深海大深度声传播特性及直达声区水下声源距离估计

深海大深度声传播特性对在深海近海底进行水声目标探测和定位具有重要意义。利用一次南海中南部深海不完全声道中的脉冲声传播实验数据,分析了海底附近大深度声传播损失及脉冲多途传播特性,并根据直达波和海底-海面反射波的时延差与收发距离的关系,提出一种利用深海直达声区脉冲多途到达时间进行水下声源距离估计的方法。结果表明:当接收器深度位于南海深海海底附近而声源深度较浅时,直达声区水平宽度可达30 km,传播损失相对影区来说较小,有利于水下声源探测;直达声区的直达波与海底-海面反射波的到达时延差随着收发距离的增大单调减小,可被用于水下声源距离估计。得到水下声源的距离估计结果与实验GPS测量结果较为一致,距离估计均方误差为0.28 km。     

深海声影区时频谱干涉结构与声源定位*

被动声呐探测位于深海声影区的水面舰船辐射噪声时,接收信噪比通常较低,导致声源被动定位方法的性能较差。针对这一问题,提出一种利用接收信号时频谱干涉结构的声源距离和径向速度联合估计方法。首先根据射线声学理论,建立时频谱沿频率轴和时间轴的干涉条纹周期与声源距离和径向速度的关系,然后对接收信号时频谱进行二维傅里叶变换和多频带处理以估计上述干涉条纹周期,最后解算声源距离和径向速度。仿真和海试数据处理结果表明,相比于现有利用接收信号自相关的声源距离估计方法,该文利用时频谱二维傅里叶变换的声源定位方法具有较好的稳健性,比较适用于低信噪比条件下的声源被动定位。     

空气中声源的水下匹配场定位

通过水下布放的垂直线列阵采集空中声源在水下激发的测量声场,采用声场波数积分模型(OASES模型)对空中声源激发的水下声场建模,计算出拷贝声场,将二者进行匹配处理从而对空中声源目标定位。首先通过数值仿真验证了匹配场处理技术对空中声源的测距能力,并通过引入宽带匹配场处理器平滑掉距离上的周期性旁瓣。最后分析南海某海域的空气声试验数据,采用常规匹配场方法对700 m以内的32组空中声源目标进行定位,测距结果与GPS计算的收发间实际距离相比,大多数情况下是一致的,在较远距离由于信噪比降低,测量结果容易出现偏差。     

空气中声源的水下匹配场定位

通过水下布放的垂直线列阵采集空中声源在水下激发的测量声场,采用声场波数积分模型(OASES模型)对空中声源激发的水下声场建模,计算出拷贝声场,将二者进行匹配处理从而对空中声源目标定位。首先通过数值仿真验证了匹配场处理技术对空中声源的测距能力,并通过引入宽带匹配场处理器平滑掉距离上的周期性旁瓣。最后分析南海某海域的空气声试验数据,采用常规匹配场方法对700 m以内的32组空中声源目标进行定位,测距结果与GPS计算的收发间实际距离相比,大多数情况下是一致的,在较远距离由于信噪比降低,测量结果容易出现偏差。     

Bearing splitting and near-surface source ranging in the direct zone of deep water

Sound multipath propagation is very important for target localization and identification in different acoustical zones of deep water. In order to distinguish the multipath characteristics in deep water, the Northwest Pacific Acoustic Experiment was conducted in 2015. A low-frequency horizontal line array towed at the depth of around 150 m on a receiving ship was used to receive the noise radiated by the source ship. During this experiment, a bearing-splitting phenomenon in the direct zone was observed through conventional beamforming of the horizontal line array within the frequency band 160 Hz–360 Hz. In this paper, this phenomenon is explained based on ray theory. In principle, the received signal in the direct zone of deep water arrives from two general paths including a direct one and bottom bounced one, which vary considerably in arrival angles. The split bearings correspond to the contributions of these two paths. The bearing-splitting phenomenon is demonstrated by numerical simulations of the bearing-time records and experimental results, and they are well consistent with each other. Then a near-surface source ranging approach based on the arrival angles of direct path and bottom bounced path in the direct zone is presented as an application of bearing splitting and is verified by experimental results. Finally,the applicability of the proposed ranging approach for an underwater source within several hundred meters in depth in the direct zone is also analyzed and demonstrated by simulations.     

