典型北极冰下声信道多途结构分析及实验研究

针对北极海域典型声场环境,提出了基于OASES-Bellhop耦合模型的冰下声信道多途结构快速分析方法。模型将海冰等效为具有粗糙界面的弹性分层介质,利用微扰法与Kirchhoff近似,估计海冰界面不均匀造成的散射损失,结合射线传播理论对典型北极冰下声信道多途结构进行分析与预报。数值仿真与实验结果表明,在6 km距离处,典型北极冰下声信道由于海冰与海底反射分别形成多途结构,海冰多次反射路径叠加形成的多途结构较为稳定,时延扩展在14 ms范围内,海底反射路径强度相对较弱。OASES-Bellhop模型对冰下声信道多途结构幅度和时延预测误差较小,能够较好的解释及预报实验观测到的多途结构环境特性。     

北极典型冰下声信道建模及特性

将Burke-Twersky (BT)散射模型与射线理论相结合研究北极典型冰下的水声信道特性。BT模型将极地冰水界面的冰脊视为随机分布在自由表面的半椭圆柱。首先根据BT模型分别对高频和低频情况下的冰面反射系数取近似,计算不同频率的冰面反射系数。然后结合射线理论计算冰下声场并分析冰下信道特性,并与相同条件下绝对软界面的水声信道进行对比研究。结果显示,由于冰界面的存在,冰水界面与绝对软界面相比,冰面反射系数较小,使得部分声线不会传播很远,且随频率的增加衰减越发严重,因此不利于声信号远距离传播;此外在信道结构上,由于冰层反射系数较小,冰下信道多径相较于无冰的水-空气界面其多途现象不明显。研究结果对认知极地冰下水声信道特性以及开展极地水声系统性能预报具有一定意义。     

Modeling and characterizing the typical under-ice acoustic channel for the Arctic

The properties of arctic underwater acoustic channel were researched using BurkeTwersky(BT) model and ray theory.In the BT model,sea ice ridge is assumed as a set of semi-elliptical cylinder randomly distributed on a stress-free surface.By approximation of low frequency and high frequency of the BT model,the reflection coefficients were calculated at different frequencies.On the basis of ray theory,the acoustic field was calculated and the properties of underwater acoustic channel was analyzed.Compared to underwater acoustic channel properties when the boundary is air,the results show that under the ice surface some sound rays disappear during transmission,because the ice surface reflection coefficients is less than absolute soft surface.Especially,the higher the frequency,the higher the under-ice transmission loss.As a result,under-ice condition is unfavourable for acoustic signals to travel far.Besides,as to the channel structure,the reflection coefficient of ice layer is smaller,the channel multi-path structure is not significant compared to water-air interface without ice.The research results are valuable for our understanding of hydroacoustic channel and the prediction of the sonar system working in the polar region.     

The sound field structure in the subsurface channel

Results of an experimental study of the sound field formed in the subsurface channel of the ocean are presented. The subsurface channel exists in deep-water areas of the ocean, near the upper boundary, in the wind-agitated water layer. Experiments were performed in two regions of the central Atlantic, near the coast of Portugal and near the coast of Guiana. The angular and energy structures of the field produced by a noise source are studied in the frequency band from 1 to 10 kHz at distances of up to 25–30 km. The results of the experiments are compared with theoretical calculations. For several specific frequencies, the values of the attenuation of the additional field compared to the cylindrical law of the decay of sound intensity with distance are determined. The influence of the surface of the rough ocean on the details of the structure of the sound field is estimated.     

典型深海声场频率-距离干涉结构分析及实验研究

基于射线理论分析了在典型深海情况下声源与接收水听器位于海水表层时声场频率-距离干涉结构,给出了直达声作用区与影区情况下声场频率-距离干涉结构的近似理论表达式。数值仿真与实验结果表明:在直达声作用区内,由直达声与海面一次反射声形成声场干涉结构,频率域干涉周期为该两条声线到达时间差的倒数;在影区内,由声源-海底-接收器、声源-海面-海底-接收器、声源-海底-海面-接收器和声源-海面-海底-海面-接收器四条声线形成声场干涉结构,声强随着频率具有两种干涉周期,分别随着声源深度、接收水听器深度的增大而减小,并与收发距离有关。本文给出的理论表达式可以较好的解释实验观测到的声场频率-距离干涉结构。      

A comparison of experiment and theory for sound propagation in variable area ducts

An experimental and analytical program has been carried out to evaluate sound suppression techniques in ducts that produce refraction effects due to axial velocity gradients. The analytical program employs a computer code based on the method of multiple scales to calculate the influence of axial variations due to slow changes in the cross-sectional area as well as transverse gradients due to the wall boundary layers. Detailed comparisons between the analytical predictions and the experimental measurements have been made. The circumferential variations of pressure amplitudes and phases at several axial positions have been examined in straight and variable area ducts, with hard walls and lined sections, and with and without a mean flow. Reasonable agreement between the theoretical and experimental results has been found.     

