一种改进的遥感影像地形校正物理模型

遥感影像地形校正是提高光谱反射率反演精度的一个重要的预处理步骤。目前已经出现了多种遥感影像地形校正模型,这些模型各有优缺点。针对现有地形校正模型存在的问题和不足,在Shepherd地形校正模型的基础上,利用更高精度的天空散射辐射计算方法对其加以改进。将改进的地形校正模型和6S大气辐射传输模型相结合以2006年7月12日北京北部山区的Landsat 5 TM影像为数据源进行了地表光谱反射率反演试验。从三个方面对遥感影像地形校正效果进行了检验,结果表明该改进模型能够取得较好的地形校正效果,校正效果优于Shepherd和C校正模型。该改进模型是一种物理模型,可以应用于各种光学遥感影像。     

基于五种大气校正的多时相森林碳储量遥感反演研究

大气校正已广泛应用于区域生态植被的动态监测,但是不同校正方法和模型对遥感影像光谱和森林碳储量估算结果的影响不得而知,同时这种差异在多时相遥感监测与应用时经常被忽略。以多期Landsat影像为数据源,借助植被指数MNDVI和野外实地调查的马尾松林样方数据,进行马尾松林碳储量反演。然后采用几种常用的大气校正算法：6S,FLAASH(fast line-sight atmospheric),IACM(illumination and atmospheric)和QUAC(quick atmospheric correction),并结合地面同步实测的光谱数据,以评估其对马尾松冠层光谱曲线、植被指数以及林分碳储量估算的影响;同时从遥感动态监测角度出发,分析了相对大气校正(pseudo-invariant feature, PIF)对多时相影像植被指数与碳储量反演结果的校正效果。结果表明,经大气校正后的影像波段反射率与实测光谱结果较为接近,其中近红外和短波红外波段光谱反射率明显上升,同时可见光波段减弱,NDVI(normalized difference vegetation index)增加明显。不同大气校正模型对研究区马尾松林碳储量的遥感反演结果影响较大,其中IACM与6S模型分别具有较高的精度和较低的误差。此外,经过PIF校正后不同时相影像的NDVI相对偏差降低了85.16%,同时马尾松林碳储量反演模型精度得到明显提升,表明辐射归一化处理对于多时相遥感影像的应用十分必要。研究发现ICAM与PIF的大气校正模型组合可较好纠正大气效应,适用于多时相遥感数据的森林碳储量反演与监测研究。     

航空偏振遥感数据反演陆地上空气溶胶光学厚度

在陆地上空气溶胶遥感中,地表多样性会导致地表反射率计算误差增加,降低地气解耦精度,进而影响气溶胶反演精度。多角度、多光谱和偏振观测数据的引入有利于解决地气解耦精度和气溶胶参数的提取精度受限的问题。基于多角度偏振辐射计(AMPR)航空多光谱遥感数据,结合气溶胶散射和地表偏振反射规律,提出了在1 640 nm波段对AMPR观测偏振反射率进行连续大气辐射校正,实现地气解耦的方法。在此基础上,构建了陆地上空气溶胶偏振反演算法。运算过程中使用665和865 nm波段观测数据进行气溶胶参数提取,使用1 640 nm波段观测数据结合提取的气溶胶参数进行大气偏振辐射校正,重新获取地表偏振反射率。在反演过程中引入迭代,逐步逼近大气与地表真实辐射值,实现地气解耦,并利用查找表的方法实现气溶胶光学厚度反演。通过AMPR在京津唐地区5个架次的航空观测实验数据对反演算法进行了验证,结果与地基CE318观测数据一致性较好,在气溶胶光学厚度小于0.5的情况下,反演平均误差为约0.03。     

浑浊二类水体的高分四号卫星大气校正效果分析

高分四号卫星是我国首颗高空间分辨率地球静止卫星,在浑浊二类水体的遥感定量监测方面应用潜力很大。为评价高分四号多光谱数据经大气校正后水体反射率的精度,以太湖为研究区,使用同步MODIS数据辅助的Gordon单次散射改进算法,对2016年7月21日和2016年8月17日两景高分四号多光谱数据进行大气校正,并通过与地面同步实测光谱数据、以及地球静止水色卫星GOCI数据大气校正结果的协同比对,验证高分四号多光谱数据的大气校正效果,为该卫星产品的水色遥感应用提供借鉴和参考。结果表明,红光B4波段校正精度最高,平均绝对误差(MAPE)为10.71%;绿光B3波段校正精度次高,MAPE为13.21%;近红外B5波段校正精度次低,MAPE为33.06%;蓝光B2波段校正精度最低,MAPE为53.55%。其中B3,B4和B5波段校正精度高于GOCI,主要原因在于高分四号的空间分辨率远高于GOCI,混合像元导致的精度误差相对较小,充分显示了高分四号作为一颗高空间分辨率地球静止卫星在水色遥感方面的优势;而B2波段低于GOCI,表明高分四号的蓝光波段尚有改进空间,今后有必要对该波段进行重新定标等处理;在未得到有效处理的情况下,水色遥感应用应尽量避开该波段。总体而言,高分四号多光谱数据校正精度较高,可以较好的应用于内陆二类浑浊水体的定量遥感监测。     