深海声影区稀疏时延估计与声源测距

研究了深海声影区中经一次海底反射的多途声线到达垂直双水听器的时延差与声源位置的关系,提出了一种稀疏时延估计与声源测距方法。首先利用近海面布放的短间距垂直双水听器接收一定频带的声信号,然后计算接收信号的广义互相关函数,并利用频谱搬移和稀疏解卷积技术提取时延差,最后通过时延差匹配,估计水下声源的距离。仿真实验表明,在4300 m深海中,所提方法能够正确提取多途到达时延差,估计声影区内的声源距离。海试结果表明,当垂直接收孔径分别为21 m和30 m时,声源测距误差分别小于13.6%和8.1%。上述结果表明,所提出的时延估计方法可适应带宽较窄的接收信号,多途到达时延估计参数可用于实现声影区中的水下声源测距。     

基于矢量水听器的深海直达波区域声传播特性及其应用

对于深海近水面声源产生的声场, 处于较大深度处的接收器在一定水平距离范围内能接收到直达波. 2014年在某深海海域进行的水声考察实验中, 应用深度为140 m的拖曳声源发射实验信号, 布放在水下3146 m深处的矢量水听器成功地接收到了直达波信号. 本文应用射线理论, 分析了深海直达波区域声场的传播特性, 得出了水平振速与垂直振速的传播损失与声线到达接收点处的掠射角以及收发水平距离之间的关系. 在以上分析的基础上, 提出了一种利用水平振速与垂直振速的能量差估计声源距离的方法, 并结合2014年实验数据对实验中两条航线上8 km范围内的目标声源进行了测距, 测距结果与目标的GPS数据符合得较好.     

Spectrogram and localization of a sound source in shallow water

The paper describes an approach to detecting a sound source and estimating the radial velocity and distance from the receiver, based on repeat Fourier transformation of the interference pattern formed during motion. The obtained spectrogram contains localized domains of the spectral density of single modes. We estimate the localization domain and spectral density distribution and discuss the resolution of moving sound sources. We present the results of a field experiment and consider the interference immunity of the approach for localizing a source using a single receiver.     

Boundary element model for simulating sound propagation and source localization within the lungs

An acoustic boundary element (BE) model is used to simulate sound propagation in the lung parenchyma. It is computationally validated and then compared with experimental studies on lung phantom models. Parametric studies quantify the effect of different model parameters on the resulting acoustic field within the lung phantoms. The BE model is then coupled with a source localization algorithm to predict the position of an acoustic source within the phantom. Experimental studies validate the BE-based source localization algorithm and show that the same algorithm does not perform as well if the BE simulation is replaced with a free field assumption that neglects reflections and standing wave patterns created within the finite-size lung phantom. The BE model and source localization procedure are then applied to actual lung geometry taken from the National Library of Medicine's Visible Human Project. These numerical studies are in agreement with the studies on simpler geometry in that use of a BE model in place of the free field assumption alters the predicted acoustic field and source localization results. This work is relevant to the development of advanced auscultatory techniques that utilize multiple noninvasive sensors to construct acoustic images of sound generation and transmission to identify pathologies.     

