Quantum fluid dynamics based current-density functional study of a helium atom in a strong time-dependent magnetic field

Evolution of the helium atom in a strong time-dependent (TD) magnetic field (B) of strength up to 10¹¹ G is investigated through a quantum fluid dynamics (QFD) based current-density functional theory (CDFT). The TD-QFD-CDFT computations are performed through numerical solution of a single generalized nonlinear Schr?dinger equation employing vector exchange-correlation potentials and scalar exchange-correlation density functionals that depend both on the electronic charge-density and the current-density. The results are compared with that obtained from a B-TD-QFD-DFT approach (based on conventional TD-DFT) under similar numerical constraints but employing only scalar exchange-correlation potential dependent on electronic charge-density only. The B-TD-QFD-DFT approach, at a particular TD magnetic field-strength, yields electronic charge- and current-densities as well as exchange-correlation potential resembling with that obtained from the time-independent studies involving static (time-independent) magnetic fields. However, TD-QFD-CDFT electronic charge- and current-densities along with the exchange-correlation potential and energy differ significantly from that obtained using B-TD-QFD-DFT approach, particularly at field-strengths >10⁹ G, representing dynamical effects of a TD field. The work concludes that when a helium atom is subjected to a strong TD magnetic field of order >10⁹ G, the conventional TD-DFT based approach differs “dynamically” from the CDFT based approach under similar computational constraints.     

Effect of superstrong magnetic field on electron screening at the crusts of neutron stars

The influences of electron screening (ES) and electron energy correction (EEC) are investigated by superstrong magnetic field (SMF). We also discuss in detail the discrepant factor between our results and those of Fushiki, Gudmundsson and Pethick (FGP) in SMF. The results show that SMF has only a slight effect on ES when B < 109 T on the surfaces of most neutron stars. Whereas for some magnetars, SMF influence ES greatly when B > 109 T . For instance, due to SMF the ES potential may be increased about 23.6% and the EEC may be increased about 4 orders of magnitude at ρ/μe = 1.0 × 106 mol/cm3 and T9 = 1. On the other hand, the discrepant factor shows that our results are in good agreement with FGP’s when B < 109 T . But the difference will be increased with increasing SMF.     

对超热电子诱生的磁场分布的估算

利用简化模型估算了电荷分离场及由超热电子逃逸在等离子体表面产生的自生磁场的大小和空间分布.受电荷分离场的影响以及超热电子逃逸数的限制,超热电子产生的环形磁场主要分布于等离子体表面附近的焦斑半径内,仅当超热电子束流很强时(在1μm半径截面内达到10³A量级),环形磁场才可以达到10²T量级.一般情况下,由超热电子产生的磁场极小. 关键词： 磁场 超热电子     

超强磁场对中子星外壳层核素56Fe,56Co,56Ni,56Mn和56Cr电子俘获过程中微子能量损失的影响

研究了超强磁场对中子星外壳层核素⁵⁶Fe,⁵⁶Co,⁵⁶Ni,⁵⁶Mn和⁵⁶Cr电子俘获过程中微子能量损失的影响.结果表明,就大部分中子星表面的磁场B<10¹³G,超强磁场对中微子能量损失率的影响很小.对于一些磁场范围为10¹³—10¹⁵G的超磁星,超强磁场可使中微子能量损失率大大降低,甚至超过5个数量级.     

Effects of linking chain length and magnetic field on the kinetics of photoprocesses in covalently bonded porphyrin—viologen dyads

The formation and decay kinetics of chain linked triplet radical pairs derived from photo-induced electron transfer reactions in a series of 21 zinc porphyrin-flexible spacer-viologen (ZnP-Sp _n -Vi²⁺) dyads containing 2–138 atoms (n) in the spacer, have been examined by nanosecond laser flash photolysis techniques in an external magnetic field. In non-viscous polar solvents (acetone and CHCl₃ plus CH₃OH = 1:1 v/v), the effect of the spacer length on the rate constant of forward electron transfer can be described by the equation: k _et = k ⁰ _et(n + 6)^?1.5, with k ⁰ _et = 3 × 10¹⁰ s^?1 and 1.2 × 10¹⁰ s^?1 for electron transfer from the singlet and triplet states of ZnP, respectively. In zero magnetic field, the value of the triplet radical pair recombination rate constant, k _r(0) = 0.7 × 10⁶-8 × 10⁶ s^?1, is significantly smaller than k _et. The dependence of k _r(0) on n has an extremum with the maximum near n = 20. In a strong magnetic field (B = 0.21 T), significant retardation of triplet radical pair recombination is observed. In strong magnetic fields the effect of the chain length on triplet radical pair recombination rates is rather small and k _r(B) may vary in the range 0.3 × 10⁶-1 × 10⁷ s^?1. The phenomena observed are discussed in terms of the interplay of molecular and spin dynamics in the limits of slow and fast encounters, taking into account the exchange-interaction.     

