一种纳米颗粒粒度测量的快速图像动态光散射法研究

提出了一种新的基于图像相关处理的图像动态光散射纳米颗粒粒度测量方法。该方法采用图像法测量纳米颗粒动态光散射空间分布信号,以很短时间间隔拍摄两幅动态光散射信号空间分布图,再用二维相关算法对这两幅图像进行处理,获得对应衰减时刻的相关系数,根据相应衰减时刻的粒径-相关系数曲线求得纳米颗粒的粒度。与传统动态光散射测量方法相比,将测量时间从百秒级缩短到微秒级,数据处理时间也缩短到毫秒级。对79、482和948 nm三种不同粒径的标准颗粒进行实验,测量结果误差小于7%,可以实现纳米颗粒粒度测量的实时在线。     

短数据量动态光散射颗粒测量信号去噪方法

在动态光散射测量中,采用自相关法对测量信号进行去噪,其去噪效果受数据量影响。根据噪声和信号的不同特点,采用小波包变换对信号进行去噪,能够提高信噪比,改善粒径反演结果。采用两种去噪方法,对粒径为100 nm颗粒的散射信号进行去噪并反演,小波包去噪法能够改善粒径误差0.88%~6.41%。在不同数据量下,由两种去噪法的反演结果对比看出,在短数据量时,小波包去噪效果更好,当数据量大于1×106时,两种去噪法效果相差不大。因此,小波包去噪法更适合于短数据量的动态光散射颗粒测量。     

动态光散射实验

动态光散射技术是测量纳米及亚微米颗粒粒径的有效方法．本文介绍了动态光散射实验的原理、实验装置及方法，并测量了粒径为85nm的聚苯乙烯水溶液的粒径，分析了实验产生误差的原因．     

光源的偏振态对动态光散射颗粒测量结果的影响

研究了在动态光散射纳米颗粒测量中,光源的偏振态对测量结果的影响。采用了粒径为100nm、体积浓度为0.5%的标准颗粒作为样品,使He-Ne激光通过起偏器得到0°～180°方向的偏振光,测量了散射光强、偏振度和粒径测量值的变化,计算了相应的粒径均值偏差和标准差,并将这一结果与无偏振He-Ne激光入射进行了比较。结果表明,当入射光为线偏振光时,偏振方向垂直于散射面时测量效果最好;另一方面,由于颗粒系散射迭加造成的散射光偏振度降低,使线偏振光源与无偏振光源产生的散射光偏振度无明显差别,证明在测量中可以使用无偏振He-Ne激光代替。     

动态光散射及电子显微镜纳米颗粒测量方法的比较研究

本文以聚苯乙烯纳米颗粒作为测量对象,分别采用最为常见的扫描电子显微镜法(SEM)和动态光散射法(DLS)测量其粒径。结果表明:电子显微镜法可观察颗粒形貌及结构,但测量误差偏大;动态光散射法可精确测量颗粒粒径及其分布状态。分析讨论了这两种测量方法的优缺点,对纳米颗粒测量具有重要的指导作用。     

基于后向散射的高浓度纳米颗粒粒度分布测量方法研究

传统的动态光散射法通常采集侧向散射进行纳米颗粒粒度分布的测量,由于多次散射的影响,利用侧向散射不能准确测量高浓度样品的颗粒粒度分布。针对该问题,对后向散射测量方法进行了研究,在实验基础上提出了后向散射最佳光程的判断准则。在不同样品浓度下,用侧向散射和后向散射方法对标称粒径分别为110 nm、220 nm的聚苯乙烯乳胶球颗粒进行了测量。实验结果表明,对于高浓度的待测样品,后向散射测量方法通过自适应调整光程,在最优光程处进行测量,能够有效得到高浓度纳米颗粒的粒径及粒度分布,测量结果相对误差为2.72%。     

基于去偏振-偏振图像动态光散射的纳米棒尺度测量

二维纳米棒的布朗运动可以用平移扩散和转动扩散运动来描述.提出了一种基于去偏振-偏振图像的动态光散射(DIDLS)测量方法,通过分析纳米棒布朗运动的平移扩散和转动扩散在偏振激光入射下产生的垂直-垂直和垂直-水平偏振动态光散射信号,测量了纳米棒的尺寸和尺寸分布.研究了连续测量的偏振动态光散射信号图像间的相关系数函数,通过两次反演,计算出纳米棒的长度以及长径比,进而得到颗粒的二维尺度分布.分析了不同入射激光波长对测量结果的影响,提出自相关函数的基线值可以作为信噪比的判据.采用650,780,905 nm三种波长对直径为20 nm、长度为300 nm的纳米金棒进行了测量,得到了纳米金棒的平均尺寸和尺寸分布.     

双峰分布颗粒体系的多角度动态光散射数据反演

采用多角度动态光散射和加权正则化反演方法,对4组模拟的双峰分布颗粒体系(100/600 nm,200/600 nm,300/600 nm和350/600 nm)分别选取1、3、6和10个散射角进行测量.粒度反演结果表明,采用加权正则化方法反演双峰颗粒体系的多角度动态光散射测量数据,可获得峰值位置比小于2∶1且含有大粒径(＞350 nm)颗粒的双峰颗粒粒度分布.采用标准聚苯乙烯乳胶颗粒进行实测的结果验证了这一结论.得到含大粒径颗粒的双峰粒度分布反演结果的原因在于,多角度动态光散射能提供更多的大粒径颗粒的粒度信息,加权正则化反演方法能减少测量数据中的噪声,因而多角度动态光散射测量数据的加权反演能实现峰值位置比小于2∶1且含有大粒径颗粒的双峰颗粒体系的测量.     

双峰分布颗粒体系的多角度动态光散射数据反演（英文）

采用多角度动态光散射和加权正则化反演方法,对4组模拟的双峰分布颗粒体系(100/600nm,200/600nm,300/600nm和350/600nm)分别选取1、3、6和10个散射角进行测量.粒度反演结果表明,采用加权正则化方法反演双峰颗粒体系的多角度动态光散射测量数据,可获得峰值位置比小于2∶1且含有大粒径(350nm)颗粒的双峰颗粒粒度分布.采用标准聚苯乙烯乳胶颗粒进行实测的结果验证了这一结论.得到含大粒径颗粒的双峰粒度分布反演结果的原因在于,多角度动态光散射能提供更多的大粒径颗粒的粒度信息,加权正则化反演方法能减少测量数据中的噪声,因而多角度动态光散射测量数据的加权反演能实现峰值位置比小于2∶1且含有大粒径颗粒的双峰颗粒体系的测量.     

基于动态光散射的SiO_2/H_2O纳米流体分散稳定性初探

基于动态光散射法,采用同差探测实现了纳米流体分散体系的粒度测量。对体积分数为0.005%和0.0025%浓度的SiO_2/H_2O纳米流体颗粒粒径进行了测量,粒径的实验值的平均偏差分别为1.37%和1.39%,可以满足纳米颗粒粒径的高精度测量要求。两种浓度的SiO_2/H_2O纳米流体的平均粒径基本一致,偏差在实验的不确定度以内,且随时间无明显变化,证明了颗粒分散的稳定性,本方法可以用于纳米流体分散稳定性的评价。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.