A comparison of iterative algorithms and a mixed approach for in-line X-ray phase retrieval

Previous studies have shown that iterative in-line X-ray phase retrieval algorithms may have higher precision than direct retrieval algorithms. This communication compares three iterative phase retrieval algorithms in terms of accuracy and efficiency using computer simulations. We found the Fourier transformation based algorithm (FT) is of the fastest convergence, while the Poisson-solver based algorithm (PS) has higher precision. The traditional Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm (GS) is very slow and sometimes does not converge in our tests. Then a mixed FT-PS algorithm is presented to achieve both high efficiency and high accuracy. The mixed algorithm is tested using simulated images with different noise level and experimentally obtained images of a piece of chicken breast muscle.     

Digital holography from shadowgraphic phase estimates

We show experimentally that the recently proposed iterative shadowgraphic method can be applied to in-line digital holography, provided a suitable regularization step is introduced. We show that the method correctly solves the "twin-image" problem using just two samples of the intensity field scattered by a phase object. Field retrieval accuracy is significantly improved when compared to a reconstruction obtained with the defocusing variation algorithms.     

Twin-image problem in digital holography—a survey(Invited Paper)

Zero-order and twin images are a serious obstacle in achieving a high-quality output in in-line digital holography （DH）. They decrease the useful bandwidth of the off-axis DH. Over the years the twin image removal problem was approached both by instrumental and numerical means. The paper provides an extended survey of the proposed solutions with their pros and cons as a guide for further advance in this field. Processing of a single spatial carrier fringe pattern involves spatial filtering in the frequency domain, spatial phase-shifting （PS） or wavelet transform. A point source digital holographic microscopy （DHM）, introduction of calibration measurements or various modifications of PS technique are instrumental solutions to the twin image problem for in-line DH. Numerical solutions to the same problem include iterative and non-iterative approaches, diffraction-based and inverse problem solutions, reconstruction of purely real or phase objects and of complex objects, reconstruction of plane and volume objects. Elimination only of the zero-order image relies on non-linear filtering or additional calibration measurements.     

Dynamic characterization of MEMS diaphragm using time averaged in-line digital holography

In this paper dynamic characterization of a MEMS diaphragm is investigated using lens-less time averaged in-line digital holography. The analysis and capability of the numerically reconstructed amplitude and phase information from in-line time averaged holograms as applied to MEMS vibration are presented. Particularly the effect of mean static state on the phase in time averaged digital holography is explored. A novel double exposure method is also demonstrated using a diverging object wave suitable for dynamic characterization of small size objects. A phase jump in the static deformation fringes in the vibrating regions is observed and described and can be used for precise analysis of vibration mode shape under simultaneous presence of mean static deformation. A simple and robust tool for dynamic optical metrology of MEMS devices and micro-objects using time averaged in-line digital holography is thus proposed.     

Phase-shifting in-line digital holography on a digital micro-mirror device

A digital phase-shifting in-line holographic system based on the single coherence beam is developed. A series of phase-shifting fringes are generated by computer and outputted by a digital micro-mirror device (DMD). These fringes modulate the coherence beam because of the intensity modulation ability of DMD. In this work, the reconstructed conjugate image would not appear because of applying the phase-shifting algorithm. And calibration for the value of the optical phase shift is not necessary. An experiment based on a lens-less digital in-line micro-holographic setup with a phase grating specimen is conducted to demonstrate the validity of the present method.     

双随机相位加密全息标识防伪技术研究

在输入面和频谱面上分别放置随机相位加密模板对图像数据进行加密是一种高密级的有效数据加密技术。在研究双随机相位数据加密技术的基础上,结合数字全息技术和印刷技术的特点,提出了一种新的双随机相位加密同轴相位全息标识(简称同轴相位全息标识)印刷防伪方法。理论分析证明了同轴相位全息标识方法能有效地恢复原始图像数据,仿真实验证明了该方法具有强抗随机干扰能力和抗位压缩性能。通过打印和扫描实验验证了同轴相位全息标识可以通过普通的数字印刷技术印制在证件等印刷品中作为防伪标识,印刷品中的同轴相位全息标识可以通过扫描输入计算机,变换生成数字图像,通过解密模板可从中恢复出原始图像数据。     

Soliton optical phase control by use of in-line filters

We address the problem of soliton phase jitter caused by fiber amplifier noise in a communication channel. An analytical expression for phase jitter is derived by use of perturbation theory. In the absence of filters the variance of the phase is found to be proportional to the cube of the propagation distance, but it increases only linearly if in-line filters are used. We verify with simulations that in-line filters maintain the phase jitter at a level that is tolerable for transoceanic links.     