Effect of strong magnetic field on electron capture of iron group nuclei in crusts of neutron stars

In this paper electron capture on iron group nuclei in crusts of neutron stars in a strong magnetic field is investigated. The results show that the magnetic fields have only a slight effect on electron capture rates in a range of 10$^{8}-10^{13}$G on surfaces of most neutron stars, whereas for some magnetars the magnetic fields range from 10$^{13}$ to 10$^{18}$~G. The electron capture rates of most iron group nuclei are greatly decreased, reduced by even four orders of magnitude due to the strong magnetic field.     

Current-density functional theory study of the H2 molecule evolving under a strong ultrashort magnetic field

Hydrogen molecule in a strong ultrashort magnetic field is investigated through a current-density functional theory (CDFT) and quantum fluid dynamics (QFD) based approach employing current-density dependent vector exchange-correlation potential and energy density functional derived with a vorticity variable. The numerical computations through the CDFT based approach are performed for the H₂ molecule, starting initially from its field-free ground state, in a parallel internuclear axis and magnetic field-axis configuration with the internuclear separation R ranging from 0.1 a.u. to 14.0 a.u., and the strength of the time-dependent (TD) magnetic field varying between 0−10¹¹ G over a few femtoseconds. The numerical results are compared with that obtained using an approach based on the current-density independent approximation under similar computational constraints but employing only scalar exchange-correlation potential dependent on the electronic charge-density alone. The current-density based approach yields exchange- and correlation energy as well as electronic charge-density of the H₂ molecule drastically different from that obtained using current-independent approach, in particular, at TD magnetic field-strengths >10⁹ G during a typical time-period of the field when the magnetic-field had attained maximum applied field-strength and is switched to a decreasing ramp function. This nonadiabatic behavior of the TD electronic charge-density is traced to the TD vorticity-dependent vector exchange-correlation potential of the CDFT based approach. The interesting electron dynamics of the H₂ molecule in strong TD magnetic field is further elucidated by treating electronic charge-density as an ‘electron-fluid’. The present work also reveals interesting real-time dynamics on the attosecond time-scale in the electronic charge-density distribution of the hydrogen molecule.     

Electron-positron pair production by an electron in a magnetic field near the process threshold

The electron-positron pair production by an electron in a strong magnetic field near the process threshold is considered. The process is shown to be more probable if the spin of the initial electron is oriented along the field. In this case, the probability of the process is 10¹³ s⁻¹ when the magnetic field strength is H = 4 × 10¹² G.     

On the thermodynamics of a degenerate two-dimensional electron gas in a strong magnetic field: density of states

Systematic expansions, in powers ofB ^–1, for the free energy and the density of states, are derived for a two-dimensional degenerate electron gas in the presence of a strong magnetic field and an arbitrary potential. They are then applied to a system involving random impurities. Landau levels are shown to be broadened, with level widths related to the impurity concentration and potential. We show that level broadenings, induced by long range electron-impurity ineractions, do not depend on the magnetic field in the strong field limit, confirming the existing theories. But broadened Landau levels can have a large variety of shapes as one changes the impurity potential, distribution and concentration. Our theory, with a Gaussian potential, leads to a good agreement with the recent experiment on the de Haas-van Alphen effect in Br₂-graphite intercalation compounds     

Magnetoplasma resonance in a GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well in a strong parallel magnetic field

The dispersion of magnetoplasma excitations in two-dimensional electron systems in a strong parallel magnetic field has been studied. A considerable increase in the electron cyclotron mass with an increase in the parallel component of magnetic field has been detected. It has been found that the cyclotron mass increment is a quadratic function of the magnetic field parallel to the interface. It has been shown that the mass anisotropy of 2D electrons induced by the parallel magnetic field reaches nearly 2.5 in B _‖ = 7 T. The energy of space quantization of the electron in the quantum well has been estimated from the magnetic field dependence of the anisotropy.     