Space-time structure of the low-frequency acoustic field in an underwater sound channel

Experimental data are presented on the fine structure of the sound field in an underwater sound channel for low and infralow sound frequencies. The experiments are performed in the Black Sea, on a 600-km-long path, with explosive sound sources. The intensity, space-time, and frequency characteristics of the sound field are analyzed. The geometric dispersion of the first normal wave is experimentally studied. The role of the channel inhomogeneities in the violation of the sound field coherence is determined for different frequency bands. On the basis of the experimental data, the vertical distribution of the critical frequencies of the waveguide is obtained, and the validity limits are established for the wave and ray calculation methods. The applicability of the phase methods for calculating the sound fields in waveguides with dispersion is discussed. The frequency-angular dependence of the effective sound attenuation coefficient in an underwater waveguide is revealed and explained.     

Low-energy structure in the ionization of argon: Comparison of experiment with theory

The above-threshold ionization of argon in an intense 70-fs,400-nm linearly polarized laser pulse has been investigated by the velocity map imaging techniques,combined with an attosecond-resolution quantum wave packet dynamics method.There is a quantitative agreement in all dominant features between the experiment and the theory.Moreover,a peak-splitting phenomenon in the first energy peak has been observed at high pulse intensity.Further,through the theoretical analysis,an ac Stark splitting with evident resonant and nonresonant ionization pathways has been found to be the physical reason for the experimental observations.     

Peculiarities in the formation of the sound field structure of a point source in the Black Sea underwater sound channel

This paper studies unique (characteristic only of the Black Sea) peculiarities of the underwater sound channel (USC). Changes in the sound velocity of at depths of 50–250 m, forming the lower boundary of the Black Sea USC, differ fundamentally from the corresponding areas of the profile c(z) in other regions of the world ocean. With lowering from 40–50 m (by 5–10 m lower than the level of the channel axis) to 200–250 m, the sound velocity gradient decreases monotonically from 0.08–0.22 to 0.02 1/s (and does not increase like in the majority of regions of the world ocean). The end portion of an explosion signal received in the Black Sea USC at a distance of 200 km or more from the source represents a quasi-harmonic signal with a gradually changing frequency. Moreover, the end portion of the signal has an explicitly block structure, which agrees well with the block structure of the spectrum of an explosion signal element. In the truncated τ(R) diagram, there is no sharp bend characteristic of the majority of regions of the world ocean. At comparatively small depths of the Black Sea, a sufficiently rapid increase in the complete duration of a multiray signal with distance is observed. A comparative analysis is conducted of experimental materials obtained with a difference of seven years on virtually the same long-range propagation path of explosion signals. The main reasons for the interannual variability in the conditions of sound channel propagation in the Black Sea are explained.     

Regional distinctions in the time structure of the sound field produced by a point source in the underwater sound channel

Experimental data on long-range propagation of explosion-generated signals in different ocean regions are analyzed. The objective of the analysis is to reveal the regional distinctions in the time structure of the sound fields in the underwater sound channel and to demonstrate the following frequently observed phenomena: splitting of signals in the “classical” quartets, noise background in the quartets, and deviation of the frequency-independent phase shift between signals in the quartets from the expected value (a multiple of 90°) due to the contact with a caustic. Possible mechanisms of these phenomena are discussed.     

On low frequency sound transmission loss of double sidebranches: a comparison between theory and experiment

The sound power transmission losses of various sidebranches installed along a rectangular duct below the first cut-off frequency of the duct are studied experimentally. Special efforts are made to examine how accurately the plane-wave theory predicts the sound-power transmission loss. Four types of sidebranch impedance are established and their effects to the sound power transmission loss discussed. It is found that under the nonresonant conditions the plane-wave theory can give reasonable prediction when the branch separation is large or the original sound transmission loss of the corresponding single side-branch is weak. The theory always overestimates the sound transmission loss at resonant conditions but gives underestimation if the transmission loss is due to the noise breakout in the sidebranches, especially for short branch separation.     