Modified phase contrast for recording of holographic optical elements

A modified phase contrast method is described for the fabrication of holographic optical elements with in-line diffraction patterns. In this method, a liquid crystal phase modulator is addressed by computer-generated holograms to achieve variable phase gratings. The phase gratings are imaged onto photosensitive material by a phase contrast method without a Fourier filter. We show the analytical treatment of the modified phase contrast method and demonstrate the application in holographic recording.     

Quantitative phase contrast imaging using common-path in-line digital holography

We propose a method to carry out quantitative phase contrast imaging using in-line digital holography. The phase shifting digital holography is implemented in a common-path in-line configuration with the help of diffraction from a phase grating displayed on a spatial light modulator. The phase shifted interferograms are recorded by shifting the grating within a selected area corresponding to the dc spot in the Fourier transform plane. The feasibility of method is verified by using a multimode fiber as phase object. The method addresses a number of challenges faced by existing methods and dispenses the need for special optics.     

单幅同轴全息图两步迭代收缩重建

利用压缩传感理论中的两步迭代收缩重建算法,开展单幅同轴全息图重建实验研究,实现单幅同轴全息图共轭重建像的消除并克服数字全息技术在轴向聚焦平面识别能力的不足。以数字图像和标准分辨率板为记录物体,比较分析了基于两步迭代收缩算法和菲涅尔近似衍射重建算法的重建质量;以两根裸光纤为实验样本,分析了两步迭代收缩重建算法对记录物体轴向不同焦平面的识别能力。实验结果表明两步迭代收缩重建算法可得到清晰度高于68.73%的重建信息,同时对直径为125 m的两根光纤在9 mm的轴向间距条件下,显示出了比全息菲涅尔近似算法更好的聚焦平面识别能力。这一轴向聚焦识别能力有助于数字全息技术应用于功能材料梯度参数或功能涂层光学器件涂层厚度检测。     

Error analysis for a lens-less in-line digital holographic complex information security system based on double random phase encoding

We study the error tolerance properties of double random phase encoding implemented in the case of a lens-less whole (both amplitude and phase) information security system based on in-line digital holography. A generalized position-phase-shifting in-line digital holographic method is used as a tool for implementing our information security system. The effect on the decrypted image, due to additive and multiplicative noises in the retrieved complex encrypted image, is studied. The quality of the decrypted complex data is quantified by computing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and the mean square error (MSE). We also study the system tolerance due to the data loss and binarization of encrypted retrieved complex hologram. Results from numerical experiments are presented.     

In-line phase contrast for weakly absorbing materials with a microfocus x-ray source

For weakly absorbing materials, image contrast can be enhanced by phase contrast in formation. The effectiveness of the in-line phase contrast technique relies on its ability to record intensity data which contain information on the x-ray's phase shift. Four kinds of approaches to the relationship between intensity distribution and phase shift are reviewed and discussed. A micro-focal x-ray source with high geometrical magnification is used to acquire phase contrast images. A great improvement on image quality is shown and geometrical parameters are modified for comparison between different imaging positions.     

In-line Nd:YAG resonator using self-pumped phase conjugation in Cr(4+):YAG

We report the operation of an in-line Nd:YAG resonator using self-pumped phase conjugation in Cr(4+): YAG at lambda=1.064microm in the nanosecond regime. The output beam has a high-quality diffraction-limited TEM(00) mode and a pulse shape of ~15ns , showing the self- Q -switching ability of the resonator. A maximum extraction of 18mJ and a maximum reflectivity of 2.0 are measured. A transient model provides insight into the energy characteristics and the dynamics of such an in-line resonator.     