Rotating relativistic electron beam-plasma interaction and formation of a field-reversed configuration

Experimental results on interaction of a rotating relativistic electron beam with plasma and neutral gas are presented. The rotating relativistic electron beam has been propagated up to a distance of 150 cm in a plasma. The response of the plasma to the rotating electron beam is found to be of magnetic diffusion type over a plasma density range 10¹¹–10¹³ cm⁻³. Excitation of the axial and azimuthal return currents by the rotating beam and subsequent trapping of the azimuthal return current layer by the magnetic mirror field are observed. A field-reversed configuration has been formed by the rotating relativistic electron beam when injected into neutral hydrogen gas. We have observed field reversal up to three times the initial field in an axial length of 100 cm.     

Electron cyclotron resonance heating in a short cylindrical plasma system

Electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma is produced and studied in a small cylindrical system. Microwave power is delivered by a CW magnetron at 2.45 GHz in TE¹⁰ mode and launched radially to have extraordinary (X) wave in plasma. The axial magnetic field required for ECR in the system is such that the first two ECR surfaces (B = 875.0 G andB = 437.5 G) reside in the system. ECR plasma is produced with hydrogen with typical plasma density n^e as 3.2 × 10¹⁰ cm^-3 and plasma temperature T^e between 9 and 15 eV. Various cut-off and resonance positions are identified in the plasma system. ECR heating (ECRH) of the plasma is observed experimentally. This heating is because of the mode conversion of X-wave to electron Bernstein wave (EBW) at the upper hybrid resonance (UHR) layer. The power mode conversion efficiency is estimated to be 0.85 for this system. The experimental results are presented in this paper.     

Magnetoplastic effect in LiF crystals and longitudinal spin relaxation

New features of the dependence of the average travel distance l of dislocations on the magnetic field B have been found in an investigation of the magnetostimulated dislocation mobility in LiF crystals: A transition has been found from ordinary proportionality l∝B ² to saturation l≈ const in high fields B. It is shown that the experimental points can be described satisfactorily by the theoretical dependence l∝ [(B ₀/B)²+1]⁻¹ (B ₀≈0.8 T), typical for the mechanism of longitudinal spin relaxation in a system of radical pairs, which are supposedly formed when dislocation nuclei interact with paramagnetic impurity centers. According to the theory, the level of the field B ₀ is determined by the characteristic frequency of the oscillations of the internal fields in the lattice, which for B ₀∼1 T is of the order of 10¹¹s⁻¹, which corresponds to the typical frequency of characteristic oscillations of dislocation segments between pinning centers, which, naturally, does not depend on temperature. This in turn explains the fact that the measured values of B ₀ are the same at 293 K and 77 K. Pis’ma Zh. éksp. Teor. Fiz. 70, No. 11, 749–753 (10 December 1999)     

On quark matter in a strong magnetic field

The effect of strong magnetic field on the bulk properties of quark matter is reinvestigated takingu, d ands-quarks as well as electrons in the presence of magnetic field. Here the bag pressure is chosen such that in the absence of magnetic field and at zero temperature the binding energy of theuds-system is <930 MeV while that ofud-system is greater than 940 MeV. It is observed that the equation of state changes significantly in a strong magnetic field. At finite temperature the electron chemical potential varies between 6 and 50 MeV. Thus the expansion of thermodynamical quantities in powers ofT/(Μ _i ² -M _v ⁽ⁱ⁾² )^1/2 is valid only up to few MeV. For high temperatures ∼40 MeV the exact integral expressions are to be taken.     