深海海底山环境下声传播水平折射效应研究

声波在深海海底山环境中传播时,海底山会对声传播产生重要影响.2016年在南海深海进行了一次海底山环境下的声传播实验,观测到了由海底山引起的三维声传播效应,本文利用BELLHOP射线理论解释了海底山环境下的三维声传播机理.结果表明：声波在传播过程中与海底山作用后破坏了深海会聚区结构,导致传播损失增大,在海底山后形成具有明显边界的声水平折射区,利用二维声传播模型无法解释实验现象,海底山后声水平折射区实验测量的声场结构与N×2D模型计算结果存在明显差异,实验的传播损失比N×2D模型计算结果大10 dB.通过三维射线模型分析N×2D模型计算结果与实验结果存在明显差异产生的原因,发现由于声波水平折射作用,部分声线无法到达接收器,使得三维声传播效应对海底山后一定角度范围内声场影响较为明显.因此,深海海底山会引起明显的三维水平折射效应,应在水下目标探测和定位等应用中给予重视.     

深海脉冲信号簇到达结构特征及其在水下声源定位中的应用

为了实现对深海水下声源的定位,对典型深海环境中的脉冲信号到达结构特征进行了理论分析,给出了声源和接收位置位于近海面时到达信号的簇信号形式近似表达式。当声源和接收位置处于近海面深度时,接收到的信号呈簇状结构形式。在提取到达信号中各簇信号到达时间、幅值等特征参数的基础上,提出了一种通过对到达信号中簇信号特征参数匹配搜索进行水下脉冲信号定位的方法,仿真分析了不同距离和不同深度处的簇信号特征,并利用一次南海海域爆炸声源的声传播实验数据进行了实验验证。结果表明:各簇信号对应的到达时间、幅值等特征参数可用于对声源位置的匹配定位;海上实验中利用单水听器得到的水下声源的距离估计结果与实测距离结果较为一致,对实验中2.0 km至90.4 km内声源的距离估计误差不大于8%。     

广义相积分简正波理论在双轴海洋声道中的推广与应用

双轴声道常出现于大洋中。双轴声道传播是一检验海洋声学计算方法的\     

Effect of Mesoscale eddies on underwater sound propagation

The effects of sound speed variables induced by an anticyclonic eddy and a field of three cyclonic eddies on long-range sound propagation are investigated respectively. A deep-sea analytical eddy model [Henrick RF, Siegmann WL, Jacobson MJ. General analysis of ocean eddy effects for sound transmission applications. J Acoust Soc Am 1977;62:860-870] is used to determined sound speed distributions produced by warm-core ring in the southwest of South China Sea. Furthermore, the above analytical eddy model is generalize to include the azimuth angle variation and is used to determined sound speed distributions produced by Gulf Stream rings with different strengths. The theoretical temperature fluctuations induced by the warm eddy and a eddy field including three cyclonic eddies agree qualitatively with the in situ investigation data. The transmission loss of acoustic energy through the cross section of the warm-core ring center and three cyclonic eddy centers is simulated using 2-D parabolic-equation (PE) numerical modeling. It is found that the acoustic field has a significant change with variation of the location of SOFAR axis in the presence of the warm eddy and three cyclonic eddies comparing with the scenario of no eddies. When the source is located in the outside of the warm-core eddy and three cyclonic eddies respectively, and the receiver is located in outside of the eddy, the transmission loss as a function of range is investigated at different receive depth. It is shown that the changes of transmission loss caused by the warm-core eddy and three cyclonic eddies are as much as 20 dB than that of no-eddy situation. In the case of three cyclonic eddies, the largest discrepancy of transmission loss is about 40 dB near the range of 45 km for a 25-Hz source being located at a depth of 1500 m.     

水下声学滑翔机用于东印度洋声传播特性分析及声源估计

常规实验方法无法同步获取深海大尺度声学和水文数据,水下滑翔机可作为同步观测平台解决该问题.首先利用在东印度洋北部海域水下滑翔机同步获取的声传播和水文实验数据,分析了水下滑翔机的自噪声谱级和实验海区声传播特性,然后推算并修正了滑翔机水下运动轨迹,利用第一影区水下滑翔机接收声传播信号的脉冲多途到达时间差对声源进行测距与定深。潜标接收噪声与滑翔机自噪声谱级对比表明,水下滑翔机在海洋中无动力运动时的系统自噪声接近于潜标观测的海洋环境噪声。滑翔机实测的声传播损失与模型计算结果吻合较好,第一影区水下声源测距定深结果与实际位置较为一致,测距与定深的相对误差均小于5%。利用加载水听器的水下滑翔机可以实现水文环境数据与声学信号的同步观测,对深海声传播特性测量及定位算法研究具有重要意义。     

