备SiO2的结构形貌,扫描电镜(SEM)和原子力显微镜(AFM)观察SiO2涂膜的表面形貌,通过测试水接触角(WCA)讨论SiO2涂层的表面微观结构与其表面疏水性能的关系。结果表明以TEOS和MTES为共前驱体可以制备得到表面带-CH3基团的SiO2溶胶,SiO2溶胶在老化过程中纳米SiO2粒子由于自组装作用形成草莓状微米-纳米双微观结构,这种结构赋予SiO2涂膜表面不同等级的粗糙度,使得水滴与涂膜表面接触时能够形成高的空气捕捉率和较小的粗糙度因子,与SiO2表面疏水性的-CH3基团共同作用形成类荷叶超疏水结构。     

聚丙烯和聚乙烯熔融接枝改性及增容

近年来,有关高分子改性研究已引起人们的广泛关注。本文对热塑性塑料聚丙烯和聚乙烯熔融接枝改性的常用单体、提高接枝率的方法、增容作用和接枝物的表征等方面进行了综述。     

Carbon chains and rings in the laboratory and in space

Seventy-seven reactive organic molecules of astrophysical interest have been identified in a supersonic molecular beam, 73 in the radio band by Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy, four in the optical by laser cavity ringdown spectroscopy. Most are linear carbon chains, but six consist of carbon chains attached to the compact, highly polar C3 ring, and two are rhomboidal cyclic configurations of SiC3. The laboratory astrophysics of the radio molecules is complete for the time being, in the sense that essentially all the rotational transitions of current interest to radio astronomy (including hyperfine structure when present) can now be calculated to a small fraction of 1 km s(-1) in equivalent radial velocity; six of the radio molecules have already been detected in space on the basis of the present data. The FTM spectrometer employed in this work is far from fundamental limits of sensitivity, so many more molecules can probably be found by refinements of present techniques. The density of reactive molecules in our supersonic beam is generally high by the standards of laser spectroscopy, and many of the radio molecules probably have detectable optical transitions which we are attempting to find, largely motivated by the long-standing problem of the diffuse interstellar bands. Our most interesting result to date is the detection of a fairly strong molecular band at 443 nm in a benzene discharge, in exact coincidence with the strongest and best known interstellar band. Isotopic shifts measured with partially and totally deuterated benzene suggest that the carrier of the laboratory band is a hydrocarbon molecule with the elemental formula CnH5, with n most likely in the range 3-6.     

Mechanism and kinetics of the silane decomposition in the presence of acetylene and in the presence of olefins

Kinetic data and product studies are reported for the silane pyrolysis in the presence of olefins and acetylene. The kinetics of silane loss in the presence of acetylene was found to be identical to the initial gas phase silane decomposition step (SiH₄ + M → SiH₂ + H₂ + M) when corrected for pressure fall-off effects. This result and the absence of methane or ethane from the pyrolysis of SiH₄ in the presence of 1-butene or 1-pentene demonstrate that silyl radicals and H atoms are not involved in silane-olefin or silane-acetylene reactions. Qualitative aspects and kinetic data from the SiH₄ pyrolysis in the presence of propylene are in accord with propylsilane formation via propylsilylene formed by silylene addition to propylene.     

The Astrochemical Observatory: Molecules in the Laboratory and in the Cosmos

Astrochemistry is a discipline consolidated recently, although its roots extend back to the dawn of early civilization with the observation and mapping of the sky. The way to the understanding of the common natural laws on earth and in space paved by Galilei's observations by the telescope, has been extended in the last decades, by new technologies such as radioastronomy and space missions. Plenty of new chemistry was surprisingly discovered. Extreme rich information on the chemical “composition” of the universe is being obtained, either from the other planets and satellites in the Solar System, from meteorites and comets, or from the interstellar space. In this article we will present selected topics regarding the chemical structures and reactions being discovered. Particular attention will be devoted to aspects considered as relevant for the prebiotic processes on earth, such as those involving chirality and its role played in the origin and evolution of life.     

Food irradiation in the UK and the European Directive

Food irradiation in the UK has been authorised since the early 1990s. In principle it is possible to irradiate a wide range of foods for a variety of purposes. In practice food irradiation is virtually non-existent. The structure of food retailing in the UK, a continual stream of food safety scares and a developing public ‘crisis of confidence’ in the food producer/supply chain have combined to make the future for food irradiation look bleak. The new European Directive on Food Irradiation is unlikely to alter this outlook.     

Analysis and assessment of the occurrence, the fate and the behavior of nanomaterials in the environment

Nanomaterials have one dimension <100 nm and possess physico-chemical properties dictated by their unusually small size, large surface area, shape and chemical composition. New properties of nanomaterials have boosted their production and industrial applications in many fields (e.g., microelectronics, catalysis, fuel cells, materials science, textiles, biotechnology and medicine). In biomedical fields, nanomaterials are of the appropriate dimensions to interact with biological matter. However, they may also have negative effects on biological systems. Nanotechnology is a major, innovative, scientific and economic growth area, but the increasing production and use of nanomaterials have led to calls for more information regarding the potential impacts that their release may have on human health and the environment.This review addresses analytical approaches for characterization and quantification of nanomaterials in the environment and recent studies on their occurrence, fate and behavior.     

烟草与尿样中的代谢标记物

卷烟烟气进入人体后会对人体的代谢物产生影响,目前研究较多的是稠环芳烃类、烟草特有亚硝胺类和尼古丁的代谢物。文章分别介绍了稠环芳烃类代谢物1-羟基芘,烟草特有亚硝胺类代谢物NNAL和NNAL-Gluc,尼古丁的代谢物可天宁,对这些代谢物的检测方法、体内的含量水平、各种条件的影响进行了综述。     

Curve-fitting overlapped bands: quantification and improvement of curve-fitting robustness in the presence of errors in the model and in the data

Estimation of the band parameters of overlapped bands often relies on curve-fitting. It has been demonstrated that curve-fitting provides the maximum likelihood estimation of band parameters under a series of assumptions. One of these assumptions is that the curve-fitting model is correct and any error in the data is random. Under real conditions, we have to acknowledge the unavoidable presence of errors in the model and systematic errors in the data. Here, we derive an expression for the estimation of how these errors affect the quality of the parameters obtained from curve-fitting. In addition, we derive theoretical expressions to quantify the extent to which different methods can improve the curve-fitting robustness to these errors. The methods considered are: (i) deterministic and (ii) probabilistic constraints in the band parameters, (iii) curve-fitting band-narrowed data, and (iv) building a more accurate model. The theoretical expressions obtained are tested in the curve-fitting of a synthetic noisy spectrum with either baseline or band shape errors, and in the curve-fitting of the experimental infrared amide I band of the membrane protein bacteriorhodopsin.