Multipath pulse shapes in shallow water: theory and simulation

In shallow water propagation the steeper ray angles are weakened most by boundary losses. Regarding the sound intensity as a continuous function of angle it can be converted into a function of travel time to reveal the multipath pulse shape received from a remote source (one-way path) or a target (two-way path). The closed-form isovelocity pulse shape is extended here to the case of upward or downward refraction. The envelope of the earliest arrivals is roughly trapezoidal with a delayed peak corresponding to the slowest, near horizontal refracted paths. The tail of the pulse falls off exponentially (linearly in decibels) with a decay constant that depends only on the bottom reflection properties and water depth, irrespective of travel time, a useful property for geoacoustic inversion and for sonar design. The nontrivial analytical problem of inverting explicit functions of angle into explicit functions of time is solved by numerical interpolation. Thus exact solutions can be calculated numerically. Explicit closed-form approximations are given for one-way paths. Two-way paths are calculated by numerical convolution. Using the wave model C-SNAP in several broadband cases of interest it is demonstrated that these solutions correspond roughly to a depth average of multipath arrivals.     

Acoustic propagation in the subsurface sound channel

Experimental data obtained in the kilohertz frequency band for the sound propagation in the subsurface channel formed by the wind-caused mixing of subsurface waters are discussed. The data were obtained in different years in the northeastern region of the Atlantic Ocean, where the subsurface waters down to the depths of 40–70 m are mixed by both wind waves and the swell that arrives from distant ocean areas. The hydrological conditions in the subsurface waters of this region are characterized by a good reproducibility. The spatial structure of the sound field and the attenuation of sound propagating in the subsurface channel are analyzed. The origin of the additional attenuation (in comparison with the absorption in sea water) is discussed. The data of our experiments are compared with those obtained by other experimenters and with the calculations performed using the computer code by Avilov. The necessity of improving the computer codes to allow for the scattering of sound beyond the channel under the influence of the swell, whose parameters are unrelated to the wind regime at the experimental site, is emphasized.     

Effect of granular media on the vibrational response of a resonant structure: theory and experiment

The acoustic response of a structure that contains a cavity filled with a loose granular material is analyzed. The inputs to the theory are the effective masses of each subsystem: that of the empty-cavity resonating structure and that of the granular medium within the cavity. This theory accurately predicts the frequencies, widths, and relative amplitudes of the various flexural mode resonances observed with rectangular bars, each having a cavity filled with loose tungsten granules. Inasmuch as the dominant mechanism for damping is due to adsorbed water at the grain-grain contacts, the significant effects of humidity on both the effective mass of the granular medium as well as on the response of the grain-loaded bars are monitored. Here, depending upon the humidity and the preparation protocol, it is possible to observe one, two, or three distinct resonances in a wide frequency range (1-5 kHz) over which the empty bar has but one resonance. These effects are understood in terms of the theoretical framework, which may simplify in terms of perturbation theories.     

Chirped-pulse oscillators: theory and experiment

Theory of chirped-pulse oscillators operating in the positive dispersion regime is presented. It is found that the chirped pulses can be described analytically as solitary pulse solutions of the nonlinear cubic-quintic complex Ginzburg–Landau equation. Due to the closed form of the solution, basic characteristics of the regime under consideration are easily traceable. Numerical simulations validate the analytical technique and the chirped-pulse stability. Experiments with 10 MHz Ti:Sa oscillator providing up to 150 nJ chirped pulses, which are compressible down to 30 fs, are in agreement with the theory. PACS 42.65.Re; 42.65.Tg; 42.55.Rz     

Intensity and space-time characteristics of the sound field in the underwater sound channel of the Black Sea

Experimental data are presented on the intensity and space-time characteristics of the sound field generated by explosions in underwater and surface sound channels of the Black Sea. The fine field structure is studied as a function of distance and positions of the source and the receiver. The discreteness of the field structure governed by the deterministic nature of the waveguide is revealed, and the destruction of this structure under the effect of the instability of the waveguide parameters is demonstrated. The effect of the rough sea surface on the sound field in the surface channel is studied, and the diffraction-caused propagation loss is estimated. The mechanism of the forerunner formation is considered. The experimentally observed sound field features are compared with the calculations. A possibility for solving the inverse problem is indicated, and the main parameters that are used in the ray method of determining the source coordinates in the underwater channel (i.e., the method earlier proposed by the author on the basis of the intrinsic structure of the sound field) are pointed out.