Preparation of optically active threo-2-amino-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid (threo-beta-phenylserine) via optical resolution

To obtain optically active threo-2-amino-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid (1), (2RS,3SR)-2-benzoylamino-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid [(2RS,3SR)-2] was first optically resolved using (1S,2S)- and (1R,2R)-2-amino-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3-propanediol as the resolving agents to afford (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-2 in yields of 73% and 66%, based on half of the starting amount of (2RS,3SR)-2. Next, the racemic structures of ammonium and some organic ammonium salts of (2RS,3SR)-2 were examined based on melting point, solubility, and infrared spectrum, with the aim of optical resolution by preferential crystallization. The benzylammonium salt of (2RS,3SR)-2 was suggested to exist as a conglomerate at room temperature, although it forms a racemic compound at the melting point. The optical resolution by preferential crystallization of the racemic salt afforded the (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-salts with optical purities of 90-97%. The (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-2 obtained from the purified salts were hydrolyzed by reflux in hydrochloric acid to give (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-1.     

Preparation of optically active (2RS,3SR)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid (threo-beta-phenylserine) via optical resolutions by replacing and preferential crystallization

To obtain optically active threo-2-amino-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid (1) via optical resolutions by replacing and preferential crystallization, the racemic structure of (2RS,3SR)-1 hydrochloride [(2RS,3SR)-1.HCl] was examined based on the melting point, solubility, and infrared spectrum. (2RS,3SR)-1.HCl was indicated to exist as a conglomerate at room temperature, although it forms a racemic compound at the melting point. When, in optical resolution by replacing crystallization, L-phenylalanine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-2) was used as the optically active co-solute, (2R,3S)-1.HCl was preferentially crystallized from the supersaturated racemic solution; the use of D-2 as the co-solute afforded (2S,3R)-1.HCl with an optical purity of 95%. In addition, optical resolution by preferential crystallization was successfully achieved to give successively (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-1.HCl with optical purities of 90-92%. The (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-1.HCl purified by recrystallization from 1-propanol were treated with triethylamine in methanol to give optically pure (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-1.     

Syntheses of (S)-(+)-trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride and (S)-(+)-procyclidine hydrochloride, two anticholinergics, using (S)-(-)-3-cyclohexyl-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid as chiral synthon

The absolute configuration of the more active (-)-enantiomer of the anticholinergic trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride has been established as (R) by syntheses of (S)-(+)-procyclidine hydrochloride, whose absolute configuration has been established previously, and (S)-(+)-trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride from the same chiral building block, viz. (S)-(-)-cyclohexyl-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid. Both enantiomers of this chiral synthon were prepared by optical resolution of the corresponding racemate, employing (R)- and (S)-1-phenylethylamine, respectively, as resolving agents.     

Crystallization-induced chiral inversion as the key step for synthesis of (S)-2-acetylthio-3-phenylpropanoic acid from l-phenylalanine

[reaction: see text] A novel crystallization-induced chiral inversion of (S)-2-bromo-3-phenylpropanoic acid to its (R)-enantiomer with excellent enantiomeric excess (96-99%) is achieved. Optically pure (S)-2-acetylthio-3-phenylpropanoic acid can be prepared in good yield from inexpensive and commercially available l-phenylalanine via diazotization/bromination, chiral inversion, and thioacetate substitution reactions.     

A Chemo-enzymatic Route for the Preparation of Chiral （S）-3-Hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic Acid

（S）-3-Hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid is a potential progenitor of optically pure tomoxetine hydrochlo- ride and fluoxetine hydrochloride which are currently available antidepressant drugs. We report here the chemical synthesis of racemic substrate （R,S）-ethyl 3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoate and enzymatic preparation of S-isomer of the substrate by employing Porcine pancreas lipase（PPL） as a biocatalyst. Optimum enzyme-catalyzed reaction con- ditions, such as the effects of the temperature, pH and solvents on conversion degree and enantiomeric excess, were studied. An optimal temperature of 35 ℃ and pH=7.5 are the best for the resolution of （R,S）-ethyl 3-hydroxy-3- pheylpropanoate by PPL when 0.1 mol/L phosphate buffer solution acts as a medium. This work provides a practi- cally chemo-enzvmatic oreoaration of chiral β-hvdroxv acid by PPL.     

