Circular polarized electronically-controlled antenna array based on CRLH-TL

In this paper, a circular polarized electronically-controlled scanning microstrip antenna array is designed, which is based on composite right left-handed transmission line (CRLH TL) and is realized by varactor diodes. Proposed electronically-controlled antenna arrays till now are always linear-polarized as the axial ratio (AR) may be spoiled by the DC feed line, especially in the CRLH TL based case. A more separated CRLH TL integrated with active lumped elements is utilized to solve the problem. The antenna array is composed of the CRLH microstrip transmission line structure and circular polarized microstrip antenna. The direction of the main lobe varies from ?1° to ?20 ° by continuously modifying the varactor diodes bias voltages from 0 to 20 V with 5 V as a step. The AR remains below 3 dB in the scanning range. The simulation and experimental results show a good consistence.     

基于人工传输线的小型微带Wilkinson功分器

提出了一种基于人工传输线的小型微带Wilkinson功分器,该器件使用由LC元件构成的人工传输线取代传统传输线,并使用交指电容和贴片电阻进行端口隔离。设计制作的Wilkinson功分器中心频率为915MHz的微带3dB功分器,等幅同相地将输入功率分配到2个输出端口,尺寸仅有传统Wilkinson功分器的25%,端口幅度平衡度±0.2dB,相位平衡度±1°。实验结果表明:功分器带宽为0.49～1.20GHz,插入损耗小于3.2dB,回波损耗大于10dB,仿真结果和测量结果吻合较好。     

基于人工传输线的小型微带Wilkinson功分器

提出了一种基于人工传输线的小型微带Wilkinson功分器,该器件使用由L-C元件构成的人工传输线取代传统传输线,并使用交指电容和贴片电阻进行端口隔离。设计制作的Wilkinson功分器中心频率为915 MHz的微带3 dB功分器,等幅同相地将输入功率分配到2个输出端口,尺寸仅有传统Wilkinson功分器的25%,端口幅度平衡度±0.2 dB,相位平衡度±1°。实验结果表明：功分器带宽为0.49～1.20 GHz,插入损耗小于3.2 dB,回波损耗大于10 dB,仿真结果和测量结果吻合较好。     

一种基于分形结构的复合左右手传输线及其在小型化功分器中应用

首先提出了一种基于互补开口单环谐振器对(CSSRRP)的新型谐振式复合左右手传输线(CRLH TL)和其等效电路模型. 采用Bloch理论对等效电路进行了深入研究, 推导了CRLH TL工作于平衡态的计算公式. 通过等效电磁参数提取, 证明了该结构的负折射率与后向波传输特性. 其次在CSSRRP中引入Koch分形结构, 设计了工作于WiMAX波段的电小平衡零相移传输线. 最后基于设计的零相移传输线制作了一分四串联功分器. 对其进行测试, 测试结果与仿真结果完全符合, 从而验证了设计方法的正确性. 与传统统蜿蜒线状一分四功分器相比, 本文提出的功分器带宽有效展宽56%且尺寸缩减了42%. 基于分形CSSRRP的左手传输线必将在小型化无线通信系统中得到广泛应用.     

Nonlinear properties of the lattice network-based nonlinear CRLH transmission lines

The nonlinear properties of lattice network-based(LNB) composite right-/left-handed transmission lines(CRLH TLs)with nonlinear capacitors are experimentally investigated.Harmonic generation,subharmonic generation,and parametric excitation are clearly observed in an unbalanced LNB CRLH TL separately.While the balanced design of the novel nonlinear TL shows that the subharmonic generation and parametric processes can be suppressed,and almost the same power level of the higher harmonics can be achieved over a wide bandwidth range,which are difficult to find in conventional CRLH TLs.     

Broadband microwave frequency doubler based on left-handed nonlinear transmission lines

A bandwidth microwave second harmonic generator is successfully designed using composite right/left-handed nonlinear transmission lines(CRLH NLTLs) in a GaAs monolithic microwave integrated circuit(MMIC) technology. The structure parameters of CRLH NLTLs, e.g. host transmission line, rectangular spiral inductor, and nonlinear capacitor,have a great impact on the second harmonic performance enhancement in terms of second harmonic frequency, output power, and conversion efficiency. It has been experimentally demonstrated that the second harmonic frequency is determined by the anomalous dispersion of CRLH NLTLs and can be significantly improved by effectively adjusting these structure parameters. A good agreement between the measured and simulated second harmonic performances of Ka-band CRLH NLTLs frequency multipliers is successfully achieved, which further validates the design approach of frequency multipliers on CRLH NLTLs and indicates the potentials of CRLH NLTLs in terms of the generation of microwave and millimeter-wave signal source.     