基于辐射传输模型的环境一号卫星CCD相机的水体大气校正方法研究

水体大气校正问题是开展我国环境一号卫星水色遥感定量化应用的关键。针对环境卫星CCD相机的特点,以水气耦合的辐射传输模型构建大气校正参数查找表,研究以地面气象数据辅助的逐像元水体大气校正方法,实现水体离水反射率和遥感反射比的反演。以现场测量数据和MODIS数据为参考进行水体大气校正效果验证,研究发现CCD相机的反演结果在蓝、绿波段的精度较高而红、近红的反演结果系统偏大。研究结果还表明气溶胶模型是影响水体大气校正精度的重要因素。     

基于FLAASH的Hyperion高光谱影像大气校正

遥感影像的大气校正是定量遥感研究的前提。文章对利用ENVI 软件的FLAASH(fast line-of-sight atmospheric analysis of spectral hypercubes)进行EO-1 Hyperion高光谱影像的大气校正能力进行了评价。黑河流域甘肃张掖研究区的Hyperion高光谱影像的获取时间是2007年9月10日,卫星过境前后准实时获取41个样区的野外实测数据,包括冠层波谱和生化含量以及GPS定位数据。首先利用Landsat-7 ETM+影像对Hyperion高光谱影像进行了几何校正,然后将Hyperion的DN值转化为辐射亮度和表观反射率,并利用FLAASH对Hyperion影像进行大气校正。比较了研究区四种典型地物(玉米、水体、荒漠和建筑物)的辐射亮度、表观反射率以及FLAASH大气校正后的反射率,并与玉米ASD野外反射波谱利用高斯滤波函数重采样到Hyperion相应波段后进行了比较。结果表明,FLAASH大气校正很有效,两种方法获得的反射波谱相吻合,相关系数达0.987。     

基于HJ-1-CCD数据的地表反射率反演与验证

环境一号卫星OCD相机(HJ-1-CCD)30m的空间分辨率在地物识别中具有潜在优势,然而由于缺少短波红外通道,利用暗像元法反演地表反射率较为困难.基于北京与珠三角地区的地物光谱试验,获得暗像元的植被指数与红、蓝波段反射率比值,构建基于辐射传输模型的大气校正算法.为了验证算法精度,将北京地区卫星反演值与实测的草坪、水体...     

基于改进暗目标法山区HJ CCD影像气溶胶光学厚度反演

国产HJ CCD影像在环境与灾害监测预报方面具有巨大的应用潜力,但其缺少中红外波段无法直接应用传统暗目标法反演气溶胶光学厚度,尤其山区受地形影响,气溶胶时空分布变化显著,影响了HJ CCD影像的大气校正精度。基于山区森林植被分布广的特点引入红波段直方图阈值法自动提取山区浓密植被暗像元,构建红蓝波段地表反射率间的线性关系,利用6S辐射传输模型建立查找表反演暗像元的气溶胶光学厚度,并通过空间插值推演到整幅影像。HJ CCD影像反演结果与MODIS气溶胶产品的空间分布趋势一致性非常好,且前者具有更高的空间分辨率特性,更适合山区气溶胶的遥感监测。二者的散点图拟合曲线为y=0.828 6x-0.001,R2达到0.984 3,表明改进暗目标法能有效地反演山区HJ CCD影像气溶胶光学厚度。工作中对传统暗目标法的改进有效地解决了HJ CCD影像只有可见光、近红外波段,在求解辐射传输方程时信息不足的问题,同时,改进方法中充分考虑了山区复杂地形环境的影响,为山区HJ CCD影像进行逐点大气校正奠定了基础,并为其自动化处理提供了可能。分析还显示,红波段直方图阈值法提取浓密森林暗像元比NDVI阈值法具有明显的优势;查找表建立和暗像元红、蓝波段地表反射率关系都会显著的影响气溶胶光学厚度的反演精度,是进一步改善算法、提高反演精度的重要研究方向。     

基于MODTRAN的双查找表法反演高光谱数据的水汽含量

基于MODTRAN辐射传输模型,假设近红外波段地物反射率随波长线性变化,考虑程辐射的影响,发展了一种通过双查找表反演高光谱遥感数据水汽含量的方法。建立查找表过程中,使用三次样条插值方法对查找表水汽含量值加密以减少MODTRAN运行时间。使用两个查找表,通过逐步搜索法对高光谱遥感数据进行水汽反演,得到水汽含量分布图。结果显示,使用三次样条插值方法得到的辐亮度值与MODTRAN计算结果只有0.1%的误差。对两景机载可见光/红外成像光谱仪(AVIRIS)高光谱数据进行水汽反演,得到水汽含量分布图,并用其对辐亮度数据进行大气校正,得到反射率数据。水汽含量分布图变化平缓,无亮/暗点出现,反射率数据在水汽吸收波段的光谱曲线没有过/欠校正现象,这表明水汽反演方法有效。     