Intramolecular chiral relay at stereogenic nitrogen. Synthesis and application of a new chiral auxiliary derived from (1R,2S)-norephedrine and acetone

(1R,2S)-Norephedrine has been employed in the synthesis of a novel 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2H-1,3,4-oxadiazin-2-one via reductive alkylation with acetone, N-nitrosation, reduction, and cyclization. The oxadiazinone was treated with either propionyl chloride or 3-thiophenylpropionyl chloride to afford the corresponding N(3)-acylated oxadiazinones 9a and 9b, respectively. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the N(3)-thiophenylpropionyl oxadiazinone 9b revealed that the C(2)-urethane carbonyl and the N(3)-carbonyl are arranged in an anti-periplanar conformation. The oxadiazinones were subsequently applied in the titanium-mediated asymmetric aldol addition reaction by treatment with titanium tetrachloride, triethylamine, and a variety of aldehydes at 0 degrees C. The aldol adducts 10a-i and 11a,b were found to have diastereoselectivities ranging from 8:1 to >99:1 favoring the formation of the non-Evans syn configuration. The absolute stereochemistry of the adduct 10a was determined by acid hydrolysis. This process afforded the N(4)-isopropyloxadiazinone 8 and (2S,3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid 14 in >/=95% enantiomeric excess.     

Trading N and O: asymmetric syntheses of β-hydroxy-α-amino acids via α-hydroxy-β-amino esters

Both diastereoisomers of 2-amino-3-hydroxybutanoic acid and 2-amino-3-hydroxy-3-phenylpropanoic acid have been prepared from enantiopure α-hydroxy-β-amino esters via the intermediacy of the corresponding cis- and trans-aziridines. Aminohydroxylation of two α,β-unsaturated esters produced enantiopure 2,3-anti-α-hydroxy-β-amino esters in >99:1 dr. Subsequent epimerisation at the C(2)-position via a sequential oxidation/diastereoselective reduction protocol gave the corresponding enantiopure 2,3-syn-α-hydroxy-β-amino esters in >99:1 dr. These syn- and anti-substrates were then converted into the corresponding N-Boc protected cis- and trans-aziridines, respectively, via a three step reaction sequence: (i) hydrogenolysis and in situ N-Boc protection; (ii) OH-activation; and (iii) aziridine formation. Subsequent regioselective ring-opening of the C(3)-methyl-aziridines with Cl₃CCO₂H proceeded with inversion of configuration to give the corresponding 2-amino-3-trichloroacetate esters, whereas the analogous reaction with the C(3)-phenyl-aziridines resulted in rearrangement to the corresponding oxazolidin-2-ones with retention of configuration. In each case, hydrolysis of the products from these ring-opening reactions produced the corresponding enantiopure β-hydroxy-α-amino acids as single diastereoisomers.     

Homophymine A, an anti-HIV cyclodepsipeptide from the sponge Homophymia sp

A new anti-HIV cyclodepsipeptide, homophymine A, was isolated from a New Caledonian collection of the marine sponge Homophymia sp. The structure of homophymine A was determined by interpretation of spectroscopic data, acid hydrolysis, and LC-MS analysis. Homophymine A contains 11 amino acid residues and an amide-linked 3-hydroxy-2,4,6-trimethyloctanoic acid moiety. Along with four D-, two L-, and one N-methyl amino acids, it also contains four unusual amino acid residues: (2S,3S,4R)-3,4-diMe-Gln, (2R,3R,4S)-4-amino-2,3-dihydroxy-1,7-heptandioic acid, L-ThrOMe, and (2R,3R,4R)-2-amino-3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethylhexanoic acid. In a cell-based XTT assay, homophymine A exhibited cytoprotective activity against HIV-1 infection with a IC50 of 75 nM.     