海洋声学环境下水中声源的时延估计法定位精度分析

水中声源的定位精度受到海洋声学环境的重要影响。结合海上试验的实际应用,分析了水下观测平台采用时延估计法对声源的定位精度问题。根据理论分析,计算了时延估计误差、海洋中声速不均匀、平台非稳性、及声传播起伏等因素引起的俯仰角和方位角误差。利用误差传递公式,获得了上述因素引起的不同平台深度下,不同距离声源的定位误差。比较了采用平面阵与立体阵、是否补偿声线弯曲效应等条件下定位误差的变化,并通过海上试验结果进行了部分验证。研究结果表明,海洋声速不均匀对定位误差的贡献最大。采用立体阵代替平面阵、测量海洋声速剖面并补偿声线弯曲引起的定位误差,在1000m距离上可使定位相对误差从最大30%降低到约10%,有效提高了较远距离上的定位精度。研究结果对于采取措施提高水中声源的定位精度有指导意义。     

线阵声强缩放方法在水下声源辐射功率估算中的应用

为了解决水下声源辐射声功率难以计算的问题,利用线阵声强缩放方法在波束形成声源识别的基础上,根据波束输出结果与声源辐射声功率之间的换算关系来获得相应的声功率。为了提高线阵声强缩放方法的水下声功率估算精度,给出了一定动态范围限制的主瓣区域积分方法,并通过仿真验证了该方法的有效性。在消声水池中开展了水下声功率估算的实验研究。在不同的测试距离下,对双声源条件下的单频以及宽带声源在阵列侧的辐射声功率进行了估算,以混响法的测量结果为参考值,研究了估算误差随声源频率、测试距离等影响因素的变化规律。实验结果表明,无论是单频还是宽带声源,声功率的最大估算误差不超过2.6 dB,在高频时不超过1.6 dB。验证了线阵声强缩放方法应用于水下声源辐射声功率估算的正确性与可行性。     

Ray dynamics in long-range deep ocean sound propagation

Recent results relating to ray dynamics in ocean acoustics are reviewed. Attention is focused on long-range propagation in deep ocean environments. For this class of problems, the ray equations may be simplified by making use of a one-way formulation in which the range variable appears as the independent (timelike) variable. Topics discussed include integrable and nonintegrable ray systems, action-angle variables, nonlinear resonances and the KAM theorem, ray chaos, Lyapunov exponents, predictability, nondegeneracy violation, ray intensity statistics, semiclassical breakdown, wave chaos, and the connection between ray chaos and mode coupling. The Hamiltonian structure of the ray equations plays an important role in all of these topics.     

深海表面层声速剖面变化对声传播的影响

在我国部分海域，表面声速常常在较短的时间内从弱正梯度变为弱负梯度，这将对表面附近的声传播产生巨大影响。本文通过数值模拟的方法，讨论了表面层声速梯度变化对声传播的影响，同时解释了某次海上实验出现的异常现象：在同一地点同一航向，前后两天海况相同，水文相差不大，第一天的实验可以在50km之外接收到信号，而第二天只能在30km处才能收到信号。     

Surface prereverberation in long-range propagation of explosion-generated signals in underwater sound channe

Experimental data on long-range propagation of explosion-generated signals in a well-developed underwater sound channel are analyzed. In the experiments, the wind speed reached 10–11 m/s and the sea state was Beaufort 4–6. At distances of 80–120 km from the source and at two different reception depths, a prereverberation is observed, that is, the advancing of a part of the bistatic surface reverberation with respect to the direct signal. The conditions for the prereverberation to arise are discussed for different distances from the source. On the basis of data processing, the increase rate of the prereverberation signal, its level relative to the direct signal, and frequency dependence are estimated.