微分算法的艾比湖湿地自然保护区土壤有机质多光谱建模

针对以往利用高光谱数据来来反演土壤有机质（SOM）的可行性与可靠性,结合微分处理对光谱数据信息提取的高效性,提出了直接对多光谱遥感影像进行微分处理就可得出SOM建模研究,旨在为今后SOM速测提供参考。采用Landsat 8_OLI 多光谱遥感影像数据,对多光谱遥感影像进行辐射定标、几何校正、大气校正、镶嵌和裁剪,运用IDL软件对影像进行一阶微分处理和二阶微分处理,发现一阶微分图像能够更好地表达地物的真实情况,更好地区别水体与土壤。原始遥感影像包含大量的信息其中还包括噪声,通过微分处理后的遥感影像剔出了原始影像中反射率值突兀变化的部分。在研究区采用五点法采集土壤样品。室内实验用重铬酸钾氧化-容量法测得SOM数据。多光谱数据结合地面实测SOM数据,分析SOM与多光谱数据反射率的关系,发现一阶微分处理后的遥感数据与SOM含量的相关性存在敏感波段,说明一阶微分处理可以将原始遥感图像数据在多光谱范围内的一些隐含的土壤有机质信息释放出来。选取相关性高的数据建立基于原始遥感数据、一阶微分数据、二阶微分数据的单波段多光谱线性模型和多波段多光谱线性模型,选取最优模型来估算和反演土壤有机质含量。结论如下：（1）通过对原始影像进行微分处理发现,微分处理后的影像变化明显,一阶微分处理的影像噪声降低,更加突出了影像中土壤有机质隐藏的信息。二阶微分处理的影像抑制了土壤有机质信息。（2）原始遥感影像各波段数据对土壤有机质含量的相关性较低,一阶微分处理后的遥感影像数据反映出土壤有机质敏感波段即部分波段数据相关性明显高于原始数据,二阶微分处理后的遥感影像各波段数据对土壤有机质含量的相关性较弱。（3）多波段建模效果要优于单波段建模;一阶微分多波段模型预测精度最优,其模型的决定系数和模型拟合的决定系数分别为0.898和0.854,该模型对估算研究区内的SOM含量效果较好;综合比较了单波段模型和多波段模型的拟合精度,发现无论在单波段模型还是多波段模型一阶微分处理后的模型都具有更好的预测能力。（4）基于一阶微分多波段模型对研究区SOM进行反演,反演结果与实际情况相符合,对干旱区SOM含量制图提供了切实可行的方法和参考。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Hybrid Wavelength and Code Division Multiple Access in Optical Networks

A review of schemes for multiple access in fiber optic networks shows that a hybrid of wavelength and code division multiple access (WCDMA) combines the best features of both. In particular, the hybrid scheme retains the large information carrying capacity of wavelength division multiple access (WDMA) and flexibility of code division multiple access (CDMA). In this paper WDMA, optical CDMA (OCDMA), and WCDMA networks are discussed. In OCDMA networks, concept of incoherent and coherent coding including inverse decoding and matched filter is introduced. The delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks, under the simple suboptimum access protocols based on cyclic search, is computed. It has been shown quantitatively that tuning delay significantly affects the delay performance of both WDMA and WCDMA networks. Futhermore, delay performance of WCDMA networks is always better than the WDMA networks for the same tuning delay, load, and number of users.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Femtosecond Transform-Limited Pulse Generation by Compensating for the Linear Chirp of SPM Spectra in Dispersion Shifted Fibers

A simple technique of pulse compression, based on the linear chirp compensation of self-phase modulation (SPM) spectra in dispersion shifted fibers, is demonstrated. The optimization procedure is carried out, for a short span of a single-mode fiber, using a parabolic law, which describes the behavior of the squared output pulse width versus the pump peak power in the case of Gaussian pulses. The experimental results give a minimum pulse duration of 233 fs, which is in good agreement with the model. Shorter and coherent pulses, down to 90 fs, have been obtained by inserting an interference filter at the optical output.     

Sorting of bending magnets for the SSRF booster

The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF)booster ring,a full energy injector for the storage ring,is deigned to accelerate the electron beam energy from 150MeV to 3.5GeV that demands high extraction efficiency at the extraction energy with low beam loss rate when electrons are ramping.Closed orbit distortion(COD)caused by bending magnet field uniformity errors which affects the machine performance harmfully could be effectively reduced by bending magnet location sorting.Considering the affections of random errors in measurement,both ideal sorting and realistic sorting are studied based on measured bending magnet field uniformity errors and one reasonable combination of bending magnets which can reduce the horizontal COD by a factor of 5is given as the final installation sequence of the booster bending magnets in this paper.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.