Total syntheses of symbioramide derivatives from l-serine and their antileukemic activities

Naturally occurring symbioramide, (2S,3R,2'R,3'E)-N-(2'-hydroxy-3'-octadecenoyl)-dihydrosphingosine 1a, was synthesized from d-erythro-dihydrosphingosine (amino part, 2) and (2R,3E)-2-hydroxy-3-octadecenoic acid (acid part, 3a), both of which were prepared from l-serine. Its diastereomer, (2S,3R,2'S,3'E)-1b, having an enantiomer of the unnatural-type acid part that was prepared from d-mannitol, and its corresponding (Z)-isomers, (2S,3R,2'R,3'Z)-1c and (2S,3R,2'S,3'Z)-1d, were also prepared. The antileukemic activities of 1a-d against HL-60 and L-1210 cells were appreciated by a MTT assay. None of the four symbioramide derivatives showed antileukemic activities in HL-60 cells. In L-1210 cells, all the symbioramide derivatives showed moderate antileukemic activities. Compound 1d had the most effective activity against L-1210 cells among the four derivatives. The data suggest that unnatural types of (2'S)-isomers of acid parts are more active than those of (2'R)-isomers.     

Efficient resolution of rac-2-cyano-2-methyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid. An appropriate starting material for the enantioconvergent synthesis of (S)-α-methylphenylalanine on a large laboratory scale

A large laboratory scale synthesis of (S)-α-methylphenylalanine from benzaldehyde and methyl cyanoacetate has been developed. The synthesis is based on the following sequence: (i) preparation of racemic 2-cyano-2-methyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid, (ii) resolution of the enantiomers by crystallisation using norephedrine, and (iii) development of an efficient enantioconvergent synthesis of (S)-α-methylphenylalanine from enantiopure (S)- and (R)-2-cyano-2-methyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid. The simplicity of the experimental procedures, which avoid low temperature reactions, the need for an inert atmosphere and column chromatography, combined with the use of inexpensive and readily available reagents make this method synthetically very attractive.     

Analogs of D(+)-pantothenic acid. VI. Synthesis of D-, L-, and DL-4′-amino-4′-deoxypantothenic acid

A new analog of pantothenic acid, DL-4-amino-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acid, has been synthesized and it has been separated into stereoisomer. D-, L-, and DL-N-(4-Amino-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutyryl)-β-alanines — amino analogs of pantothenic acid — have been synthesized by the condensation of the N-hydroxysuccinimide esters of N-BOC-D-, -L-, and -DL-4-amino-2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutanoic acids with β-alanine, followed by the elimination of the protective groups.     

Biosynthesis of malonomicin-III advanced precursor studies using 2H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

²H-labelled precursors and high-field ²H- NMR spectroscopy have been used to demonstrate that the first tetramic acid derived intermediate in the biosynthesis of malonomicin is 5-aminomethyl-4-hydroxy-3-succinoyl-3-pyrrolin-2-one, formed by condensation of L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid and 3-oxoadipic acid.     

Microbial deracemization of α-substituted carboxylic acids: control of the reaction path

A novel approach to preparing optically active α-substituted carboxylic acids using the whole cells of Nocardia diaphanozonaria JCM 3208 is described. When 2-phenylthiopropanoic acid and 2-methyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid were subjected to the reaction under aerobic conditions, the oxidation reaction proceeded preferentially rather than deracemization of these substrates. Herein, we report the design of reaction conditions to increase the deracemization activity in preference to oxidation reactions. In addition, we have successfully detected a metabolic intermediate in the reaction mixture of 2-methyl-3-phenylpropanoic acid, which indicates that the deracemization is a competitive reaction against the β-oxidation pathway of fatty acid metabolism.     