Conversion from constitutive parameters to dispersive transmission line parameters for multi-band metamaterials

Abstract

In this study, we explain an approach including conversion from constitutive parameters to dispersive transmission line parameters using the double-band DNG (double-negative) properties of the circular type fishnet metamaterials. After designing the metamaterial structure, the numerical calculations and the composite right/left-handed (CRLH) modeling of circular-type metamaterials are realized in free space. Detailed dispersion characteristics give us the opportunity to explain the true behavior of the inclusions during the analysis stage. By combining the results coming from the standard retrieval procedure with the conventional CRLH theory, we calculate the actual values of the transmission line parameters for all frequency regimes. The constitutive parameters of an equivalent CRLH transmission line are derived and shown to be negative values. It is shown that the constitutive parameters present the same behavior for all negative refractive index regimes. The double-negative properties and the phase advance/lag behavior of metamaterials are observed based on the dispersive transmission line parameters.     

Multiband small zeroth-order metamaterial antenna

A novel resonant metamaterial antenna based on the Composite Right/Left-Handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL) model is presented. The proposed small antenna is designed to operate simultaneously over multiple wireless services (UMTS-WLAN-WIMAX)     

复合左右手技术的二元阵天线的计算及测量

为了克服微带天线的横向尺寸需要满足半个波长的限制,本文提出了一种基于复合左右手传输线技术的二元阵天线.该天线阵由结构相同的两个天线阵单元构成:天线阵单元由3个辐射片、辐射片之间的交指电容和导通辐射片和接地板的短路针组成.辐射片、短路针、天线阵的基片和接地板构成了复合左右手传输线结构.天线阵单元之间通过弓形连接线连接,通过调节弓形连接线两个端口到馈源之间的距离来调节天线阵单元之间的初始相位差.在关心频段内,数值计算得到的二元阵天线的S参数与实际测量结果符合得很好,并且零阶谐振频率与用等效电路理 关键词： 天线 异向介质 左右手传输线 增益     

Design considerations for rectangular microstrip patch antenna on electromagnetic crystal substrate at terahertz frequency

The effects of 2-D electromagnetic crystal substrate on the performance of a rectangular microstrip patch antennas at THz frequencies is simulated. Electromagnetic crystal substrate is used to obtain extremely broad-bandwidth with multi-frequency band operation of the proposed microstrip antennas. Multi-frequency band microstrip patch antennas are used in modern communication systems in order to enhance their capacity through frequency reuse. The simulated 10 dB impedance bandwidth of the rectangular patch microstrip antenna is 34.3% at THz frequency (0.6–0.95 THz). The radiation efficiency, gain and directivity of the proposed antenna are presented at different THz frequencies. The simulation has been performed using CST Microwave Studio, which is a commercially available electromagnetic simulator based on finite integral technique.     

SUPERCONDUCTING MICROSTRIP LINE MODEL STUDIES AT MILLIMETRE AND SUB-MILLIMETRE WAVES

This paper presents results of superconducting microstrip transmission line simulation for the frequency range 100–1100 GHz. The simulation is used to calculate the characteristic impedance and the wave propagation constant in a superconducting microstrip line having different geometry. Indeed, modelling provides the only tool for designing superconducting microstrip-based circuits at millimetre and sub-millimetre wavelengths because no direct measurements of such a line can be made at this wavelengths and at cryogenic temperature of 4 K with ultimate accuracy. Niobium, as the most commonly exploited superconducting material, was used for the modelling, though the same approach would work for any different BCS superconductor. In order to evaluate the model accuracy, we have made an extensive comparison study of the superconducting microstrip models known from earlier publications, performed numerical simulations using 3D EM — solver, HFSS, and used a new model introduced in this paper with all simulation result plotted in the paper.     

Dual and broadband power dividers at microwave frequencies based on composite right/left handed (CRLH) lattice networks

This paper proposes a dual-band power divider operating at GHz frequencies and implemented by means of impedance transformers (also called inverters) based on lattice networks and transmission line sections. The dual-band functionality of the proposed device is achieved thanks to the composite right/left handed (CRLH) behavior of the impedance transformers, able to provide −90° and +90° phase shift at the first and second design frequencies, respectively, of the divider. By using such combination of transmission line sections and lattice networks, the characteristic impedance of the impedance transformers is roughly constant over wide bandwidths, with the results of broad operating bands. To demonstrate the possibilities of the approach, a prototype device is designed, fabricated and characterized.     

Analysis of single band and dual band graphene based patch antenna for terahertz region

A microstrip patch antenna is designed using a very thin layer of graphene as the radiating patch, which is fed by a microstrip transmission line. The graphene based patch is designed on a silicon substrate having a dielectric constant of 11.9, to radiate at a single frequency of 2.6 THz. Further, this antenna is made to resonate at dual frequencies of 2.48 THz and 3.35 THz, by changing the substrate height, which is reported for the first time. Various antenna parameters such as return loss, VSWR, gain, efficiency and bandwidth are also determined for the single and dual band operation. For the single band operation, a bandwidth of 145.4 GHz and an efficiency of 92% was achieved. For dual band operation, a maximum bandwidth of 140.5 GHz was obtained at 3.35 THz and an efficiency of 87.3% was obtained at the first resonant frequency of 2.48 THz. The absorption cross section of the antenna is also analysed for various substrate heights and has maximum peaks at the corresponding resonating frequencies. The simulation has been carried out by using a full wave electromagnetic simulator based on FDTD method.     