近场X射线位相衬度成像及位相恢复算法

理论分析了X射线衍射位相成像和近场位相恢复算法。定义了一个最佳成像距离，给出了基于最佳成像距离和特征空间频率的衍射场光强分布新的表达形式。基于模拟位相物体给出了数值模拟结果。由此得出了探测距离和多色辐照对相衬图像和位相恢复结果的影响。本文给出的结果将对同轴x射线相衬成像实验具有一定的指导作用。     

关于X射线同轴位相衬度成像的研究

利用模糊函数对部分相干源相X射线衬成像进行了详细的理论分析.列举了不同条件下的实验结果.通过与吸收成像相比较,相衬成像无疑对生物样品的内部结构有更高的对比度和可见度.     

Securing complex and multi-plane data in a lens-less digital holographic information system that uses position-phase-shifting geometry

A digital holographic information system can process complex three-dimensional (3-D) object information. We demonstrate a scheme for securing complex and 3-D information in the context of in-line digital holography. Double random phase encoding in the free-space propagation domain of light is used to secure the complex information. Encrypted in-line digital holograms are recorded using the position-phase-shifting method. The encrypted complex image at the CCD recording plane is retrieved from the real-valued digital holograms, and is used for decryption. The robustness of the method has also been studied for various securing keys used in the method against blind decryption. A layer-by-layer information retrieval from the encrypted digital hologram is also discussed. The method can also be used to secure digital complex information in a virtual optics modality using holographic principles.     

Reduction of soliton phase jitter by in-line phase conjugation

The main impairment of differential-phase-shift-keyed communication systems is phase jitter. Noise-induced phase jitter, which is mediated by self-phase modulation, can be reduced significantly by a small number of in-line phase conjugators.     

Dynamic arbitrary waveform shaping in a continuous fiber

We present a low-loss dynamic waveform shaping technique for high-repetition-rate signals by independent phase and amplitude control of spectral lines in a continuous fiber. Our system employs uniform fiber Bragg gratings to separate the spectral lines and provides independent amplitude and phase control for each line via an in-line polarization controller and an in-line fiber stretcher, respectively. Several distinct waveforms are experimentally demonstrated by manipulating five spectral lines with a spectral resolution of 0.12 nm and a temporal resolution of 17 ps. Better temporal resolution can be achieved by increasing the bandwidth through additional spectral lines.     

Curvature measurement using phase shifting in-line interferometry,single shot off-axis geometry and Zernike's polynomial fitting

This paper describes the difference between phase shifting in-line interferometry, single shot off-axis geometry and Zernike's polynomial fitting methods for measuring the curvature of a spherical smooth surface by using the Michelson interferometer. In phase shifting in-line interferometry, four interferograms shifted by a piezoelectric actuator (PZT) were captured by a digital detector and corrected by using the flat fielding method. In off-axis geometry, single shot off-axis interferogram was obtained by tilting the reference and the object wave of the off-axis interferogram was reconstructed in the central region of the observation plane by using the digital reference wave concept. The demodulated phase map was obtained and unwrapped to remove the 2π ambiguity. The unwrapped phase map was converted to height and the sagittal length that used for curvature measurement was calculated accurately. The results extracted from phase shifting in-line interferometry and single shot off-axis geometry methods were compared with the results extracted from single shot Zernike's polynomial fitting method and the results were in excellent agreement. A new trial was done to overcome the fringes produced from the object interfaces. Some factors of uncertainty which affected on the measurement were estimated in the order of 6.0 × 10^?5 mm or 0.003 dioptre (▽).     

用Stokes参量法实现数字同轴偏振全息的研究

提出了一种基于Stokes参量的数字同轴偏振全息方法.在实验中用一束线偏振光和一束椭圆偏振光作为参考光, 分别与物光进行干涉,通过拍摄在两个相互垂直方向上的全息图,计算出物光在这两个方向的振幅和相位信息, 从而得到物光的Stokes参量和物体的全偏振信息,实现对各向异性物体偏振态空间分布的图像重建. 实验结果表明,该方法可用于物体的全偏振特性的测量.这种方法在求出物光Stokes参量的同时, 也可消除零级像和共轭像的干扰,因此也可用于同轴或离轴全息.