聚(2-丙烯酰胺甲基-6-十二烷基硼酸二乙醇胺酯)与十二烷基苯磺酸钠混合溶液的表面活性

聚(2-丙烯酰胺甲基-6-十二烷基硼酸二乙醇胺酯)(PADB)是一类两亲性聚硼酸酯.本文通过表面张力法考察了不同相对分子质量的PADB水溶液的表面活性;重点研究了PADB与十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)在0.5 mol.L-1 NaCl溶液中的相互作用,通过正规溶液理论,计算PADB/SDBS混合体系的胶束化参数,并与单体ADB/SDBS混合溶液体系进行了比较.结果表明,PADB相对分子质量可达1.5×104-3.5×104,随分子量增加,PADB水溶液中临界胶束浓度(cmc)增大,但cmc时的表面张力(γcmc)维持在31 mN.m-1左右(298 K);加入PADB后,SDBS溶液表面张力-浓度对数(γ-lgc)曲线出现两处转变点,即c1和c2点,但c1和c2皆小于纯SDBS溶液的临界胶束浓度(cmcSDBS),即c1c2cmcSDBS.PADB加入量越大,相对分子质量越低,SDBS溶液的表面活性越强.将聚硼酸酯PADB溶液视为特殊状态的单体ADB溶液,通过近似处理,计算得到PADB/SDBS混合胶束中相互作用参数βm在-2.4到-4.7之间,活度系数f1m1,表明聚硼酸酯PADB与SDBS有较强的相互作用;当混合体系中PADB的ADB结构单元摩尔分数x1为0.47时,|βm|达到最大.相比于单体ADB/SDBS混合体系,当x10.8时,PADB/SDBS混合体系|βm|值较大,相互作用更强;随x1增大,混合胶束中聚合物PADB的ADB结构单元摩尔分数x1m不断增加,但其值低于ADB/SDBS混合体系.     

Optical 2-benzyl-5-hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acids against carboxypeptidase A: synthesis, kinetic evaluation and X-ray crystallographic study

<正>2-Benzyl-5-hydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid 1 and its enantiomers were designed,synthesized and assayed for inhibitory activity against carboxypeptidase A(CPA,EC 3.4.17.1).To verify the role of the terminal hydroxyl group in 1 binding to CPA,2-benzyl-5- benzyloxy-4-oxopentanoic acid 2 was also synthesized and evaluated.The inhibition constants show that both L-1 and D-1 were shown to have strong binding affinity with L-1 being more potent than its enantiomer by 165-fold.On the other hand,the inhibition constant of 2 increases 4-fold comparing with that of 1.In order to explore the exact binding mode of the hydroxyacteyl group of 1 to the active site zinc ion of CPA,we have solved the crystal structure of CPA complexed with L-1 up to 1.85(?) resolution.In CPA·L-1 complex,the phenyl ring is fitted in the substrate recognition pocket at the S′_1 subsite,and the carboxylate forms bifurcated hydrogen bonds with the guanidinium moiety of Arg-145 and Arg-127 and a hydrogen bond with the phenolic hydroxyl of the down-positioned Tyr-248.The carbonyl oxygen of L-1 does coordinate to the active site zinc ion of CPA as expectedly.Unexpectedly,the terminal hydroxyl group of L-1 is engaged in hydrogen bonding with carbonyl oxygen of Ser-197 instead of coordinating to the active site zinc ion.     

快速制备镍钛合金固相微萃取纤维及其与高效液相色谱联用测定环境水样中的紫外线吸收剂

以镍钛合金丝为基体,通过酸处理方法制得具有大比表面积的固相微萃取(SPME)纤维氧化物涂层。将其与高效液相色谱联用,研究了氧化物涂层对芳香分析物的萃取性能。结果表明,该纤维对所选择的紫外线吸收剂具有良好的萃取效率和选择性。进一步优化了紫外线吸收剂2-羟基-4-甲氧基二苯甲酮(BP-3)、2-乙基己基-4-甲氧基肉桂酸酯(EHMC)、4-(二甲氨基)苯甲酸-2-乙基己酯(OD-PABA)和2-乙基己基水杨酸酯(EHS)的萃取条件。方法在0.1~300μg·L~(-1)范围内具有良好的线性关系,检出限为0.025~0.097μg·L~(-1),使用单支SPME纤维同日内和隔日内的精密度分别为4.9%~5.8%和5.5%~6.4%,使用不同批次SPME纤维的精密度为6.3%~7.1%。所建立方法已成功用于环境水样中目标紫外线吸收剂的富集分离和测定。该纤维制作快速简单、稳定性高,不同批次制作的重现性好。     