Langmuir Probe Diagnostics of a Low Temperature Non-Isothermal Plasma in a Weak Magnetic Field

This article presents measurements by a cylindrical Langmuir probe in the plasma of a DC cylindrical magnetron discharge át the pressure 1.5 Pa that aim at the experimental assessment of the influence of a weak magnetic field to the estimation of the electron density when using conventional methods of probe data interpretation. The probe data was obtained under the presence of a weak magnetic field in the range 1.10^?2?5.10^?2 T. The influence of the magnetic field on the electron probe current is experimentally assessed for two cylindrical probes with different radii, 50 μm and 21 μm. This assessment is based on comparison of the values of the electron density estimated from the electron current part with the values of the positive ion density estimated from the positive ion current part of the probe characteristic respectively by assuming that at the magnetic field strengths used in the present study the probe positive ion currents are possible to be assumed as uninfluenced by the magnetic field. For interpretation of the probe positive ion current two theories are used and compared to each other: the radial motion model by Allen, Boyd and Reynolds [10] and Chen [11] and the model that accounts for the collisions of positive ions with neutrals in the probe space charge sheath that we call Chen-Talbot model [8]. At lower magnetic field 3 · 10^?2 T the positive ion density values interpreted by using the Chen-Talbot model [8] are in better agreement with the values of electron density compared to those obtained by using the theory [10,11]; therefore the model [8] is used for calculation of the positive ion density from the probe data at higher magnetic fields. The comparison of the positive ion and electron density values calculated from the same probe data at higher magnetic fields shows that up to the magnetic field strength 4 . 10^?2 T with the probe 100 μm and up to 5 . 10^?2 T with the probe 42 μm in diameter respectively the decrease of the magnitude of the electron current at the space potential due to the magnetic field does not exceed the error limits that are usual for Langmuir probe measurements (absolute error ±20%).     

Resonant tunneling in weakly coupled GaAs/AlGaAs superlattices in a transverse magnetic field: A probe of electronic distribution function

A method is proposed to get information about carrier distribution function in superlattices and multiple quantum-well structures from the analysis of the vertical transport experiments in a transverse magnetic field. The method was applied to the GaAs/AlGaAs superlattices with wide quantum wells in strong (B=0–7 T) magnetic fields. It was shown that the distribution function of electron is nonequilibrium Boltzmann-like, with electronic temperature T=10–20 K.     

On the spectrum of the hydrogen atom in an ultrastrong magnetic field

Various approaches to computing the energies of the ground state and excited levels of the hydrogen atom in an ultrastrong magnetic field B that considerably exceeds the field B _a = m _e ² e ³ c/ħ ³ ∼ 10⁹ G are considered. The effects of polarization of vacuum and anomalous magnetic moment of the electron on the position of the atomic levels are discussed. The vacuum polarization effects are negligibly weak for B < 10¹⁵ G but become significant in fields B ≫ 10¹⁶ G, in which these effects qualitatively modify the atomic spectrum in this range. The difference in the behaviors of the even and odd energy levels for B ≫ B _a is analyzed and the formulas for the energies of odd levels as a function of field B are refined.     

Influence of super-strong magnetic field on the electron chemical potential and β decay in the stellar surroundings

In this paper, considering the quantum effect of electrons in a super-strong magnetic field, the influence of a super-strong magnetic field on the chemical potential of a non-zero temperature electron is analyzed, the rates of β decay under the super-strong magnetic field are studied, and then we compare them with the case without a magnetic field. Here, the nucleus 63Co is investigated in detail as an example. The results show that a magnetic field that is less than 1010 T has little effect on the electron chemical potential and β decay rates, but the super-strong magnetic field that is greater than 1010 T depresses the electron chemical potential and improves the β decay rates clearly.     

Electron–hole complexes in self-assembled quantum dots in strong magnetic fields

We present results of calculations and experiments on electron–hole complexes in InGaAs/GaAs self-assembled quantum dots in high magnetic field (B). Due to hidden symmetries, the chemical potential of an N-exciton system at special B fields becomes insensitive to the exciton number as well as the magnetic field. This results in plateau regions of high intensity in measured magneto-PL spectrum. Theoretical calculations using exact diagonalization techniques successfully explain the measured magneto-photoluminescence spectrum with B fields up to 28 T.     

In-plane and perpendicular magnetic fields dependence of cyclotron resonance in two-dimensional electron systems

The cyclotron resonance of two-dimensional electron systems (2DES) of GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures is investigated in a tilted magnetic field. In this study, the perpendicular (B) and in-plane (B_||) magnetic fields are changed systematically. More than two cyclotron resonances caused by B_|| are observed. Further, the enhancement of cyclotron mass by B_|| and its dependence on B and electron concentration of 2DES are also investigated in detail. These phenomena are well explained by the resonant subband Landau level coupling model.