Modeling of Multilayer Suspended Microstrip Line and its Discontinuities on CMOS Grade Silicon Substrate for Millimeter Wave Integrated Circuit Applications

Transmission line parameters such as characteristic impedance Z₀, effective dielectric constant ε_eff, attenuation constant α of suspended microstrip line on multilayer low resistively silicon substrate are investigated using full wave FEM simulator HFSS. Effect of variation in the thickness of Si₃N_4, polyimide and metal layers on attenuation are studied. Due to suspended nature, significant reduction in transmission loss is observed in the simulation at 60 GHz frequency. Discontinuities such as open end, gap and step in width of strip conductor are analyzed to extract their lumped equivalent circuits which can be used in the design of integrated circuits.     

新型小型化的平面左手介质微带线及其后向波特性验证

基于裂缝谐振环结构的降频技术,首先设计了一种电尺寸较小的左手介质微带线单元,并根据电磁波在微带线上的传输和反射数据,分别计算了左手介质的有效介电常数和有效磁导率.之后针对左手介质八元阵列进行三维电磁仿真实验,结果表明该八元阵列在左手介质频段上具有独特的后向波效应,从而证实了该左手介质频段的存在.与传统的左手介质微带单元相比,阐述的左手介质单元的电尺寸减小了60%,而且结构简单,便于加工,适用于平面电路器件的小型化等应用研究工作. 关键词： 左手介质 小型化 双负特性 后向波特性     

Monochromatic Composite Right/Left Handedness in the Quantized Composite Right/Left Handed Transmission Line

Macro composite right/left handedness (CRLH) signifies positive/negative refraction index in different frequency bands in the composite right/left handed transmission line (CRLH-TL). In this paper, the refraction index of a quantized CRLH-TL in the thermal squeezed state is visited. Performing explicit calculations on the squeezed parameters and electronic components' parameters, a novel regime for implementing CRLH with a single operating frequency via the squeezed parameters and electronic components' parameters is found. The definitely different monochromatic CRLH enriches the initial definition of CRLH, and may propose a novel direction to implement CRLH in metamaterials.     

Effect of the Dielectric Anisotropy on the Propagation Properties of Microstrip Tapers with Height Variations

This paper deals with the design and application of nonuniform microstrip transmission lines on anisotropic substrates. A rigorous analysis is based on the use of Hertz vector potentials, moment method and transmission line theory to determine the dispersion characteristics of single and coupled tapered microstrip lines for accurate performance prediction. Results are presented for the main parameters providing the necessary information to design several devices on tapered microstrip, with variation on the strip width and dielectric height, for (M)MIC and antennas applications. A good agreement was observed with the results available in the literature for tapered lines on isotropic substrates.     

Bragg Reflectors and Resonators in Microstrip Technology Based on Electromagnetic Crystal Structures

Recently, new promising two-dimensional (2-D) Photonic Bandgap Structures (PBG), or more properly Electromagnetic Crystal Structures, for microstrip lines have been proposed. In this paper, we analyze these structures in a manner like a Bragg reflector in optical wavelengths. Joining two of such Bragg like reflectors by means of a conventional microstrip transmission line allows one to design Bragg Resonators. The 2-D periodic pattern of the electromagnetic crystal structure is implemented with circles etched in the ground plane of the microstrip line by means of a numerical milling machine. Simulations have been performed by using HP ^TM Momentum and MDS software, and in accordance with the measurements give, for the Electromagnetic Crystal Structures, new promising potential applications both in microwave and millimeter wave integrated circuits, and also in the experimentation of expensive short wavelength (including photonic) devices by using simpler and cheaper microwave down scaling.     

An improved method to calculate the radio interference of a transmission line based on the flux-corrected transport and upstream finite element method

The radio interference (RI) from HVDC transmission lines can block communication systems. In this paper the RI of a HVDC transmission line has been analyzed by the superposition of the electromagnetic field generated by the corona current based on phase-model transformation, where the corona current can be solved by the flux-corrected transport and finite difference method combining the upstream finite element method for bipolar conductor model instead of corona cage or excitation function. Our calculated values for 0.5 MHz RI from the proposed method compare well with measured values from a 800 kV HVDC test line established in China. With this validation, we find that RI should increase with temperature, increase with altitude, and vary in a complex way with relative humidity. Therefore, the proposed method can be adopted in transmission lines design and electromagnetic environment evaluation.     

高功率微波对PCB电路系统辐照效应的仿真分析

以实验室自主研发的2维半导体器件-电路联合仿真程序用于分析高功率微波注入下半导体器件的毁伤机理,以此2维半导体器件-电路联合仿真程序为基础加以扩展,添加了电磁波辐照射下微带线的SPICE电路模型。扩展后的程序可以同时用于分析平面波入射下含半导体器件的PCB电路的高功率微波辐照效应和置于带孔缝屏蔽腔中的PCB电路的高功率微波辐照效应。应用此仿真程序分析了一个含有低噪声放大器的简单PCB电路,得到了该PCB电路在不同形式平面波入射下低噪声放大器的烧毁阈值,在该PCB电路置于屏蔽腔中时,低噪声放大器输入端口出现耦合干扰电压情况。