Denting Nanospheres with a Short Peptide

Dented nanospheres show promising potential in drug delivery,nanomotors,etc.However,it is still challenging to prepare them by homopolymer self-assembly because of the strict structural requirements of the homopolymer.Herein,we propose a strategy for preparing dented nanospheres from homopolymers by co-assembly with a short peptide.They were co-assembled from poly(2-hydroxy-3-((4-(ethoxycarbonyl)phenyl)amino)propyl methacrylate) (PHBzoMA59) and (S)-2-((S)-2-((((gH-fluoren-9-yl)methoxy)carbonyl)amino)-3-phenylpro-panamido)-3-phenylpropanoic acid (Fmoc-FF-OH).PHBzoMA homopolymers can only self-assemble into nanospheres without dent,and the addition of a short peptide introduced hydrogen bonding and complementary π-π stacking interactions led to the final dented nanosphere morphology.The weight fractions of the short peptide can be adjusted to regulate the final morphology.It was confirmed that the radius of curvature of the dent on the surface was related to the organic bubble inside the protospheres prepared at critical aggregation concentration(CAC).The organic bubble can be adjusted by altering the kind of organic solvent and solution pH,which allowed control over the dented nanosphere dimension.The use of different organic solvents with various polarities allows adjustment of the interfacial tension,and hence the denting degree.This degree can also be controlled by manipulating the solution pH to (de)protonate the short peptide and homopolymer.Furthermore,the versatility of this method was highlighted by using a different homopolymer and the applicability of the resulting dented nanospheres was demonstrated by decoration with gold nanoparticles.Overall,this study provided important insights and a new simple strategy to prepare dented nanospheres in a controlled fashion.     

A general synthesis of 2-alkoxy-2-phenylpropanoic acids

A preparation of a variety of 2-alkoxy-2-phenylpropanoic acids in two steps is described. Epoxidation of α-methylstyrene with mCPBA in methanol or primary alcohol solvents proceeded with an acid-catalyzed in situ ring opening reaction to give the corresponding 2-alkoxy-2-phenyl-1-propanols in 28-91% yield. Lower yields were realized with secondary (22-58%) and tertiary (14%) alcohols. These alcohols were cleanly oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acids using a mild Heyns' oxidation (O₂, Pt/C) in generally good to excellent yields (25-92%). The derived (S)-α-methylbenzylamide diastereomers are nearly all well separated by capillary GC, and the use of this method to determine the enantiomeric purity of brucine-resolved 2-methoxy-2-phenylpropanoic acid was demonstrated.     

生漆多糖的分离与结构研究

生漆用丙酮提取不溶解物，除去其水不溶部分、依次进行７３２阳离子交换树脂和ＳｅｐｈａｄｅｘＧ－１００柱层析、得到白色粉末漆多糖．分子量１２．５×１０￣４．其组成为Ｄ－半乳糖、Ｄ－葡萄糖醛酸、Ｌ－阿拉伯糖和Ｌ－鼠李糖．摩尔比为７．７：１．８：０．４：０．１．经羧基还原、甲基化反应、高碘酸盐氧化、Ｓｍｉｔｈ降解和ＧＣ－ＭＳ、ＩＲ、￣１Ｈ－ＮＭＲ、￣１３Ｃ－ＮＭＲ分析、结果表明，漆多糖为多分支结构、分子主链由β（１→３）Ｄ－半乳糖基构成．部分半乳糖基Ｃ＿６位有支链，另有部分半乳糖基以（１→６）键连接，其中β（１→３）与β（１→６）甙键糖基组成比为１．８３：１．分子的支链由葡萄糖醛酸基、阿拉伯糖基、鼠李糖基组成，并且葡萄糖醛酸基构成分子的末端基．     

p-Toluenesulfonic acid mediated hydroarylation of cinnamic acids with anisoles and phenols under metal and solvent-free conditions

Hydroarylation of cinnamic acids with anisoles and phenols mediated by p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) under metal and solvent-free conditions gave 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenylpropanoic acids and dihydrocoumarins, respectively, in high yields and excellent selectivity.